The Status of Canopy Density and above Ground Biomass along the Northern Coastal Forest Zone of Tanzania

Canopy density and forest biomass estimation are critical for understanding of the carbon cycle, climate change and detecting health status of the forest ecosystems. This study was conducted on the coastal forests reserves in Zanzibar and mainland Tanzania. A systematic sampling design was used to establish a total of 110 temporary sample plots in all study sites. The stratification of the forests was adopted to identify closed forest patches with less anthropogenic effects. The study assessed the forest canopy density and above ground biomass with relative carbon stock for closed forest classes. Jozani Chwaka Bay National Park in Zanzibar recorded higher average canopy densities of 63% followed by Ngezi (46%), Pugu forests (26%) and Kazimzumbwi (16%). However, Ngezi forest had higher forest biomass than all study sites with the overall mean AGB of 138.5 tAGB/ha equivalent to carbon stock of 67.9 tC/ha. Tree species, Bombax rhodognaphala (Msufi mwitu) and Antiaris toxicaria (Mgulele) recorded the highest biomass of 1099 tABG/ha and 703 tAGB/ha (equivalent to 538 tC/ha and (345 tC/ha)) respectively. The study revealed that about 35% of the total closed forest patches at Pugu FR were covered by lower canopy density which accounted about 490 ha. Kazimzumbwi FR was dominated by lower canopy density which represented about 64% of the total forest cover area (1750 ha).

Factorial analysis on forest canopy density restoration in the burned area of northern Great Xing＇an Mountains, China

The restoration of forest landscape has drawn much attention since thecatastrophic fire took place on the northern slope of Great Xing'an Mountains in 1987. Forest canopydensity, which has close relation to forest productivity, was selected as a key factor to find howmuch the forest quality was changed 13 years after fire, and how fire severity, regeneration way andterrain factors influenced the restoration of forest canopy density, based on forest inventory datain China, and using Kendall Bivariate Correlation Analysis, and Distances Correlation Analysis. Theresults showed that fire severity which was inversely correlated with forest canopy density gradewas an initial factor among all that selected. Regeneration way which did not remarkably affectforest canopy density restoration in short period, may shorten the cycle of forest succession andpromote the forest productivity of conophorium in the future. Among the three terrain factors, theeffect of slope was the strongest, the position on slope was the second and the aspect was the last.

Effects of forest canopy density and epixylic vegetation on nutrient concentrations in decaying logs of a subalpine fir forest

Background:Deadwood and the associated epixylic vegetation influence nutrient cycles in forest ecosystems.Open canopies strongly regulate deadwood decomposition and disrupt epixylic vegetation on logs.However,it is unclear how the forest canopy density and epixylic vegetation growth affect the nutrient concentrations in deadwood.Methods:We measured the concentrations of nitrogen(N),phosphorus(P),potassium(K),calcium(Ca),sodium(Na),magnesium(Mg),and manganese(Mn)in experimentally exposed decaying logs placed in gaps,at the edge of gaps,and under the closed canopy during a four-year decomposition experiment in a Subalpine Faxon fir forest(Abies fargesii var.faxoniana)on the eastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,China.To assess the effect of the epixylic vegetation,we experimentally removed it from half of the logs used in the study.Results:Under open canopy conditions in the gap and at the edge,the concentrations for most of the nutrients in the bark and the highly decayed wood were lower than under the closed canopy.The effect of the epixylic treatment on nutrient concentrations for all but K and Na in barks varied with the decay classes.Significantly lower concentrations of N,P,Ca,and Mn following the removal of epixylic vegetation were observed in the wood of decay class IV.Epixylic vegetation significantly increased most nutrient concentrations for decaying barks and wood under open canopy conditions.In contrast,epixylic vegetation had no or minimal effects under the closed canopy.Conclusions:Forest canopy density and epixylic vegetation significantly alter the nutrient concentrations in decaying logs.Open canopies likely accelerate the rate of nutrient cycling between the epixylic vegetation and decaying logs in subalpine forests.

