Study on Water Conservation Capacity of Litter from Different Types of Forest in Caohai Basin

[Objective]The research aimed to understand water conservation capacity of litter from different forest types in Caohai basin. [Method] Current storage amount,water holding capacity and precipitation interception ability of litter from 4 types of forest were investigated and studied. [Result]The order of exist litter amount was grass slope ＆gt;shrub forest ＆gt;mixed broad leaf-conifer forest ＆gt;coniferous forest. The order of natural water holding capacity was mixed broad leafconifer forest ＆gt; coniferous forest ＆gt; grass slope ＆gt; shrub forest. The relevance between water holding capacity of litter and soaking time was in line with this formula： y = kln（ x） ＋ b. During 0-120 min of litter soaking,water holding capacity increased rapidly. After 120 min,the increasing trend remained flat until closing to the maximum water holding capacity. The relevance between water absorption rate of litter and soaking time was in line with this formula： y = a ＋ bx-1. In the beginning of soaking,water absorption rates of litter from different woodlands showed great difference. As soaking time went by,water absorption rates of litter from different woodlands all declined sharply. During 0-120 min,declining velocity of water absorption rate was quicker. After 120 min,the declining trend tended to be slow. The maximum water holding capacity of litter presented the order of shrub forest ＆gt; mixed broad leafconifer forest ＆gt; grass slope ＆gt; coniferous forest. The maximum precipitation interception amount of litter presented the order of shrub forest ＆gt; grass slope ＆gt; mixed broad leafconifer forest ＆gt; coniferous forest. Effective impounding capacity of litter presented the order of shrub forest ＆gt; mixed broad leafconifer forest ＆gt; grass slope ＆gt; coniferous forest. [Conclusion]The research could provide support for the construction of water conservation forest in Caohai basin.

Evapotranspiration of a Populus euphratica Oliv. forest and its controlling factors in the lower Heihe River Basin,Northwest China

Evapotranspiration(ET) within an ecosystem is crucial for the water-limited environment that currently lacks adequate quantification in the arid region of Northwest China, mainly covered by phreatophytes, such as the Populus euphratica Oliv. tree and the Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb. shrub species. Accordingly, ET was measured for an entire year using eddy covariance(EC) in P. euphratica stands in the lower Heihe River Basin, Northwest China. During the growing season,the total ET was 850 mm, with a mean of 4.0 mm/d, which is obviously more than that observed at tree-level and standlevel scales, which was likely due to the different level of soil evaporation induced by irrigation via water conveyance.Factors associated with ET fall into either environmental or plant eco-physiological categories. Environmental factors account for at least 79% variation of ET, and the linear relationship between ET and the groundwater table(GWT) revealed the potential water use of P. euphratica forests under the non-water stress condition with the GWT less than 3 m deep.Plant eco-physiological parameters, specifically the leaf area index(LAI), have direct impact on the seasonal pattern of ET, which provides a valuable reference to the wide-area estimates of ET for riparian forests by using LAI. In conclusion,P. euphratica forests have high water use after water conveyance, which may be the result of long-term adapting to local climates and limited water availability.

Impact of Climate Change on Vegetation Distribution and Net Primary Productivity of Forests of Himalayan River Basins: Brahmaputra, Koshi and Indus

The impacts of climate change in terms of forest vegetation shifts and Net Primary Productivity (NPP) changes are assessed for Brahmaputra, Koshi and Indus river basins for the mid (2021-2050) and long (2071-2100) terms for RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios. Two Dynamical Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs), Integrated BIosphere Simulator (IBIS) and (Lund Postdam and Jena (LPJ), have been used for this purpose. The DGVMs are driven by the ensemble mean climate projections from 5 climate models that contributed to the CMIP5 data base. While both DGVMs project vegetation shifts in the forest areas of the basins, there are large differences in vegetation shifts projected by IBIS and LPJ. This may be attributed to differing representation of land surface processes and to differences in the number of vegetation types (Plant Functional Types) defined and simulated in the two models. However, there is some agreement in NPP changes as projected by both IBIS and LPJ, with IBIS mostly projecting a larger increase in NPP for the future scenarios. Despite the uncertainties with respect to climate change projections at river basin level and the differing impact assessments from different DGVMs, it is necessary to assess the “vulnerability” of the forest ecosystems and forest dependent communities to current climate risks and future climate change and to develop and implement resilience or adaptation measures. Assessment of the “vulnerability” and designing of the adaptation strategies could be undertaken for all the forested grids where both IBIS and LPJ project vegetation shifts.

