Construction of Early-warning Model for Plant Diseases and Pests Based on Improved Neural Network

By studying principles and methods related to early-warning model of plant diseases and using PSO method, parameter optimization was conducted to backward propagation neural network, and a pre-warning model for plant diseases based on particle swarm and neural network algorithm was established. The test results showed that the construction of early-warning model is effective and feasible, which will provide a via- ble model structure to establish the effective early-warning platform.

Main Pests and Diseases of Zingiberaceae and Their Control

The primary diseases affecting Zingiberaceae plants include ginger plague, spot blotch, anthracnose, leaf spot, leaf blight, and soft rot. Insect pests that pose a threat to these plants encompass root-knot nematode disease, drilling bugs, beet nightshade moths, mesquite, thrips, and aphids. This article aims to summarize the defining features of the principal pests and diseases as well as their control methods. The intention is to offer theoretical support for the preservation of ginger plants.

Bioefficacy of indigenous plant products against pests and diseases of Indian forest trees:A review

This review discusses the bioefficacy of natural products（derived from neem and other tropical trees） which have been used against insect pests and diseases attacking forest trees in India.These products are effective,cheaper and eco-friendly and act as antifeedant,repellent,sterility inducing,toxic or regulate insect growth.Integration of these products in forest pest management strategies would enhance the sustainability of forests and prevent the deterioration of wood quality.

Editorial Board of Plant Diseases and Pests

Chief Editor: Lai Zhongxiong, male, born in December 1966, Ph.O., researcher, doctoral supervisor. Deputy dean of New Rural Development Research Institute. Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University: director of Horticultural Plant Bio-engineering Institute (Subtropical Fruit Research Institute): former deputy dean of College of Horticulture (2004- 2016);committee member of textbook construction expert committee, the Ministry of Agriculture (gardening group);ex-ecutive director of Chinese Society for Agricultural Biotechnology, vice chairman of plant tissue culture branch;aca-demic pacesetter of key construction discipline (Pomology) in Fujian Province;head of subtropical fruit trees and spe-cial economic crop germplasm resources sharing platform and fruit tree germplasm test-tube seedling bank of Fujian Province;vice chairman of Fujian Horticultural Society, vice chairman of Fujian Cell Biology Society;editorial board member of Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, Journal of Forestry and Environment, Journal of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Subtropical Plant Science, Subtropical Agriculture Research, Southeast Horticulture;member of the twelfth CPPCC national committee (agricultural community), member of the standing committee of the tenth and twelfth Fujian CPPCC.

Short-term Prediction of Occurrence Period of Main Diseases and Pests of Flos lonicerae using Phenoecology

The occurrence periods of Semiaphis heraclei Takahashi,Frankliniella sp.,Haptonchus luteolus and Microsphara linicerae Enchson wint.in Rabenh.causing damage on Flos lonicerae were investigated in F.lonicerae planting area in XinCheng county of Guangxi Province during 2008-2010,which were coincided with the occurrence periods of related phenology of local Prunus persica Rootstock.With P.persica Rootstock as indicator plant,the occurrence periods of three species of pests and one species of disease were predicted,respectively,and the method was simple and accurate,which could be the foundation for preventing these pests and diseases in the local field.

Detection and Monitoring of Key Hazard Factors for Quality and Safety of Characteristic Berries and Standardized Production Technology and Application

Blueberry,kiwifruit,Rosa roxburghii,and raspberry are the characteristic fruits planted in Guizhou Province.However,in recent years,harmful factors such as plant diseases and insect pests,pesticides and heavy metal residues have affected the quality and safety of blueberry,kiwifruit,R.roxburghii,raspberry and other berries.These problems mainly include the frequent occurrence of plant diseases and insect pests,pesticide residues and heavy metal pollution,which not only seriously affect the quality and safety of berries,but also restrict the healthy development of berry industry.Therefore,it is very important to study the detection and monitoring of key hazard factors affecting the quality and safety of blueberry,kiwifruit,R.roxburghii and raspberry,as well as the standardized production technology.Using literature analysis,field investigation,questionnaire survey,comprehensive analysis,SWOT analysis,laboratory testing and other methods,this paper made a comprehensive and in-depth study of the berry industry in Guizhou Province.Through the analysis of the current situation of the berry industry in Guizhou Province,the problems and shortcomings in the planting,management,sales and other aspects of the industry were revealed.In order to solve these problems,a series of practical measures were put forward,including strengthening pest control,optimizing pesticide application technology,and strictly controlling heavy metal pollution,so as to ensure the healthy and stable development of berry industry.The implementation of these measures will help to improve the overall quality level of the berry industry in Guizhou Province.

