Main Pests and Diseases of Zingiberaceae and Their Control

The primary diseases affecting Zingiberaceae plants include ginger plague, spot blotch, anthracnose, leaf spot, leaf blight, and soft rot. Insect pests that pose a threat to these plants encompass root-knot nematode disease, drilling bugs, beet nightshade moths, mesquite, thrips, and aphids. This article aims to summarize the defining features of the principal pests and diseases as well as their control methods. The intention is to offer theoretical support for the preservation of ginger plants.

Editorial Board of Plant Diseases and Pests

Chief Editor: Lai Zhongxiong, male, born in December 1966, Ph.O., researcher, doctoral supervisor. Deputy dean of New Rural Development Research Institute. Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University: director of Horticultural Plant Bio-engineering Institute (Subtropical Fruit Research Institute): former deputy dean of College of Horticulture (2004- 2016);committee member of textbook construction expert committee, the Ministry of Agriculture (gardening group);ex-ecutive director of Chinese Society for Agricultural Biotechnology, vice chairman of plant tissue culture branch;aca-demic pacesetter of key construction discipline (Pomology) in Fujian Province;head of subtropical fruit trees and spe-cial economic crop germplasm resources sharing platform and fruit tree germplasm test-tube seedling bank of Fujian Province;vice chairman of Fujian Horticultural Society, vice chairman of Fujian Cell Biology Society;editorial board member of Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, Journal of Forestry and Environment, Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Subtropical Plant Science, Subtropical Agriculture Research, Southeast Horticulture;member of the twelfth CPPCC national committee (agricultural community), member of the standing committee of the tenth and twelfth Fujian CPPCC.

Detection and Monitoring of Key Hazard Factors for Quality and Safety of Characteristic Berries and Standardized Production Technology and Application

Blueberry,kiwifruit,Rosa roxburghii,and raspberry are the characteristic fruits planted in Guizhou Province.However,in recent years,harmful factors such as plant diseases and insect pests,pesticides and heavy metal residues have affected the quality and safety of blueberry,kiwifruit,R.roxburghii,raspberry and other berries.These problems mainly include the frequent occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests,pesticide residues and heavy metal pollution,which not only seriously affect the quality and safety of berries,but also restrict the healthy development of berry industry.Therefore,it is very important to study the detection and monitoring of key hazard factors affecting the quality and safety of blueberry,kiwifruit,R.roxburghii and raspberry,as well as the standardized production technology.Using literature analysis,field investigation,questionnaire survey,comprehensive analysis,SWOT analysis,laboratory testing and other methods,this paper made a comprehensive and in-depth study of the berry industry in Guizhou Province.Through the analysis of the current situation of the berry industry in Guizhou Province,the problems and shortcomings in the planting,management,sales and other aspects of the industry were revealed.In order to solve these problems,a series of practical measures were put forward,including strengthening pest control,optimizing pesticide application technology,and strictly controlling heavy metal pollution,so as to ensure the healthy and stable development of berry industry.The implementation of these measures will help to improve the overall quality level of the berry industry in Guizhou Province.

Effects of silicon amendment on the occurrence of rice insect pests and diseases in a field test

Rice is one of the most important staple foods for the world population,but it is attacked by a number of destructive pests.While evidence from greenhouse and laboratory tests has shown that silicon（Si）amendment can confer enhanced resistance to pests in rice,few studies have directly demonstrated the Si-mediated protection from pests in a field situation.In this study,field plots with silicon amendments at 0,75,150 and 300 kg SiO2 ha-1 in early-and late-season rice were employed to evaluate the effects of silicon amendment on the occurrence of major insect pests and diseases and rice yield.Compared with the control plots without silicon amendment,plant damage by stem borer and leaf folder and population size of planthopper were significantly lower in three to five of the seven monitoring observations in each season in the plots amended with 300 kg SiO2 ha-1.The disease index of rice blast in the early-season rice was lower in the plots amended with Si at 300 kg SiO2 ha-1 than in the control plots,while Si protection from rice blast in the late-season rice and from rice sheath blight in the early-season rice were not apparent.An insignificant increase of rice yield by 16.4%（604 kg ha-1）was observed in the plots amended with 300 kg SiO2 ha-1 over the control plots.Our results indicate that Si amendment at 300kg SiO2 ha-1 can provide substantial protection from some of the rice pests under field conditions.These findings support the recommendation of silicon amendment as a key component of integrated management of rice pests.

