Mechanical Harvesting Effects on Seed Yield Loss,Quality Traits and Profitability of Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.)

China is one of the most important rapeseed producing countries in the world. Effective mechanical harvesting time for decreasing harvesting loss of winter oilseed rape has been becoming a critical factor. An elite cultivar Zhongshuang 11 （Brassica napus L.） was employed in two rounds of field experiments from 2009 to 2011. Seeds were sown with machine, three combine harvesting times namely combine harvesting A, B, and C （CHA, CHB, and CHC） were designed and manual harvesting （MH） as control was performed at maturity. The harvesting treatments were determined according to color of pod and seed in the field. Seed yield loss and quality in different treatments were evaluated. Results showed that both seed yields and harvesting losses in 2009-2010 were higher than that in 2010-2011, whereas seed oil contents in 2010-2011 were higher than that in 2009-2010. The highest yield appeared in CHB, which was significantly higher than that in MH. Furthermore, harvesting loss in CHB were 50% that in MH. Seed oil content and chlorophyll exhibited no obvious difference between CHB and MH. Economic profit analysis demonstrated that mechanical sowing/combine harvesting （MS/CH） showed an input/output ratio of 1：1.6, and it was 1：1.2 in mechanical sowing/manual harvesting （MS/MH）. Labor-cost accounted for more than 70% of the total cost in MS/MH, which led to low profitability to a great extent. Our results suggested that CHB was the optimum harvesting time for winter oilseed rape along the Yangtze River.

Effects of Boron Nutrition on ^45Ca Retranslocation and Distribution in Rape(Brassica napus L.)Cultivars

Using tracer techniques with the radioisotope 45Ca, the effects of boron supply from soil and nutrient solution on the retranslocation of 45Ca from leaves to other parts of rape plants were studied. Results indicated that only a small portion of foliar-applied 45Ca could be retranslocated to other parts of the rape plant. There was no pronounced effect of boron level in the soil on 45 Ca retranslocation. Increasing boron concentrations in the nutrient solution significantly reduced 45 Ca radioactivity in root and stem, but increased 45Ca uptake and 45 Ca translocation to the upper leaves of rape plants. It was suggested that45 Ca absorbed by newly developed roots was easily distributed to upper leaves of rape plants. Boron may alter distribution of calcium via its effect on root development or growth of newly developed roots.

浙北地区优质甘蓝型油菜(Brassica napus L.)产量性状与产量的关系

对24个高产优质甘蓝型油菜品种(系)的单株产量及9个产量性状进行统计分析,结果表明,单株有效角果数、每角果实粒数、千粒重对单株产量的正效应达显著或极显著水平;单株有效角果数和每角果实粒数对产量的直接通径系数分别为0.9702和0.8439,且净效应均达极显著正值;而千粒重对产量的直接通径系数虽为正值且较大,但净效应呈负值;结角密度对产量的直接通径系数及净效应均为负值。研究结果分析,浙北优质甘蓝型油菜高产的育种方向,在选择合适结角密度的基础上,重点应放在每角果实粒数和单株有效总角果数两个主要目标性状的选择上,同时兼顾千粒重。

Nutrient deficiency limits population development,yield formation,and nutrient uptake of direct sown winter oilseed rape