Comparable water use of two contrasting riparian forests in the lower Heihe River basin, Northwest China

Understanding forest ecosystem evapotranspiration（ET） is crucial for water-limited environments,particularly those that lack adequate quantified data such as the lower Heihe River basin of northwest China which is primarily dominated by Tamarix ramosissima Ledeb.and Populus euphratica Oliv.forests.Accordingly,we selected the growing season for 2 years （2012 and 2014） of two such forests under similar meteorological conditions to compare ET using the eddy covariance（EC） technique.During the growing seasons,daily ET of T.ramosissima ranged from 0.3 to 8.0 mm day^（-1） with a mean of 3.6 mm day^（-1）,and daily ET of P.euphratica ranged from 0.9 to 7.9 mm day^（-1） with a mean of 4.6 mm day^（-1） for a total of 548 and 707 mm,respectively.The significantly higher ET of the P.euphratica stand was directly linked to high soil evaporation rates under sufficient water availability from irrigation.When the soil evaporation was disregarded,water use was comparable to two contrasting riparian forests,a P.euphratica forest with a total transpiration of 465 mm and a T.ramosissima forest with 473 mm.Regression analysis demonstrated that climate factors accounted for at least 80% of ET variation in both forest types.In conclusion,water use of the riparian forests was low and comparable in this arid region,that suggest the long-term plant adaptation to the local climate and conditions of water availability.

Evaluation of Broadleaf Tree Diversity at the Basin Scale—In Case of Artificial <i>Chamaecyparis obtusa</i>Forests

In recent years, the various functions required of forests, especially the conservation of biodiversity, have been attracting increasing attention in Japan and worldwide. In Japan, 67% of national land is covered by forest, 41% of which is artificial forest (i.e., plantations). Therefore, forest biodiversity conservation efforts should also target artificial forests. In this paper, we seek to promote sustainable forest management that considers biodiversity conservation by examining indices that can be used by forest managers to evaluate the diversity of broadleaf trees. The result was that evaluation of broadleaf tree diversity in artificial forests at a basin scale was possible by combining several types of indicators.

Forest and Agricultural Land Use Changes in the Amur River Basin in the 20th Century:Tendencies and Driving Forces

The main part of the Amur River basin(over 90%) belongs to the Russian Far East and Northeastern China.Forests and agricultural lands,covering more than 70%of considered watershed,in the 20th century played a role of important resources base for both regional economic development and growth of national economies.Present-day and future environmental conditions of adjoining regions of Russia

Depth Distribution Pattern of Soil Organic Carbon in Forest from Taowan Basin of Funiu Mountain Area

[Objectives]By testing applicability of SOC depth distribution model in geographical and climatic conditions of Funiu Mountain area,SOC depth distribution model in the region was established and applied. The constructed model was used to estimate SOC mass density in other regions,thereby obtaining SOC abundance distribution chart at different depths.[Methods]165 soil sampling sites were selected from Quercus variabilis forest,Pinus tabulaeformis forest,mixed forest,and shrub forest in Taowan basin of Funiu Mountain area,to determine SOC content at different depths,study SOC depth distribution pattern of forest in Taowan basin of Funiu Mountain area,and assess SOC reserve at different depths.[Results]Average SOC density of Q. variabilis forest,P. tabulaeformis forest,mixed forest,and shrub forest at the depth of 0-20 cm was 7. 92,8. 42,8. 14 and 9. 67 kg/m^2,and there was significant difference in SOC density between shrub forest and Q. variabilis forest,P. tabulaeformis forest,mixed forest( P < 0. 05),and SOC density of four kinds of vegetation all abruptly declined with soil depth increased. At the depth of 0-20 cm,correlation between SOC density and vegetation type,canopy density,clay content and sand content was significant,and the correlation with altitude was insignificant. When carbon density at the depth of 0-100 cm was used to describe regional SOC reserve,the estimated value was lower. The established space model could predict SOC density of forest.[Conclusions]The estimation of deep-layer SOC by the established model needed further consideration,and estimation method for special areas needed to be further demonstrated.