Main Diseases and Pests of Jujube and Control Strategies in Shanxi

The main diseases and pests in the major growing area of jujube in Shanxi Province in recent years are investigated and studied,and several main diseases and pests are described.Based on the green prevention and control concept of crop diseases and pests proposed by the Ministry of Agriculture of China,the prevention and control of jujube diseases and pests are expounded from the perspectives of strengthening forecast,agricultural management,biological control and chemical control,in order to provide scientific basis for green development of jujube industry.

A Computer Software-Epitimulator~ for Simulating Temporal Dynamics of Plant Disease Epidemic Progress

The objective of the present study was to develop a computer software for simulating the temporal development of plant disease epidemics using Richards, logistic, Gompertz, monomolecular, and exponential functions, respectively, and for predicting disease with a fitted model. The software was programmed using Visual Basic （VB6.0） and packaged with the Wise Installation System. The Fibonacci （＇0.618＇） section strategy was used to find out the most appropriate value for the shape parameter （m） in Richards function simulation through looping procedures. The software program was repeatedly tested, debugged and edited until it was run through favorably and produced ideal outputs. It was named Epitimulator based on the phrase ＇epidemic time simulator＇ and has been registered by the National Copyright Department of China （Reg. no. 2007SR18489）. It can be installed and run on personal computers with all versions of Windows operational systems. Data of disease index and survey time are keyed in or imported from Access files. The output of fitted models and related data of parameters can be pasted into Microsoft Excel worksheet or into Word document for editing as required and the simulated disease progress curves can be stored in separate graphic files. After being finally tested and completed, Epitimulator was applied to simulate the epidemic progress of corn northern leaf blight （Exserohilum turcicum） with recorded data from field surveys of corn crops and the fitted models were output. Comparison of the simulation results showed that the disease progress was always best described by Richards function, which resulted in the most accurate simulation model. Result also showed that forecast of northern leaf blight development was highly accurate by using the computed progress model from Richards function.

Detection and Discrimination of Tea Plant Stresses Based on Hyperspectral Imaging Technique at a Canopy Level

Tea plant stresses threaten the quality of tea seriously.The technology corresponding to the fast detection and differentiation of stresses is of great significance for plant protection in tea plantation.In recent years,hyperspectral imaging technology has shown great potential in detecting and differentiating plant diseases,pests and some other stresses at the leaf level.However,the lack of studies at canopy level hampers the detection of tea plant stresses at a larger scale.In this study,based on the canopy-level hyperspectral imaging data,the methods for identifying and differentiating the three commonly occurred tea stresses(i.e.,the tea leafhopper,anthrax and sun burn)were studied.To account for the complexity of the canopy scenario,a stepwise detecting strategy was proposed that includes the process of background removal,identification of damaged areas and discrimination of stresses.Firstly,combining the successive projection algorithm(SPA)spectral analysis and K-means cluster analysis,the background and overexposed non-plant regions were removed from the image.Then,a rigorous sensitivity analysis and optimization were performed on various forms of spectral features,which yielded optimal features for detecting damaged areas(i.e.,YSV,Area,GI,CARI and NBNDVI)and optimal features for stresses discrimination(i.e.,MCARI,CI,LCI,RARS,TCI and VOG).Based on this information,the models for identifying damaged areas and those models for discriminating different stresses were established using K-nearest neighbor(KNN),Random Forest(RF)and Fisher discriminant analysis.The identification model achieved an accuracy over 95%,and the discrimination model achieved an accuracy over 93%for all stresses.The results suggested the feasibility of stress detection and differentiation using canopy-level hyperspectral imaging techniques,and indicated the potential for its extension over large areas.

Botanicals and plant strengtheners for potato and tomato cultivation in Africa

This review provides a summary of botanicals and plant strengtheners that have potential uses for disease and pest management in potato and tomato cultivation in African.We discuss their possible use to prevent major diseases and pests which infest potato and tomato,such as early and late blight,bacterial wilt,potato tuber moth,and tomato leafminer.There are several examples of the successful uses of botanicals for pathogen and pest control relevant for different African climatic conditions;however,most of these studies have been conducted in vitro and often lack field verification.Plant strengtheners(substances that induce and improve crop resistance,yield,and quality)are little studied and used in Africa in comparison to North America and Europe.The possible benefits of using botanicals and plant strengtheners instead of conventional pesticides are discussed here in relation to human health and the environment as well as their modes of action and accessibility to farmers.Lack of knowledge of the composition and active ingredients of extracts,environmental concerns,uncertainties regarding stability and formulation,lack of legislation and limited support from governments,hamper the development of botanicals and plant strengtheners for use in sustainable African agriculture.