Direct-sowing establishment method has great significance in improving winter oilseed rape（Brassica napus L.） production and guaranteeing edible oil security in China. However, nutrient responses on direct sown winter oilseed rape（DOR） performance and population development dynamic are still not well understood. Therefore, five on-farm experiments were conducted in the reaches of the Yangtze River（RYR） to determine the effects of nitrogen（N）, phosphorus（P）, and potassium（K） deficiencies on population density, dry matter production, nutrient uptake, seed yield, and yield components of DOR plants. Four fertilization treatments included the balanced NPK application treatment（NPK, 180 kg N, 39.3 kg P, 100 kg K, and 1.8 kg borax ha–1） and three nutrient deficiency treatments based on the NPK treatment, i.e., –N, –P, and –K. The results indicated that DOR population density declined gradually throughout the growing season, especially at over-wintering and pod-development stages. Nutrient deficiency decreased nutrient concentration in DOR plants, limited dry matter production and nutrient uptake, and thereby exacerbated density reduction during plants growth. The poor individual growth and reduced population density together decreased seed yield in the nutrient deficiency treatment. Averaged across all the experiments, seed yield reduced 61% by N deficiency, 38.3% by P deficiency, and 14.4% by K deficiency. The negative effects of nutrient deficiency on DOR performances followed the order of –N–P–K, and the effects were various among different nutrient deficiencies. Although N deficiency improved DOR emergence, but it seriously limited dry matter production and nutrient uptake, which in turn led to substantial plants death and therefore resulted in a very low harvested density. The P deficiency significantly reduced initial density, limited plants growth, and exacerbated density reduction. The K deficiency mainly decreased individual growth and yield, but did not affect density dynamic. Our results highlighted the importance of balanced NPK application in DOR production, suggesting that management strategy of these nutrients should be comprehensively considered with an aim to build an appropriate population structure with balanced plant density and individual growth.

Effects of harvesting method and date on yield loss and seed quality of rapeseed

China is one of the major rapeseed production countries in the world,but harvesting mechanization was still backward,and high harvest loss was a key inhibiting factor for rapeseed production.To obtain optimum harvesting date for winter rape in the Yangtze River Valley of China,artificial simulated combine harvesting and artificial two-stage harvesting were adopted to find correlations between harvesting date,rape variety,seed oil content,protein content,grain moisture rate,rapeseed straw moisture content,rapeseed unthreshing rate,grain drop loss rate,thousand seeds weight(TSW),and harvesting economic coefficient(HEC).Analysis of variance showed that rapeseed oil content,protein content and TSW were correlated with rape variety;HEC was correlated with harvesting method and rape variety.Rape variety was the dominant factor of rapeseed oil content,protein content,TSW and HEC.Grain moisture rate,un-threshing rate,grain drop loss rate and straw moisture content were correlated with harvesting method and date.Harvesting date was the dominant factor of rapeseed moisture rate,un-threshing rate,grain drop loss rate and straw moisture rate.Single factor tests further proved that harvesting date had less impact on rapeseed oil content,protein content,TSW and HEC.It showed little correlation with rapeseed quality except grain moisture rate.The optimum harvesting date could be known by change in straw moisture content.The combined harvesting should be carried out during the grain moisture content of 15%-20%with TSW stabilized in the highest level.The twostage harvesting cutting should be carried out at the grain moisture content of 35%-40%.This research offered a reference to harvesting method and date for rape cultivated in the Yangtze River Valley.

基于小孢子培养创制DW871矮秆彩色油菜新种质

彩色油菜具有油用和观赏价值,因易种植、花色鲜艳和开花时间长等特点备受关注。然而,目前报道彩色油菜多为高芥酸、高硫甙的高秆株型,不满足兼作观赏和油用推广应用要求。因此,选育品质优良、株型适宜的彩色油菜新种质是观赏油菜的育种目标之一。本研究中以具有特异花序性状、观赏价值大的DW871为基础材料,与普通彩色高秆油菜杂交后,F1代利用小孢子培养技术创制具有DW871特性同时品质优良的彩色花新种质。研究表明,采用前期集成的油菜小孢子培养技术,产胚率达到了312~507胚/蕾,共纯合到14株彩色花油菜,其中白色花5株,橘红色花4株,金桔色花5株。经过农艺性状调查和品质分析,从DH植株中筛选出的Y57是一株含有DW871特异花序、矮杆、金桔色花、品质“双低”的优良新种质,株高88 cm,一次分支数18个,含油量39%,蛋白质含量25.96%,芥酸为0.95%,硫苷为28.15μmol/g饼,是培育集观赏和油用价值的甘蓝型彩色油菜新种质,具有较高的利用价值和广阔的应用前景。