Effects of silicon amendment on the occurrence of rice insect pests and diseases in a field test

Rice is one of the most important staple foods for the world population,but it is attacked by a number of destructive pests.While evidence from greenhouse and laboratory tests has shown that silicon（Si）amendment can confer enhanced resistance to pests in rice,few studies have directly demonstrated the Si-mediated protection from pests in a field situation.In this study,field plots with silicon amendments at 0,75,150 and 300 kg SiO2 ha-1 in early-and late-season rice were employed to evaluate the effects of silicon amendment on the occurrence of major insect pests and diseases and rice yield.Compared with the control plots without silicon amendment,plant damage by stem borer and leaf folder and population size of planthopper were significantly lower in three to five of the seven monitoring observations in each season in the plots amended with 300 kg SiO2 ha-1.The disease index of rice blast in the early-season rice was lower in the plots amended with Si at 300 kg SiO2 ha-1 than in the control plots,while Si protection from rice blast in the late-season rice and from rice sheath blight in the early-season rice were not apparent.An insignificant increase of rice yield by 16.4%（604 kg ha-1）was observed in the plots amended with 300 kg SiO2 ha-1 over the control plots.Our results indicate that Si amendment at 300kg SiO2 ha-1 can provide substantial protection from some of the rice pests under field conditions.These findings support the recommendation of silicon amendment as a key component of integrated management of rice pests.

Main Diseases and Pests of Jujube and Control Strategies in Shanxi

The main diseases and pests in the major growing area of jujube in Shanxi Province in recent years are investigated and studied,and several main diseases and pests are described.Based on the green prevention and control concept of crop diseases and pests proposed by the Ministry of Agriculture of China,the prevention and control of jujube diseases and pests are expounded from the perspectives of strengthening forecast,agricultural management,biological control and chemical control,in order to provide scientific basis for green development of jujube industry.

Detection and Discrimination of Tea Plant Stresses Based on Hyperspectral Imaging Technique at a Canopy Level

Tea plant stresses threaten the quality of tea seriously.The technology corresponding to the fast detection and differentiation of stresses is of great significance for plant protection in tea plantation.In recent years,hyperspectral imaging technology has shown great potential in detecting and differentiating plant diseases,pests and some other stresses at the leaf level.However,the lack of studies at canopy level hampers the detection of tea plant stresses at a larger scale.In this study,based on the canopy-level hyperspectral imaging data,the methods for identifying and differentiating the three commonly occurred tea stresses(i.e.,the tea leafhopper,anthrax and sun burn)were studied.To account for the complexity of the canopy scenario,a stepwise detecting strategy was proposed that includes the process of background removal,identification of damaged areas and discrimination of stresses.Firstly,combining the successive projection algorithm(SPA)spectral analysis and K-means cluster analysis,the background and overexposed non-plant regions were removed from the image.Then,a rigorous sensitivity analysis and optimization were performed on various forms of spectral features,which yielded optimal features for detecting damaged areas(i.e.,YSV,Area,GI,CARI and NBNDVI)and optimal features for stresses discrimination(i.e.,MCARI,CI,LCI,RARS,TCI and VOG).Based on this information,the models for identifying damaged areas and those models for discriminating different stresses were established using K-nearest neighbor(KNN),Random Forest(RF)and Fisher discriminant analysis.The identification model achieved an accuracy over 95%,and the discrimination model achieved an accuracy over 93%for all stresses.The results suggested the feasibility of stress detection and differentiation using canopy-level hyperspectral imaging techniques,and indicated the potential for its extension over large areas.