Effects of Afforestation on Carbon Storage in Boyang Lake Basin,China

By using field survey data from the sixth forest inventory of Jiangxi Province in 2003,the biomass and carbon storage for three studied species(Pinus massoniana,Cunninghamia lanceolata,and Pinus elliottii)were estimated in Taihe and Xingguo counties of Boyang Lake Basin,Jiangxi Province,China.The relationship between carbon density and forest age was analyzed by logistic equations.Spatio-temporal dynamics of forest biomass and carbon storage in 1985–2003 were also described.The results show that total stand area of the three forest species was 3.10×105ha,total biomass 22.20 Tg,vegetation carbon storage 13.07 Tg C,and average carbon density 42.36 Mg C/ha in the study area in 2003.Carbon storage by forest type in descending order was:P.massoniana,C.lanceolata and P.elliottii.Carbon storage by forest age group in descending order was:middle stand,young stand,near-mature stand and mature stand.Carbon storage by plantation forests was 1.89 times higher than that by natural forests.Carbon density of the three species increased 8.58 Mg C/ha during the study period.The carbon density of Taihe County was higher in the east and west,and lower in the middle.The carbon density of Xingguo County was higher in the northeast and lower in the middle.In general,the carbon density increased with altitude and gradient.Afforestation projects contribute significantly to increasing stand area and carbon storage.Appropriate forest management may improve the carbon sequestration capacity of forest ecosystems.

Forest landscape patterns dynamics of Yihe-Luohe river basin

Based on the information from forest resources distribution maps of Luoning County of 1983 and 1999, six indices were used to analyze spatial patterns and dynamics of forest landscapes of the typical region in the middle of the Yihe-Luohe river basin. These indices include patch number, mean patch area, fragment index, patch extension index, etc. The results showed that: (1) There was a rapid increase in the number of patch and total area from 1983 to 1999 in the study area. The fragment degree became very high. (2) The area of all the forest patch types had witnessed great changes. The fractal degree of each forest patch type became big from 1983 to 1999. The mean extension index of Robinia pseudoacacia forest, non-forest, shrub forest, sparse forest, and Quercus species forest increased rapidly, but that of economic forest became zero. The fractal dimension each showed that forest coverage has been promoted. (3) The changes of landscape patterns were different in different geomorphic regions. From 1983 to 1999 the vegetation cover area, the gross number and the density of patch, diversity and evenness of landscape were all reduced greatly in gullies and ravines, but the maximum area and the mean area of patch types were increased. In hilly region, both the forest cover area and the number of patch increased from 1983 to 1999, but the mean area of patch was reduced greatly. In mountain region, even though the area under forest canopy reduced from 1983 to 1999, the patch number was increased greatly, the mean area of all patch types was reduced, the extension index, diversity index and evenness index of landscape were all increased. Furthermore, because of different types of land use, human activity and terrain, the vegetation changes on northern and southern mountain slopes were different. According to these analyses, the main driving forces, such as the policies of management, market economy, influence of human activities etc. are brought out.

Benefit Assessment of Forest Function in Reducing Soil Erosion and Nutrient Loss in Anji County of Taihu Lake Basin

The non-point source pollution arising from soil erosion is one of the main reasons for the deterioration of the water quality of the Taihu Lake Basin. Forest plays an important role in controlling soil erosion and reducing nutrient loss. Based on the survey data on forest resources in Anji County, we estimate the amount of soil erosion and nutrient loss of nitrogen and phosphorus reduced by forest, using soil erosion modulus method and soil nutrient content. In accordance with the degradation coefficient of pollutant and regional compensation standards of environmental resources, we assess the ecological benefits of forest function in reducing nutrient loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in Anji County. The results show that the forest in Anji County can reduce the soil erosion amount at 1.51 million t annually on the average, so as to control the nutrient loss of 1 409 t of total nitrogen and 577 t of total phosphorus in soil, equivalent to annually avoiding the flow of 824 t of total nitrogen and 410 t of total phosphorus into river water; this ecological service function can make forests in Anji County get 92.55 million yuan of ecological compensation funds (about 688 yuan/hm2·a), equivalent to 15 times of the current ecological compensation standard (47 yuan/hm2). The study reveals the importance of forest function in controlling soil erosion and nutrient loss in the upper reaches of Taihu Lake Basin to water environment protection in the basin, conducive to carrying out pollution control and protection work of the water environment in the basin.