Al胁迫下油菜生物量Al积累及保护酶系统的响应

采用水培法，研究了油菜湘杂油二号（耐Al型）和浙双758（Al敏感型）的生物量、根尖Al含量及叶片保护酶活性、叶片MDA和Pro含量对Al胁迫的响应。结果表明，胁迫7d时，湘杂油二号根系、地上部和总生物量下降率（13％～36％、13％～36％、5％～17％）均小于浙双758（30％～53％、12％～20％、16％～28％）。胁迫14d生物量下降比胁迫7d时明显，根冠比也随Al^3＋浓度增加和时间延长而下降；同时，株高变化趋势与生物量变化趋势基本一致。胁迫7d下，湘杂油二号根尖A1含量在3．94～5．88μg·g^-1之间，浙双758在4．96—7．54μg·g^-1之间，胁迫14d时根尖Al积累进一步增加。Al^3＋对叶片SOD、CAT和POD具有激活效应，SOD上升幅度较为明显，胁迫7d和14d时，200μmol·L^-1。Al^3＋浓度下湘杂油二号分别增加2．50倍和2．03倍，浙双758分别增加2．02倍和1．83倍，Al^3＋对CAT和POD的诱导效应小于SOD；从时间差异看，SOD、CAT的绝对活性和增幅在胁迫14d时小于胁迫7d，POD相反。叶片MDA和脯氨酸含量均随Al^3＋浓度增加和时间延长而升高，MDA含量在湘杂油二号中低于浙双758，而脯氨酸含量是湘杂油二号高于浙双758。研究认为，湘杂油二号根尖排斥A1的能力较强，且叶片能够维持较高的保护酶活性和较高的脯氨酸含量，因而其耐Al性强于浙双758。

鄂中地区油菜专用肥施用效果

为明确油菜(Brassica napus L.)专用肥对鄂中地区直播油菜产量的提升效果,于2019—2021年在湖北省沙洋县开展了连续2年的田间试验,设置了不施肥、常规施肥、宜施壮专用肥和洋丰专用肥4个施肥处理,考察各处理下成熟期油菜产量、地上部生物量、地上部养分含量、地上部养分积累量以及肥料偏生产力等的差异。结果表明,与不施肥对照相比,常规施肥和专用肥处理均能显著提高油菜子产量;与常规施肥相比,专用肥处理总养分投入减少了41.3%,而两者油菜子产量无明显差异。施肥显著增加了油菜地上部生物量,促进了油菜地上部对养分的吸收。油菜专用肥处理显著提高了肥料偏生产力,与常规施肥处理相比,宜施壮专用肥和洋丰专用肥处理平均肥料偏生产力在2019—2020年、2020—2021年分别提高了80.6%和68.2%。综上所述,油菜专用肥在保障油菜高产稳产的同时,提高了肥料利用率。

特早熟春性甘蓝型油菜sBnFLD基因的克隆及表达

【目的】克隆特早熟春性甘蓝型油菜A基因组上的sBnFLD基因,并对其进行表达研究,为该基因的功能及其在成花转变中的作用研究奠定基础。【方法】根据GenBank中已报道的拟南芥和白菜型油菜FLD同源基因的保守序列设计引物,采用PCR和RT-PCR扩增特早熟春性甘蓝型油菜86号品系(光周期不敏感)的FLD同源基因,用qRT-PCR技术检测sBnFLD基因在86号品系不同发育时期茎、叶和茎尖中的表达情况。【结果】克隆出了sBnFLD基因,命名为sBnFLD,在GenBank中的登录号为KR003079.1。sBnFLD基因cDNA全长2 376bp,有3个内含子,4个外显子,编码791个氨基酸残基,分子量86.5ku,等电点8.5;sBnFLD为非分泌蛋白和非膜蛋白;sBnFLD蛋白N端有2个保守的结构域α螺旋结构域(SWIRM)和NAD(P)-binding-8结构域,该蛋白有多个α螺旋和β折叠。生物信息学分析显示,sBnFLD蛋白与已报道的甘蓝型油菜未知蛋白(CDX73929.1)和电子克隆的白菜型油菜FLD(XP_009135110.1)氨基酸序列相似性达99%,与拟南芥FLD氨基酸序列相似性达87%。qRT-PCR分析结果显示,sBnFLD基因在油菜苗期和现蕾初期茎、叶、茎尖中均有表达,但在蕾期茎尖中表达量最高。【结论】克隆出的sBnFLD基因为甘蓝型油菜的FLD同源基因,该基因在春性特早熟甘蓝型油菜开花调控中可能起着重要的调节作用。