Botanicals and plant strengtheners for potato and tomato cultivation in Africa

This review provides a summary of botanicals and plant strengtheners that have potential uses for disease and pest management in potato and tomato cultivation in African.We discuss their possible use to prevent major diseases and pests which infest potato and tomato,such as early and late blight,bacterial wilt,potato tuber moth,and tomato leafminer.There are several examples of the successful uses of botanicals for pathogen and pest control relevant for different African climatic conditions;however,most of these studies have been conducted in vitro and often lack field verification.Plant strengtheners(substances that induce and improve crop resistance,yield,and quality)are little studied and used in Africa in comparison to North America and Europe.The possible benefits of using botanicals and plant strengtheners instead of conventional pesticides are discussed here in relation to human health and the environment as well as their modes of action and accessibility to farmers.Lack of knowledge of the composition and active ingredients of extracts,environmental concerns,uncertainties regarding stability and formulation,lack of legislation and limited support from governments,hamper the development of botanicals and plant strengtheners for use in sustainable African agriculture.

A Computer Software-Epitimulator~ for Simulating Temporal Dynamics of Plant Disease Epidemic Progress

The objective of the present study was to develop a computer software for simulating the temporal development of plant disease epidemics using Richards, logistic, Gompertz, monomolecular, and exponential functions, respectively, and for predicting disease with a fitted model. The software was programmed using Visual Basic （VB6.0） and packaged with the Wise Installation System. The Fibonacci （＇0.618＇） section strategy was used to find out the most appropriate value for the shape parameter （m） in Richards function simulation through looping procedures. The software program was repeatedly tested, debugged and edited until it was run through favorably and produced ideal outputs. It was named Epitimulator based on the phrase ＇epidemic time simulator＇ and has been registered by the National Copyright Department of China （Reg. no. 2007SR18489）. It can be installed and run on personal computers with all versions of Windows operational systems. Data of disease index and survey time are keyed in or imported from Access files. The output of fitted models and related data of parameters can be pasted into Microsoft Excel worksheet or into Word document for editing as required and the simulated disease progress curves can be stored in separate graphic files. After being finally tested and completed, Epitimulator was applied to simulate the epidemic progress of corn northern leaf blight （Exserohilum turcicum） with recorded data from field surveys of corn crops and the fitted models were output. Comparison of the simulation results showed that the disease progress was always best described by Richards function, which resulted in the most accurate simulation model. Result also showed that forecast of northern leaf blight development was highly accurate by using the computed progress model from Richards function.

Plant protection: Current status, progress and challenges in China

China is one of the countries in the world that is severely damaged by crop diseases,pests,and weeds.There are more than 1 700 species of agricultural pests occurring annually,53 of which are on the list of the 100 worst pests in the world(Chen and Wang 2014;Wu 2018).Currently,China is still greatly challenged by a growing problem of agricultural pests that th reate n the economy and health and pose ecological risks underthe conditions of global climate change,economic integration,crop structure adjustment and so on.Plant protect!on agai nst crop diseases,in sect pests and noxious weeds is necessary to ensure high-quality crop production and food safety.However,traditional strategies of plant protect!on have mainly involved chemical pesticides.

Monitoring Thosea sinensis Walker in Tea Plantations Based on UAV Multi- Spectral Image