Plant protection: Current status, progress and challenges in China

China is one of the countries in the world that is severely damaged by crop diseases,pests,and weeds.There are more than 1 700 species of agricultural pests occurring annually,53 of which are on the list of the 100 worst pests in the world(Chen and Wang 2014;Wu 2018).Currently,China is still greatly challenged by a growing problem of agricultural pests that th reate n the economy and health and pose ecological risks underthe conditions of global climate change,economic integration,crop structure adjustment and so on.Plant protect!on agai nst crop diseases,in sect pests and noxious weeds is necessary to ensure high-quality crop production and food safety.However,traditional strategies of plant protect!on have mainly involved chemical pesticides.

Monitoring Thosea sinensis Walker in Tea Plantations Based on UAV Multi- Spectral Image

Thosea sinensis Walker(TSW)rapidly spreads and severely damages the tea plants.Therefore,finding a reliable operational method for identifying the TSW-damaged areas via remote sensing has been a focus of a research community.Such methods also enable us to calculate the precise application of pesticides and prevent the subsequent spread of the pests.In this work,based on the unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)platform,five band images of multispectral red-edge camera were obtained and used for monitoring the TSW in tea plantations.By combining the minimum redundancy maximum relevance(mRMR)with the selected spectral features,a comprehensive spectral selection strategy was proposed.Then,based on the selected spectral features,three classic machine learning algorithms,including random forest(RF),support vector machine(SVM),and k-nearest neighbors(KNN)were used to construct the pest monitoring model and were evaluated and compared.The results showed that the strategy proposed in this work obtained ideal monitoring accuracy by only using the combination of a few optimized features(2 or 4).In order to differentiate the healthy and TSW-damaged areas(2-class model),the monitoring accuracies of all the three models were computed,which were above 96%.The RF model used the least number of features,including only SAVI and Bandred.In order to further discriminate the pest incidence levels(3-class model),the monitoring accuracies of all the three models were computed,which were above 80%,among which the RF algorithm based on SAVI,Band_(red),VARI__(green),and Band_(red_edge) features achieve the highest accuracy(OAA of 87%,and Kappa of 0.79).Considering the computational cost and model accuracy,this work recommends the RF model based on a few optimal feature combinations to monitor and distinguish the severity of TSW in tea plantations.According to the UAV remote sensing mapping results,the TSW infestation exhibited an aggregated distribution pattern.The spatial information of occurrence and severity can offer effective guidance for precise control of the pest.In addition,the relevant methods provide a reference for monitoring other leaf-eating pests,effectively improving the management level of plant protection in tea plantations,and guaranting the yield and quality of tea plantations.

玉米中后期病虫害控害增效药剂组合筛选

为了一体化防控玉米中后期病虫害,在玉米大喇叭口期至抽雄期,应用植保无人机,优化广谱、内吸传导性强、持效期长的杀菌剂与杀虫剂,并与微肥、飞防增效剂混配,开展了玉米中后期病虫害控害增效药剂组合筛选试验。结果表明,17%唑醚·氟环唑悬浮剂900 mL/hm^(2)+40%氯虫·噻虫嗪水分散粒剂180 g/hm^(2)+氨基酸液肥495 mL/hm^(2)+迈飛飞防专用增效剂300 mL/hm^(2)组合、43%唑醚·氟酰胺悬浮剂360 mL/hm^(2)+40%氯虫·噻虫嗪水分散粒剂180 g/hm^(2)+氨基酸液肥495 mL/hm^(2)+迈飛飞防专用增效剂300 mL/hm^(2)组合,对玉米大斑病、灰斑病的防治效果为79.8%~88.2%,对玉米螟、双斑萤叶甲的防治效果为92.3%~94.3%,增产率达15.2%,一次施药可达到防病、防虫、增产的效果。

基于物联网的病虫害绿色防控系统研发与应用

为减少农药施用量、发展病虫害绿色防控技术,保障农产品质量安全,基于物联网技术,结合臭氧灭菌防病、光源诱导除虫、作物健康识别和病虫害辨识预警等技术,研发了设施蔬菜病虫害绿色防控系统,主要由多功能植保机和信息管理系统组成。结果表明,绿色防控系统下草莓白粉病发病率较常规施药法降低27.7%,草莓产量提高19.8%,具有显著的草莓白粉病防控效果和增产潜力。同时,系统的预警服务、多方式消杀、远程控制和智能托管等功能有效缓解了我国植保技术装备落后、过度依赖农药使用、劳动力结构性短缺和维保运营困难等问题。系统的应用在一定程度上实现了设施蔬菜病虫害防治的绿色化、专业化和智能化。