微量元素在油菜种子引发中的调控作用及实用性

为了提高油菜(Brassica napus L.)种子活力以增强种子萌发和幼苗阶段的抗逆性,试验通过响应面分析方法对不同微量元素组合间效应进行比较分析,得出对油菜种子活力提升效果最佳的元素组合,并进一步验证了该组合对不同油菜品种生长发育和最终产量的影响。结果表明,Se(5.0 mg/L)、B(5.0 mg/L)、Zn(100.0 mg/L)、Mo(1.0 mg/L)对油菜种子萌发均具有明显的促进作用;响应面分析得出最佳微量元素配比组合为Se(6.7 mg/L)+B(7.5 mg/L)+Zn(82.3 mg/L)+Mo(4.6 mg/L),在此配比组合处理下,幼苗期可溶性蛋白质的累积量提高且幼苗的抗逆性也有明显增强;不同品种中的应用试验证明该配比组合处理可显著提高其单株产量(P<0.05)。

Stress response to nanoplastics with different charges in Brassica napus L.during seed germination and seedling growth stages

Nanoplastic pollution has become a significant problem in farmland systems worldwide.However,research on the effects of nanoplastics(NPs)with different charges on field crops is still limited.In our study,NPs with different charges,including unmodified polystyrene nanoplastics(PS),positively charged polystyrene nanoplastics(PS-NH_(2)),and negatively charged polystyrene nanoplastics(PSSO3H),were investigated for their impacts on seed germination and seedling growth of rape.The results showed that seed water uptake(after 12 h),seed germination,seed vigour,and relative root elongation were all significantly reduced under exposure to NPs(200 mg/L).Similarly,remarkable decreases in plant biomass(root weight,shoot weight),growth(root length,plant height),photosynthesis ability(chlorophyll a,chlorophyll b,carotenoids),essential nutrient uptake(Fe,Mn,Zn,Cu),and plant quality(soluble protein,soluble sugar,crude fibre content)of rape seedlings were also observed after exposure to NPs.Among the three kinds of NPs,PS-NH_(2)showed stronger effects.Moreover,superoxide dismutase,peroxidase,and catalase activities of rape seedlings were changed,and the content of malondialdehyde was significantly increased under exposure to NPs.Furthermore,positively charged PS-NH_(2)showed stronger effects on the phenotype,physiology,biochemistry,nutrient uptake,and plant quality of rape.Notably,a comprehensive toxicity evaluation revealed that PS-NH_(2)had the strongest toxicity to rape.The present study provides important implications for the interaction and risk assessment of NPs and crops in soil-plant systems.

Identification of QTLs for Branch Number in Oilseed Rape(Brassica napus L.)

Oilseed rape （Brassica napus L.） is one of the most important oil crops worldwide and provides about 50 percent of the vegetable oil supply in China （Yin et al., 2009）. The development of rapeseed varieties with higher yield is an effective measure to optimize balance between the supply and demand of edible vegetable oil. In oilseed rape, the number of silique per plant （SP） contributes most to the yield performance （Diepenbrock, 2000）. However, compared with the other two yield-component traits, seeds per silique （SS） and seed weight （SW）, SP is more sensitive to environmental changes （Li et al., 2007; Shi et al., 2009）. Therefore, it is difficult to perform the genetic improvement on SP trait directly in oilseed rape.