Thosea sinensis Walker(TSW)rapidly spreads and severely damages the tea plants.Therefore,finding a reliable operational method for identifying the TSW-damaged areas via remote sensing has been a focus of a research community.Such methods also enable us to calculate the precise application of pesticides and prevent the subsequent spread of the pests.In this work,based on the unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)platform,five band images of multispectral red-edge camera were obtained and used for monitoring the TSW in tea plantations.By combining the minimum redundancy maximum relevance(mRMR)with the selected spectral features,a comprehensive spectral selection strategy was proposed.Then,based on the selected spectral features,three classic machine learning algorithms,including random forest(RF),support vector machine(SVM),and k-nearest neighbors(KNN)were used to construct the pest monitoring model and were evaluated and compared.The results showed that the strategy proposed in this work obtained ideal monitoring accuracy by only using the combination of a few optimized features(2 or 4).In order to differentiate the healthy and TSW-damaged areas(2-class model),the monitoring accuracies of all the three models were computed,which were above 96%.The RF model used the least number of features,including only SAVI and Bandred.In order to further discriminate the pest incidence levels(3-class model),the monitoring accuracies of all the three models were computed,which were above 80%,among which the RF algorithm based on SAVI,Band_(red),VARI__(green),and Band_(red_edge) features achieve the highest accuracy(OAA of 87%,and Kappa of 0.79).Considering the computational cost and model accuracy,this work recommends the RF model based on a few optimal feature combinations to monitor and distinguish the severity of TSW in tea plantations.According to the UAV remote sensing mapping results,the TSW infestation exhibited an aggregated distribution pattern.The spatial information of occurrence and severity can offer effective guidance for precise control of the pest.In addition,the relevant methods provide a reference for monitoring other leaf-eating pests,effectively improving the management level of plant protection in tea plantations,and guaranting the yield and quality of tea plantations.

玉米中后期病虫害控害增效药剂组合筛选

为了一体化防控玉米中后期病虫害,在玉米大喇叭口期至抽雄期,应用植保无人机,优化广谱、内吸传导性强、持效期长的杀菌剂与杀虫剂,并与微肥、飞防增效剂混配,开展了玉米中后期病虫害控害增效药剂组合筛选试验。结果表明,17%唑醚·氟环唑悬浮剂900 mL/hm^(2)+40%氯虫·噻虫嗪水分散粒剂180 g/hm^(2)+氨基酸液肥495 mL/hm^(2)+迈飛飞防专用增效剂300 mL/hm^(2)组合、43%唑醚·氟酰胺悬浮剂360 mL/hm^(2)+40%氯虫·噻虫嗪水分散粒剂180 g/hm^(2)+氨基酸液肥495 mL/hm^(2)+迈飛飞防专用增效剂300 mL/hm^(2)组合,对玉米大斑病、灰斑病的防治效果为79.8%~88.2%,对玉米螟、双斑萤叶甲的防治效果为92.3%~94.3%,增产率达15.2%,一次施药可达到防病、防虫、增产的效果。

基于迁移学习的植物病虫害细粒度分类

植物病虫害识别是农业生产中的一个重要问题。通过人工识别与传统计算视觉的方式在实际应用中有着一定的局限性,所以有必要研究基于卷积神经网络的植物病虫害分类算法。为了探讨卷积神经网络对于植物病虫害细粒度分类的应用,基于现有的部分植物病虫害数据图像数据,融合区分性区域注意力机制与通道间的注意力机制模型来评测此数据集,结果表明,融合注意力机制后相比于原始模型其分类性能有所提升,Top-1准确率提升了1.9%。为了进一步探究注意力机制对于卷积神经网络的影响,可视化了卷积神经网络关注的区域,注意力机制使得网络在细粒度分类任务中更关注于目标的区分性特征区域。

寡糖联合淡紫紫孢菌对化学杀线剂防治烤烟根结线虫病效果的影响

为更好地控制烟草根结线虫的危害,降低化学杀线剂的用量,将寡糖免疫诱导剂与噻唑膦、阿维菌素及淡紫紫孢菌协同使用进行田间小区试验,研究其对烟草根结线虫的防治效果。结果表明,壳寡糖15 L/hm^(2)、几丁寡糖15 L/hm^(2)分别与噻唑膦22.5 kg/hm^(2)协同使用,对烟草根结线虫的防治效果高于噻唑膦单独使用效果。相对防效由噻唑膦单独使用的45.20%分别提高到64.42%和65.38%。进一步试验发现,几丁寡糖1 kg/hm^(2)、淡紫紫孢菌15 kg/hm^(2)及噻唑膦16.875 kg/hm^(2)(减少25%)协同使用,对烟草根结线虫病相对防效及对烟草生长总体效应优于与噻唑膦正常用量(22.5 kg/hm^(2))组和噻唑膦减少50%(11.25 kg/hm^(2))组合效果。寡糖诱导剂单独或与淡紫紫孢菌协同使用,显著提高了噻唑膦对烟草根结线虫病的防治效果,减少了农药使用量,为烟草根结线虫病害的防控提供了一种新的技术手段。