Aboveground carbon sequestration of Cunninghamia lanceolata forests:Magnitude and drivers

Understanding the spatial variation,temporal changes,and their underlying driving forces of carbon sequestration in various forests is of great importance for understanding the carbon cycle and carbon management options.How carbon density and sequestration in various Cunninghamia lanceolata forests,extensively cultivated for timber production in subtropical China,vary with biodiversity,forest structure,environment,and cultural factors remain poorly explored,presenting a critical knowledge gap for realizing carbon sequestration supply potential through management.Based on a large-scale database of 449 permanent forest inventory plots,we quantified the spatial-temporal heterogeneity of aboveground carbon densities and carbon accumulation rates in Cunninghamia lanceolate forests in Hunan Province,China,and attributed the contributions of stand structure,environmental,and management factors to the heterogeneity using quantile age-sequence analysis,partial least squares path modeling(PLS-PM),and hot-spot analysis.The results showed lower values of carbon density and sequestration on average,in comparison with other forests in the same climate zone(i.e.,subtropics),with pronounced spatial and temporal variability.Specifically,quantile regression analysis using carbon accumulation rates along an age sequence showed large differences in carbon sequestration rates among underperformed and outperformed forests(0.50 and 1.80 Mg·ha^(-1)·yr^(-1)).PLS-PM demonstrated that maximum DBH and stand density were the main crucial drivers of aboveground carbon density from young to mature forests.Furthermore,species diversity and geotopographic factors were the significant factors causing the large discrepancy in aboveground carbon density change between low-and high-carbon-bearing forests.Hotspot analysis revealed the importance of culture attributes in shaping the geospatial patterns of carbon sequestration.Our work highlighted that retaining largesized DBH trees and increasing shade-tolerant tree species were important to enhance carbon sequestration in C.lanceolate forests.

Variation in photosynthetic photon flux density within a tropical seasonal rain forest of Xishuangbanna, south-western China

The effects of canopy development, solar angle, and weather conditions on temporal variation in photosynthetic photon flux density（PPFD） at three heights within a tropical rain forest canopy in Xishuangbanna, China, were examined. PPFD was measured every second and stored as 10-min averages from 1 December 2002 to 30 November 2003. PPFD variability was examined at three different temporal scales. Specific days in March, September, and December with clear and overcast sky conditions were selected to separate the effects of leaf area index（LAI） and solar angle on diurnal variability. On both clear and overcast days, mean daily average PPFD was significantly different between March and September at all heights, except 10 m on clear days, suggesting that LAI directly influences PPFD. In contrast, the differences in daily average PPFD among three heights between September and December were likely due to variation in solar angle. In addition, daily average PPFD at all locations were significantly lower under overcast than clear sky conditions in March, September and December. Over the year-long study, the mean daily total PPFD at 2! m, 10 m and 4 m was 2.8, 2.7 and 0.7 mol/（m^2·d）, which accounted for 9.7%, 9.4% and 2.4% of the daily PPFD above the canopy, respectively. Significant differences in mean daily total PPFD occurred at the same heights among different seasons, and diurnal, day-to-day and seasonal PPFD varied at different heights within the canopy. The possible effects of light variability on physiological and morphological responses of plants are discussed.

Forest biomass carbon storage from multiple inventories over the past 30 years in Gansu Province, China: implications from the age structure of major forest types

We used the forest inventory data of Gansu Province, China to quantify carbon storage and carbon density changes by regional forest cover and by typical forest types in 1979-2006. Total forest area increased from 1.77 x 106 ha in 1979 to 2.32 x 106 ha in 2006, and the forest carbon storage, estimated by the continuous biomass expansion factor method, increased from 83.14 to 100.66 Tg, equivalent to a carbon accumulation rate of 0.0071 Tg per year during the period. Mean carbon densities were 44.83-48.50 t ha-1 and the values decreased slightly over the time period. Natural forests generated greater car- bon storage and density than did plantations. By regression analysis, forest stand age was an important parameter incarbon density studies. We developed various regression equations between carbon density and stand age for major types of natural forests and plantations in the region. Our results can be used for proper selection of re-forestation species and efficient management of young and middle-aged forests, offering great potential for future carbon sequestra- tion, especially in arid and semi-arid regions.

Influence of environmental predispositions on temperate mountain forest damage at different spatial scales during alternating drought and flood periods:case study in Hruby Jeseník Mts.(Czech Republic)