北方旱寒区甘蓝型冬油菜产量、品质及抗倒性的分析评价

2018—2019年,以34个强抗寒甘蓝型冬油菜品系为试验材料,对其产量、品质及抗倒性进行分析和评价,挖掘优异种质资源。结果表明:不同材料间的产量、品质及抗倒性存在较大差异,单株产量变异范围为6.50~36.67 g,平均产量为21.08 g,17NPZ240-1的产量最高;相关分析表明全株角果数(r=0.897**)和每角粒数(r=0.534**)与单株产量极显著正相关。各材料倒伏系数介于153.74~359.61,17NDL20-7的倒伏系数最低,抗倒性最强;相关分析表明抗折力(r=-0.501**)、重心高度(r=502**)、茎粗(r=-0.816**)、分枝部位(r=0.472**)和主花序长度(r=-0.679**)与倒伏系数呈极显著相关关系。品质性状中,含油量介于33.40%~49.54%,平均含量为43.32%,17DNL32-3的含量最高;蛋白质含量介于16.87%~27.24%,平均含量为21.18%,16NTS309-4的含量最高;油酸含量介于23.62%~68.81%,平均含量为45.92%,17NPZ242-1的含量最高;亚油酸含量介于10.62%~18.48%,平均含量为14.87%,亚麻酸含量介于5.41%~8.97%,平均含量为7.60%,芥酸含量介于0.15%~27.51%,平均含量为10.80%,17NPZ52-3的亚油酸、亚麻酸含量最高,芥酸含量最低;硫代葡萄糖苷含量介于18.47~70.35μmol·g^(-1),平均含量为34.41μmol·g^(-1),16NTS309-7的含量最低;相关分析表明油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸和芥酸含量间存在显著相关关系(0.421≤r≤0.913)。9个性状的综合隶属函数值F介于0.25~0.77,相差0.52,品系间差异较大。聚类分析将34份甘蓝型冬油菜材料划分为3大类群,第Ⅰ类群包含17份材料,综合表现最好,但平均含油量最低;第Ⅱ类群包含4份材料,综合表现较弱,倒伏系数均值最高,其他8个性状的平均值都处于中等水平;第Ⅲ类群包含13份材料,综合表现最弱,但平均含油量最高,倒伏系数均值处于中等水平,其他7个性状的均值都处于最低水平。

氮肥用量对冬油菜籽粒产量和品质的影响

为探明不同氮肥用量对冬油菜籽粒产量和品质的影响,于2019/2020以及2020/2021年在湖北省武穴市开展田间试验,试验设置0、90、180、270、360 kg N hm^(-2)5个氮肥施用水平。在成熟期测定油菜籽产量、氮含量和油菜籽品质指标。结果表明,施氮显著提高冬油菜籽粒产量及氮含量,与不施氮相比,氮肥施用后平均增产1548 kg hm^(-2),平均增产率达32.9%,在施氮量为0~270 kg N hm^(-2)范围内,油菜籽产量随氮肥施用量显著增加,继续增施氮肥,油菜籽产量无明显变化或有下降趋势,施氮主要通过提高单株角果数来提高油菜籽粒产量。施氮显著增加了籽粒蛋白质含量,当施氮量达270 kg N hm^(-2)时籽粒氮含量和蛋白质含量最高。施氮显著降低籽粒含油量,氮肥用量每增加100 kg N hm^(-2),籽粒含油量下降1.6个百分点。随着氮肥用量的增加,籽粒硫甙、油酸、亚麻酸、芥酸以及饱和脂肪酸(棕榈酸和硬脂酸)呈升高趋势,亚油酸呈降低趋势,油菜籽粒品质整体呈降低趋势。综上所述,以追求高品质食用油为目标,同时兼顾油菜籽粒产量,氮肥适宜用量约为180kgNhm^(-2);以追求油菜籽粒产量并考虑油菜饼粕作饲料为目标时,氮肥适宜用量约为270 kg N hm^(-2)。