无人机植保在水稻病虫害防治中的实践与研究

为探寻更科学的水稻植保方式,在水稻病虫害防治过程中合理施用农药,减少水稻农药残留超标,提高水稻的产量和质量,本研究团队在合作企业的协助下,以乡镇合作社或个人承包的稻田为试验样本,合理设计施药方式及参数,通过多组对照农田的试验,发现其中一组无人机植保的水稻,在较少的药剂使用情况下,取得了较好的病虫害防治效果。

2022-2023年度湖南省油菜病虫害防控植保贡献率评价

为科学评估病虫害对油菜生产的影响程度和植保措施减损增产的重要作用,湖南省植保植检站在祁东、鼎城、桃江、永兴组织开展2022—2023年度油菜病虫害防控植保贡献率评价工作。通过设置严格防控、统防统治、农户自防和完全不防治病虫(对照)处理,采用大区试验,评估不同试验县(区)不同油菜病虫害防控处理的植保贡献率。结果表明:各试点处理的实际损失率为0.17%~67.56%,病虫害防控处理的植保贡献率为4.10%~67.56%。调查统计结果显示,参试县(区)油菜病虫害防控(不含杂草)植保贡献率分别为祁东25.73%、鼎城35.49%、桃江23.50%、永兴33.36%;湖南省油菜病虫防控植保贡献率为28.51%,据此测算,2022—2023年度全省通过病虫害防控约挽回菜籽损失7.38亿kg。

基于物联网的病虫害绿色防控系统研发与应用

为减少农药施用量、发展病虫害绿色防控技术,保障农产品质量安全,基于物联网技术,结合臭氧灭菌防病、光源诱导除虫、作物健康识别和病虫害辨识预警等技术,研发了设施蔬菜病虫害绿色防控系统,主要由多功能植保机和信息管理系统组成。结果表明,绿色防控系统下草莓白粉病发病率较常规施药法降低27.7%,草莓产量提高19.8%,具有显著的草莓白粉病防控效果和增产潜力。同时,系统的预警服务、多方式消杀、远程控制和智能托管等功能有效缓解了我国植保技术装备落后、过度依赖农药使用、劳动力结构性短缺和维保运营困难等问题。系统的应用在一定程度上实现了设施蔬菜病虫害防治的绿色化、专业化和智能化。

稻-龟-鳖-鱼综合种养模式对稻田病虫草害和水稻产量、品质的影响

设置稻-龟-鳖-鱼综合种养(DGBY)、稻-龟-鱼综合种养(DGY)、水稻单作(DCK)及水稻生态空白种植(DCK0)4个处理,研究不同综合种养模式对稻田病虫草害的防治效果及对水稻产量和品质的影响,以期促进稻渔综合种养生产力的提质增效。结果表明,与DCK0处理相比,DGBY和DGY处理对水稻纹枯病、稻瘟病和稻曲病均有防治效果,其中对纹枯病的防效最好,但防效较DCK处理极显著降低,分别为15.36%和13.19%;DGBY和DGY处理对第5代稻飞虱的防治效果较好,虫量较DCK0处理分别降低56.79%和48.85%,较DCK处理分别降低32.29%和16.95%,对第3代二化螟幼虫的防效次之,虫量较DCK0处理降低39.29%和33.93%,比DCK处理降低15.00%和7.50%。动物放养后50 d,DGBY处理对杂草密度、干质量的防效分别为38.38%、40.15%,DGY处理分别为32.99、35.39%,均与DCK处理无显著差异。除了DCK处理水稻实际产量显著高于DCK0处理外,其他处理间无显著差异。DGBY和DGY处理精米率均较DCK0处理极显著提高,垩白粒率和垩白度均较DCK处理降低,具有改善稻米品质的作用。综上,稻-龟-鳖-鱼、稻-龟-鱼综合种养模式均能在一定程度上减少病虫草的危害,达到稳产增质,减少化肥、农药使用量的目的。