Mountain forests are more prone to environmental predispositions(EPs)than submountain ones.While remote sensing of mountain forests enables instantaneous damage mapping,the investigation of the causes requires field data.However,a local field or regionally modeled environmental characteristics influence remote data evaluation differently.This study focused on the evaluation of EPs effects damaging mountain forests between various spatial resolutions during environmental change.The evaluation was divided into managed and natural forests in the Hruby Jeseník Mts.(Czech Republic;240-1491 m a.s.l.;50.082°N,17.231°E).Damage was assessed through the discrimination analysis of the normalised difference vegetation index(NDVI)by MODIS VI during alternating drought and flood periods 2003-2014.The local environmental influence was assessed using the discrimination function(DF)separability of forest damage in the training sets.The regional influence was assessed through map algebra estimated via the DF and a forest decline spatial model based on EPs from differences between risk growth conditions and biomass fuzzy sets.Management,EPs and soil influenced forest NDVI at different levels.The management afflicted the NDVI more than the EPs.The EPs afflicted the NDVI more than the soil groups.Strong winters and droughts had a greater influence on the NDVI than the flood events,with the winter of 2005/2006 inverting the DF direction,and the 2003 drought increasing differences in managed forest biomass and decreasing differences in natural forest biomasses.More than 50% of declining managed forests in the training sets occurred on Leptosols,Podzols and Histosols.On a regional scale,the soil influence was eliminated by multiple predispositions.The EPs influenced 96% of natural forest and 65% of managed forest,though managed forest damage was more evident.The mountain forest NDVI decline was dependent on both management and risk predispositions.

Characterization of Forest Degradation beyond Canopy Cover Change in Mau Forest, Kenya

Monitoring Forest degradation is evidence enough to show a country’s commitment to monitor the forest trend both for national and local decision-making and international reporting processes. Unlike deforestation which is easier to point out, monitoring forest degradation is quite a challenge since there is no universal definition and thus no clear monitoring methods apart from the canopy cover change. This research, therefore, sought to look at the degradation trends in the Mau forest complex between 1995-2020 with the aim of finding out whether monitoring canopy density changes over time and quantifying these changes in terms of biomass loss could be a good approach in monitoring forest degradation. Forest Canopy Density (FCD) model was adopted focusing on using vegetation indices describing biophysical conditions of Vegetation, Shadow and Bareness to monitor changes in canopy density as a parameter for describing forest degradation in the forest blocks of Maasai Mau and Olpusimoru in Mau forest complex. Results indicated how different vegetation indices responded to changes in the vegetation density and eventually changes in the canopy density values which were converted in terms of biomass loss. The forest Canopy Density model proved to be a good tool for monitoring forest degradation since it combines different biophysical indices with different characteristics capturing what is happening below the canopy.

Temporal dynamics and spatial variations of forest vegetation carbon stock in Liaoning Province, China

There are many uncertainties in the estimation of forest carbon sequestration in China, especially in Liaoning Province where various forest inventory data have not been fully utilized. By using forest inventory data, we estimated forest vegetation carbon stock of Liaoning Province between 1993 and 2005. Results showed that forest biomass carbon stock increased from 68.91 Tg C in 1993 to 97.51 Tg C in 2005, whereas mean carbon density increased from 18.48 Mg·ha^-1 C to 22.33 Mg·ha^-1 C. The carbon storage of young- and middle-aged forests increased by 22.1 Tg C and 5.95 Tg C, but that of mature forests has decreased by 0.25 Tg C. The carbon stock and density of forests in Liaon- ing Province varied greatly in space： larger carbon storage and higher carbon density were primarily found in the east area. The spatial distribution of carbon density was determined by many factors, of which human activities played an important role. The forests in Liaoning Province played a positive role as a sink of atmospheric carbon dioxide. The carbon fixation ability of forests in this area was primarily derived from forest plantation and the total forest carbon sequestration can be enhanced by expanding young- and middle-aged forests.

Compound Planting of Bletilla striata under Forest in the Three Gorges Dam Area

[Objectives] The aim was to study the artificial cultivation of Bletilla striata to realize large scale and standardization planting. [Methods] The comparison tests were conducted on B. striata with different canopy densities of the Magnolia officinalis forests,different compound planting densities and different tending measures and management. [Results] When the stand canopy density was 0. 4-0. 6,the per unit yield of B. striata was 5. 4%,6. 8% higher than that at the canopy density of less than 0. 4 and more than 0. 6,respectively. When the planting density was 30 cm × 30 cm,the per unit yield increased by 16. 1%,12. 0%,13. 1% respectively compared with the planting density of 20 cm × 20 cm,25 cm × 25 cm,35 cm × 35 cm. When B. striata was planted from October to November,the per unit yield was 5. 6% higher than that planted from December to January of the following year,and 21. 3% higher than that from February to March of the second year. When farmyard manure was applied during the cultivation,the per unit yield was 31. 7% and 18. 4% higher than the application of chemical fertilizer and compound fertilizer. When weeding 4 times per year,the per unit yield increased by 240. 1%,137. 0% and 43. 9% respectively from that weeding 1 times,2 times,3 times per year. [Conclusions]When planting B. striata,the stand canopy density of 0. 4-0. 6 could make it receive absolutely shelters and the lighting conditions required for the growth,thereby bringing in high emergence rate,good growth potential and high yield. The best planting effect of B. striata could achieve by planting from October to November with the planting density of 30 cm × 30 cm,which can play the maximum benefit of individual plants. Moreover,weeding 4 times per year combined with the use of farmyard manure can promote the development and growth of tubers,which can greatly improve the yield of B. striata.