肇庆市油菜引种比较研究

[目的]为了推进肇庆市的油菜种植,选取8个甘蓝型油菜品系进行引种试验。[方法]设置2个不同播期,采用随机区组设计,分别考察了各品系的长势、虫害情况、生育期以及终花期株型相关农艺性状,同时比较了第2播期的水淹条件对不同品系各项性状的抑制作用。[结果]F品系花期最早,只需要53 d时间,但容易倒伏,而G品系的株高最高约188 cm,E品系的开展度最大接近80 cm,极易倒伏。水淹条件缩短了各品系的开花期,显著抑制了各品系的株高和开展度。相比之下,D品系耐淹能力最强,株高和开展度分别减少39和5 cm,冠层高度反而增加13 cm。[结论]综合考虑肇庆市多功能油菜产业对早熟且耐水淹油菜品系的需求,下一步仍需要对引种材料进行杂交改良。

锰毒害对油菜苗期Mn、Ca、Fe含量及POD、CAT活性的影响

采用营养液培养技术研究锰毒害对油菜苗期生长发育、Mn、Fe、Ca含量及POD和CAT活性的影响 ,结果表明 :锰毒害使油菜体内各部位Mn含量显著升高 ,生物量降低 ,根、茎、上部叶片中Ca含量显著降低 ,茎、上部及下部叶片中Fe含量显著降低 ,各部位Ca/Mn和Fe/Mn也明显降低。锰毒害还使苗期油菜功能叶中CAT活性显著降低 ,POD活性显著增加。

不同遗传背景的甘蓝型黄籽油菜粒色遗传初步研究

以７种不同来源的甘蓝型黄籽油菜品系为材料，采用完全双列杂交试验和与中油８２１测交的方法，分析了粒色的遗传规律。初步结果显示：不同来源的甘蓝型黄籽油菜品系带有不同的粒色基因，有些为等位基因，有些属非等位基因。粒色遗传以加性效应为主，显性和上位性效应也很明显。

直播冬油菜干物质积累及氮磷钾养分的吸收利用

【目的】了解高产直播冬油菜的养分吸收和利用规律。【方法】高产栽培条件下,在冬油菜整个生育期内定期取样,测定油菜各部位干物质量和养分含量,计算各生育时期氮、磷、钾养分积累量,明确甘蓝型冬油菜在4 500 kg.hm-2产量条件下的干物质积累及氮、磷、钾养分吸收利用规律。【结果】直播冬油菜总干物质积累呈"S"形曲线,表现为薹花期>苗期>角果成熟期。根、茎、绿叶、落叶的干物质量分别在播种后185、200、130、230d达最大值,干物质量分别为2 286、5 450、2 306、2 162 kg.hm-2。各器官氮含量(籽粒除外)随生育时期的推进逐渐降低,苗期变化平缓,蕾薹期后降幅较大。茎、绿叶中磷含量苗期略有上升,蕾薹期后迅速降低。根、落叶、角壳中磷含量则持续下降。根、茎中钾含量在苗期波动较大,蕾薹期后迅速降低。叶片中钾含量在苗期略有降低,其后一直稳定。落叶中钾含量一直波动变化,无明显规律。氮、钾的积累规律相似,出苗后持续增加,花期达最大值,而后略有下降,两者积累量均表现为苗期>蕾薹期>花期。整个生育期磷积累量持续上升,表现为角果期>苗期>薹花期。高产栽培条件下直播油菜N、P、K最大养分需求量分别为217.6、39.9、219.8 kg.hm-2,需求比例为1.00﹕0.18﹕1.01。【结论】除落叶和生殖器官外,各器官干物质积累量、养分含量、养分积累量均呈现苗期升高花期后降低的变化趋势。根、茎、叶中的部分养分在花期后会转移到籽粒中,保证直播冬油菜花期前充足的养分供给是高产的前提。

我国南方冬油菜机械化生产农艺研究进展

油菜机械化生产是我国油菜生产发展的方向,近年来在南方冬油菜区进行了适合机械化生产的油菜品种筛选和鉴定,农机和农艺配套技术试验示范。本文综述了在油菜机械直播和机械移栽、抗倒伏措施及理想株型构建、施肥技术、病虫草害化学防治、化学催熟技术、机械收获技术等方面的研究概况,并探讨了存在的问题及今后的研究方向。