2023年邹城市春花生植保贡献率的测算评估

为了客观反映植保工作在花生生产中对病虫草害的控制效果,评价植保工作在花生生产中的作用,2023年选取全国花生绿色防控示范县邹城为测试点,开展花生重大病虫害植保贡献率的评价。试验设严格综防区、农户自防区和空白对照区,通过试验示范区的防控效果、花生产量、投入成本三个指标进行综合评估。结果表明:2023年邹城市试验区花生病虫草害的防控植保贡献率为33.1%,严格综防区较农户自防区增收11642.85元/hm^(2),表明农户自防区还有很大的增收空间。本项工作通过科学防控可实现增产增效目的,为其他地区春花生植保贡献率的评估提供了技术参考。

基于Android平台的植物病虫害查询诊断系统的构建

为了解决目前中国移动终端农业专家系统平台在开源性、数据共享性等方面的缺陷,利用计算机与移动互联技术,对Android平台下的数据库同步方法进行研究和设计,并基于SaaS模式构建植物病虫害查询诊断系统。通过开放的接口设计,有效的实现了数据库的同步和共享,促进了农业技术的有效推广。

丹参农药残留研究现状

丹参是最常用的大宗中药材之一,历史悠久,在临床应用中具有重要地位。随着种植年限的增长和连作面积的增加,病虫害的发生也随之增多,栽培过程中不可避免使用农药进行病害防控,农药残留种类也从过去有机氯类等农药转变为吡虫啉、多菌灵和多效唑等新型农药,农药的使用不当导致丹参中农药的残留时有发生,严重的影响了丹参的质量和用药安全。本文通过对种植户进行走访调查,并结合近年来国内外丹参的农药残留及其检测技术相关文献进行整理,以明确丹参的农药使用现状,为丹参的绿色种植和安全生产提供参考。

我国葡萄植保机械化技术发展现状与对策

目前中国葡萄总产量位居世界第一,种植面积仅次于西班牙。植保作业作为葡萄种植过程中的重要环节,其工作量约占葡萄管理总工作量的30%。我国的葡萄植保作业已基本实现机械化,但主要应用的植保机械还普遍存在农机农艺融合困难、先进施药技术集成度低、智能化机具实用性不足和防治效率低等问题。首先,系统地阐述我国现阶段葡萄的主要种植模式、葡萄植保机械的应用现状和存在问题;然后,从“葡萄专用植保机具的创新与研制”“气雾场的仿真与优化”和“先进植保技术的探索与试验”3个方面出发,对近年来我国葡萄植保机械化技术的研究进展进行综述和分析;最后,根据当前我国葡萄植保机械的发展现状和实际国情,提出未来一段时间内的发展对策与具体措施,以期为提升我国葡萄植保机械化水平提供参考。

基于Android的互联网植物医生服务平台

病虫害的诊断和防治是保障农业安全生产的重要环节,诊断的实时性和防治的有效性是必须解决的首要问题。本文建立了基于Android的互联网植物医生服务平台,创建了农作物病虫害数据库、诊断规则库,并通过基于Android智能手机的植物医生APP提供农业病虫害专家远程诊断和基于专家系统的自助诊断,建立了全天候的病虫害诊断服务模式,使农民"足不出户"即可得到植保专家的防治指导,解决作物生产过程中"求医难"的问题。另外,专家还可根据农民咨询的情况,对病虫害的分布与发生进行分析预警。

道地药材辽藁本生态高效种植技术

辽藁本作为辽宁省的道地中药材,近年来种植规模和产量都有了较大提高。但是其种植技术不规范,药材质量不高,严重制约了产业的发展。系统分析了辽藁本产业发展的现状,重点从种苗繁育、田间管理、病虫害防治、采收等方面阐述了辽藁本的生态高效种植模式,旨在为辽藁本的规范化植提供技术支撑,为辽藁本的可持续开发利用提供科学参考。

信阳茶园病虫害发生规律及绿色防控对策

2023年3—7月通过走访调查了解了信阳茶园病虫害发生规律和病虫害防控现状,分析了当前茶园病虫害防控存在栽培管理粗放,病虫害防控措施不力;茶农绿色防控意识不强;缺乏从事绿色防控技术的专业技术人才;小规模的茶叶生产模式转型升级难等问题。针对这些问题,从加强技术指导与培训工作;加强绿色防控宣传引导,培育示范企业,发挥领头作用;加强引进和培育茶园管理绿色防控技术专业人员;政府出台相应政策,增加资金投入,支持生态茶园建设等方面提出了相应对策。

上海嘉定区蚕豆新记录虫害——豆小卷蛾

2021年末,于上海嘉定区华亭镇对蚕豆病虫害进行大田调查时,发现一种危害蚕豆嫩稍的鳞翅目害虫,经鉴定为本市一新记录物种——豆小卷蛾.简述了该虫为害特点、形态特征和生活习性.