A new sampling method in the Zagros forests using GIS(case study: Ilam forests of Iran)

One of the basic parameters in forest management planning is detailed knowledge of growing stock,information collected by forest inventory.Sampling methods must be accurate,inexpensive,and be easy to implement in the field.This study presents a new sampling method called branching transect for use in the Iranian Zagros forests and similar forests.Features of the new method include greater accuracy,easy implementation in nature,simplicity of statistical calculations,and low cost.In this method,transect is used,which includes some subtransects(side branches).The length of the main transect,side branches,number of trees measured in each side branch,and the number of sub-branches in this method are changeable based on homogeneity,heterogeneity,and density of a forest.In this study,based on the density and heterogeneity of the forest area studied,20-m transects with four and eight side branches were used.Sampling plots(Transects)in four inventory networks(100 m×100 m,100 m×150 m,150 m×150 m and 100 m×200 m)were implemented in the GIS environment.The results of this sampling method were compared to the results of total inventory(100%count)in terms of accuracy,precision(t-test),and inventory error percentage.Branching transect results were statistially similar to total inventory counts in all cases.The results show that this method of estimating density and canopy per hectare can be used in Zagros forests and similar forests.

Genetic Worth Effect Models for Boreal Conifers and Their Utility When Integrated into Density Management Decision-Support Systems

Based on approaches deduced from previous research findings and empirical observations from density control experiments, genetic worth effect response models were developed for black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill) BSP.) and jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) plantations. The models accounted for the increased rate of stand development arising from the planting of genetically-improved stock through temporal adjustments to the species-specific site-based mean dominant height-age functions. The models utilized a relative height growth modifier based on known estimates of genetic gain. The models also incorporated a phenotypic juvenile age-mature age correlation function in order to account for the intrinsic temporal decline in the magnitude of genetic worth effects throughout the rotation. Integrating the functions into algorithmic variants of structural stand density management models produced stand development patterns that were consistent with axioms of even-aged stand dynamics.

基于遥感的森林碳储量显式计算模型

面向国家“双碳”目标和国际碳交易市场需求,陆地生态系统的固碳现状和未来固碳潜力亟须研究。森林是陆地生态系统中重要的碳库,目前基于地面观测的清查方法工作量大且抽样统计结果难以评价,基于卫星遥感反演的方法缺乏理论解释且普适性差。本文从单木级森林碳储量模型出发,提出一种基于遥感的森林碳储量显式计算模型。首先使用图像分辨率、森林郁闭度和森林高度3个关键变量构建森林碳储量显式计算模型,并对模型变量和参数进行误差分析;然后利用单木的生长特性,仿真不同饱和度的森林场景,从理论上解算不同树种的模型参数,并检验模型参数的精度与稳定性;最后验证模型在不同空间尺度、饱和度森林场景下的精度、稳健性和适用性。本文提出的森林碳储量模型解决了现有卫星遥感反演缺乏理论解释性和适用性差的难题,可实现大范围森林碳储量高分辨率制图和全球森林碳汇动态监测。

乔木林不同郁闭度对种植1年内绒毛方竹生长情况的影响

[目的]探索乔木林郁闭度对方竹生长的影响,达到拓展人工种植方竹的空间及提高林地生产率的目的。[方法]在水富铜锣坝竹产业专业合作社开展了林下种植绒毛方竹试验,设计上层乔木不同郁闭度5个小区,分别采用不覆盖地膜和覆盖地膜2种处理。对种植1年后的绒毛方竹,采取随机抽样方法,抽取10丛,分别调查其竹子地径、竹子高度、竹丛株数、发笋株数、竹笋地径。[结果]不覆盖地膜时竹子平均地径2.27 mm/丛,平均高度0.28 m/丛,平均株数5.14株/丛,平均发笋株数3.52株/丛,竹笋平均地径3.92 mm/丛;覆盖地膜时竹子平均地径2.77 mm/丛,平均高度0.33 m/丛,平均株数3.98株,平均发笋株数2.88株/丛,竹笋平均地径4.52 mm/丛。[结论]通过F检验等分析,上层乔木林的郁闭度对种植1年内的绒毛方竹的径生长、高生长、成竹株数、发笋数量、竹笋地径具有显著影响,但通过覆盖地膜,可以减小上层乔木郁闭度对绒毛方竹生长的影响,尤其能够减小上层乔木高郁闭度对其生长的影响。