黄河流域收缩城市“三生”功能耦合协调分析

利用第五、第六和第七次全国人口普查资料对黄河流域的收缩城市进行识别并测算其收缩强度,借助多指标综合评价法、耦合协调度模型分析2010年、2015年和2020年收缩城市的“三生”功能大小及耦合协调度,进一步运用随机森林模型探究其关键影响因素。结果表明:在黄河流域内90个地级市(州、盟)中,持续收缩型城市有27个,阶段收缩型城市有9个,潜在收缩型城市有29个,城市收缩现象显著;不同区域收缩城市的“三生”功能水平差异显著,其中生产和生活功能整体呈上升态势;“三生”功能的耦合协调度呈现由勉强协调向初级协调发展的特征,中、下游区域协调度优于上游,经济社会的快速发展和人民生活水平的提高有助于“三生”功能的耦合协调发展。

基于海表温度和随机森林的珠江流域干旱预报模型研究

海表温度(Sea Surface Temperature,SST)是干旱预报的主要因子之一,传统预报模型主要采用固定海域SST(如ENSO),未从全球大范围角度搜寻可利用的SST信号。通过回归分析筛选全球具有预报意义的SST区域,结合随机森林算法构建了一种气象干旱预报新模型,以珠江流域为例进行应用检验。结果表明:①该模型可有效预报干旱的时空变化规律,且预见期越长,预报精度相应下降;②非汛期干旱预报准确率高于汛期,沿海地区比内陆地区有更好的预报效果;③珠江流域干旱发生可能与典型的气候波动有关,如厄尔尼诺南方振荡和北大西洋振荡。

基于TROPOMI的淮河流域大气NO_(2)干沉降估算

基于Sentinel-5P卫星TROPOMI数据,利用随机森林方法反演2018~2020年淮河流域地面NO_(2)浓度,采用推算法获得淮河流域2018~2020年NO_(2)干沉降通量,并通过划分不同集水区(水域、农田、城区和植被覆盖区)估算大气NO_(2)干沉降对淮河流域水体氮素的贡献.结果显示,卫星反演地面NO_(2)浓度与地面站点实测资料一致性较高,相关系数(R)为0.94,平均绝对误差(MAE)为2.7,均方根误差(RSME)为4.1.淮河流域地面NO_(2)浓度和NO_(2)干沉降通量均有明显的季节变化,春夏秋冬4个季节地面NO_(2)平均浓度分别为13.7,12.2,17.6,23.1μg/m^(3);NO_(2)平均干沉降通量分别为1.25,1.13,1.61,2.13kg N/(hm^(2)·a).淮河流域地面NO_(2)浓度和干沉降通量均表现为南北部高,东西部低.农田区域NO_(2)干沉降对流域水体氮素的贡献最大,占比83.47%.2019年淮河流域大气NO_(2)干沉降总量为1.34×10^(5)t,对水体氮素的贡献为1.36×10^(4)t N;2020年大气NO_(2)干沉降总量为1.25×10^(5)t,对水体氮素的贡献为1.18×10^(4)t N.

昌江流域土地利用冲突时空演变及关键影响因子探析

科学认知土地利用冲突的时空演变规律,揭示其关键影响因子的作用,对区域可持续发展具有重要意义。以水土资源矛盾明显的昌江流域为研究区,利用景观格局指数构建土地利用冲突量化模型,以反映流域内2000—2020年土地利用冲突空间位置及强度变化,应用随机森林模型评判重要影响因子,以偏依赖关系图刻画影响因子对土地利用冲突强度变化的边际响应。结果显示:(1)2000—2020年昌江流域土地利用冲突总体处于基本可控状态,且高冲突值呈环绕城区、沿河流水系两侧分布的特点,城乡交错带成为冲突发生的主要空间单元,流域内对水资源的竞争矛盾突出,整体冲突强度大小表现为中游>下游>上游。(2)在影响因子中,距主要道路距离、人口密度等社会人为干扰及年均降水量、距主要水系距离等水资源条件对土地利用冲突强度变化起关键作用。(3)各影响因子与土地利用冲突强度之间呈非线性响应关系,人口的集聚效应、自然本底的约束性等是造成非线性响应的重要原因。昌江流域需要合理制定水资源配置方案,同时严格控制社会经济发展过快带来的城乡用地矛盾。