余姚瀑布仙茗生态茶园营林模式的探析

生态茶园是近年来茶产业发展的栽培趋势和方向,更是注重茶叶品质与安全的需要。而遮荫作为茶园管理中常用的农艺措施,可以改善茶园微环境,从色泽、香气和滋味等方面能提高茶叶的品质。文章以余姚瀑布仙茗为代表,结合其“三色”(黄、白、绿)绿茶品质特点,应用林业上复层林营造技术来综合优化茶园环境和丰富群落内生物链数量,来探析茶树的生理变化和生长势;同时,根据品牌系列产品以春茶为主呈现品质特点,以行道林带的架构,创新出“茶树+常绿乔木型”复层林和“茶树+落叶乔木型”复层林2种营林模式,成林后郁闭度控制在0.3~0.4,实现以生态提质增效及茶旅融合为特色的茶产业发展。

林分郁闭度对林下天然构树生长的制约性

通过对鲁西南砂石山构树胁迫防护林生长的调查研究,平茬2 a后构树灌木平均株数、分枝数分别比对照株增加了132.95%、-24.50%,证明构树灌木平茬能够刺激伐桩萌蘖,短期内会加剧对目标林分的生长胁迫。林分郁闭度≥0.75时,林下构树覆盖度≤5%,林下构树种籽或平茬构树失去必须的生存环境;林分郁闭度≤0.3时,林下构树覆盖度≥95%,会对目标林分造成严重的生长胁迫。研究表明,郁闭度低于临界值(郁闭度≤0.3)的目标林分或存在林中空地的林分,有目的选择原生灌木枝条进行人工促进天然更新或补植造林的方式提高林分郁闭度能够使低质低效林达到快速林相改造的目的。

六盘山区辽东栎林分结构对各植物层生物量的影响

[目的]量化宁夏六盘山区辽东栎次生林各植物层(乔木层、林下植物层(草本和灌丛)、枯落物层)生物量随郁闭度及林分密度的变化,确定能使各层生物量均维持在较高水平的最佳林分结构,以充分发挥森林多种功能。[方法]基于野外调查样地数据,利用上外包线分析法确定辽东栎林各层生物量对林分密度和郁闭度的响应规律,并经综合权衡后确定最佳郁闭度范围。[结果]随郁闭度和林分密度增加,乔木层生物量先快速增加,在郁闭度0.75和密度1050株∙hm^(−2)时分别达到292.3和296.9 t∙hm^(−2),分别为其外包线最大值的80%和82%,之后增速变缓;林下植物层生物量先缓慢下降,在郁闭度0.75和密度1150株∙hm^(−2)时分别达到9.08和9.17 t∙hm^(−2),分别为其外包线最大值的89%和86%,之后快速减小;枯落物层生物量先逐渐增加,在郁闭度0.75时达到33.34 t∙hm^(−2),为外包线最大值的97%。综合分析各层生物量随郁闭度的变化表明,需维持林冠郁闭度在0.75~0.79左右,才能使林分各层生物量都保持在各自上外包线最大值的80%以上。[结论]在宁夏六盘山区,要使辽东栎林的乔木层、林下植物层、枯落物层的生物量均维持在较高水平,需维持林冠郁闭度在最佳范围0.75~0.79左右,这可用于指导该地区及类似地区的辽东栎林多功能经营。

新疆森林植被碳储量预测研究

森林在固碳与应对气候变化方面起着重要作用。在区域空间尺度上,如何准确预测森林碳储量仍是热点与难点。以新疆主要森林类型常绿针叶林、落叶针叶林、落叶阔叶林和针阔混交林为研究对象,综合激光雷达树高数据与森林调查数据,采用幂函数模型估算新疆森林植被生物量并转换为碳密度,基于森林植被生物量利用Logistic模型与Gompertz模型估算新疆森林年龄获得新疆森林年龄空间分布图。在构建适合新疆主要森林类型的年龄与碳密度模型的基础上,预测2030年和2060年新疆森林植被碳储量与碳汇速率。结果表明,(1)构建的适合新疆主要森林类型生物量和森林年龄的估算模型以及森林年龄与碳密度的生长模型拟合度和显著性水平都较高,通过验证确定了对应的最优模型及参数。其中新疆森林生长模型表现出随林龄增加碳密度逐渐增加,到达成熟林后碳密度逐渐趋于稳定的特征。(2)2019年新疆森林年龄与碳密度空间分布大致呈现西高东低,北高南低的格局,与不同森林类型的环境适应能力及生长速率有关。2019年新疆森林的平均生物量、平均碳密度和年龄分别为147.84 Mg·hm^(-2)、73.92 Mg·hm^(-2)和68 a,其中约占新疆森林面积56%的森林为中龄林。(3)在排除自然和人为干扰的情景下,2030年和2060年新疆森林植被碳储量的预测值分别为(219.76±3.53)Tg和(334.99±5.56)Tg。相比2019年,2030年和2060年的新疆森林植被碳储量呈增加趋势,常绿针叶林与针阔混交林碳汇速率呈减少趋势。总之,未来新疆森林具有巨大的碳汇潜力,但也存在一定的不确定性。以上研究结果可以为新疆森林碳储量现状及预测评估提供数据参考和理论依据。

不同郁闭度天山云杉林土壤养分特征

【目的】研究不同郁闭度下天山云杉林土壤养分特征,为天山云杉林的可持续经营提供理论依据。【方法】以不同郁闭度的天山云杉林为研究对象,采用野外样地调查和室内土壤测定分析相结合方法,分析不同郁闭度对天山云杉林土壤养分特征的影响。【结果】(1)不同郁闭度天山云杉林土壤养分均为中等变异性,具有明显的聚表性,主要集中在0~20 cm土层。(2)0~20 cm土层土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、全氮含量均随郁闭度的增大呈递增的趋势,其中土壤有机质和全氮含量增加显著(P<0.05);20~60 cm土层土壤各养分含量随郁闭度变化其变化趋势不一致且均无显著差异。整个土壤剖面上天山云杉林郁闭度达到0.8时更有利于土壤养分的积累。(3)土壤各养分之间均存在正相关关系,其中有机质与碱解氮、速效磷、全氮两两之间呈极显著正相关。【结论】郁闭度对天山云杉林表层土壤有机质、全氮有显著影响(P<0.05),郁闭度0.8条件下更有利于天山云杉林土壤养分的积累。

近地面激光雷达点云密度对森林冠层结构参数提取准确性的影响

基于激光雷达技术获取冠层结构为森林生态学研究增加了新的维度。搭载于多旋翼无人机的近地面激光雷达相比于固定翼有人机的机载激光雷达,能够更加灵活高效地获取森林群落样地高密度点云。但在实际操作中,往往出现局部低密度点云数据,影响了冠层结构参数提取的准确性。使用4块森林动态样地的近地面激光雷达点云数据;利用航带分解方法分析各样地低密度样方成因;采用点云抽稀模拟算法计算并拟合偏差曲线,对比不同样地、参数和取样尺度间的点云密度对冠层结构参数提取准确性的影响;根据偏差曲线计算各条件下保证参数提取准确性的最低点云密度。结果发现:1)低密度区域主要受地形或(和)近地面遥感设计规划的影响。地形复杂的测区(西双版纳和古田山样地),遥感规划难度大,整体难以获取高密度点云(在30点/m^(2)左右),容易在沟谷和高海拔处出现低密度样方。平坦测区(长白山两块样地)虽可获取高密度点云(均超过150点/m^(2)),但欠佳的遥感规划设计导致长白山1测区北部出现1hm^(2)低密度区域。2)冠层参数提取准确性随点云密度减少而迅速降低,呈负指数幂函数关系。这一变化趋势在不同参数和尺度间差异较大,但在各样地间无显著差异。3)根据偏差曲线拟合结果,点云密度达到16点/m^(2)可以实现5—20 m取样尺度下冠层结构参数提取准确度达95%。综上,为更好的将近地面激光雷达技术应用在森林生态学研究中,应注重外业遥感作业方案的合理性,充分考虑地形的影响,在源头把控数据质量;如果数据存在低密度点云的情况,应适当放宽取样尺度并慎重提取对点云密度较为敏感的冠层结构参数。