信江流域水文情势变化及归因分析

水文情势演变及归因分析是变化环境下水利发展研究的基础。以信江流域为例,根据信江入鄱阳湖控制站(梅港水文站)1953—2020年实测水文资料,对其近70年来年平均流量和水位的非一致性变化进行诊断;通过在基准期建立的随机森林模型模拟影响期的流量和水位,利用残差分析方法量化气候变化、人类活动对年平均流量和水位变化的贡献率;针对梅港站水文情势演变特点,提出了一种先采用保证率频率法推求其设计最小通航流量,再通过不同时期的水位流量关系推求变化环境下设计最低通航水位的方法。结果表明:梅港站的年平均流量序列呈微弱的上升趋势,1991年为界的前后2个子序列的流量差异最大,气候变化起主要作用;年平均水位序列有显著下降趋势,2002年为界的前后2个子序列的水位差异最大,人类活动起主要作用;当最低通航水位的设计频率为80%时,2020年(代表现状环境)梅港站95%和98%年保证率的最低通航水位设计值较1991年分别下降1.78和1.79 m。研究结果可为变化环境下的航道航运、水资源合理开发利用等提供参考。

长江流域不同时间尺度下农业干旱恢复时间的量化及其影响因素分析

为了减少由农业干旱引起的相关损失,基于总初级生产力(GPP)制定了干旱恢复标准,并以此量化了不同时间尺度下的农业干旱恢复时间.通过随机森林算法分析了农业干旱恢复时间的影响因素,明确了不同时间尺度下影响农业干旱恢复时间的最主要因素.结果表明,长江流域在1、6、12、24个月时间尺度下的平均干旱恢复时间分别为5.7、3.9、3.8和3.0个月,随着时间尺度的增加干旱恢复时间会逐渐降低.从空间分布状况来看,干旱恢复时间较长的地区主要分布于长江流域的西部和东南部地区.对影响因素的分析结果表明,在短时间尺度下气象变量是影响干旱恢复时间长短的最主要因素,但对较长的时间尺度而言,干旱恢复时间的长短则更多受干旱发生季节的影响.

龙岩汀江与九龙江北溪流域野生林木种质资源现状及对比分析

基于福建龙岩市林木种质资源普查成果,对比分析汀江流域和九龙江北溪流域(以下简称“两江”流域)野生林木种质资源状况。结果表明,“两江”流域野生林木种质资源丰富多样,垂直梯度分布特征明显,共有野生林木种质资源114科453属1 463种,占该地区的野生林木种质资源种数的97.3%,其中国家重点保护野生植物13科20属24种。九龙江北溪流域水热条件总体略高于汀江流域,南亚热带的林木种质资源分布较多,但“两江”流域野生林木种质资源总体相近,有72.9%的树种相同,在生物多样性、森林生态保护和林业碳汇开发研究等方面均具有巨大的生态价值。实施就地保护和迁地保护,开展林木种质资源收集保存,利用林木种质资源培育国储林和营造碳汇林,以实现林木种质资源安全保存和可持续发展。

变化环境下赣江流域水文情势演变及归因分析

为揭示赣江流域水文情势演变特征及其主要驱动因素,根据赣江外洲站1953~2020年实测流量和水位资料,采用滑动平均法、Kendall秩次相关检验、Spearman秩次相关检验、累积距平检验、Mann-Kendall检验、滑动秩和检验、Pettitt检验和有序聚类检验法分析该站流量和水位的变化特征,采用随机森林模型和残差分析法定量评估人类活动和气候变化对流量及水位变化的影响。结果表明:(1)外洲站年尺度和月尺度平均流量均呈现不显著的增大趋势,年平均流量增幅为10.5%,增大速率为3.2 (m^(3)·s^(-1))/a;年尺度和月尺度平均水位均呈现显著的下降趋势,年平均水位降幅为-14.3%,下降速率为-0.04 m/a。(2) 1991年为外洲站年平均流量序列的突变年份,影响期较基准期增大了205 m^(3)/s;定量分析气候变化和人类活动对流量变化的贡献率,其中气候变化占92.8%,赣江流域降水增多是使外洲站流量略有增大的主要原因。(3) 2002年为外洲站年平均水位序列的突变年份,影响期较基准期下降了2.20 m,人类活动对水位变化的贡献率占93.8%;水利工程建设、流域综合治理等人类活动的影响,改变了河流天然的水沙规律,外洲站断面受冲淤变化和人工采砂等影响,河床逐年下切趋势明显,这是造成外洲站水位显著下降的主要原因。研究成果可为变化环境下流域水资源利用提供参考。

塔里木河流域天然林草保护与修复研究

开展塔里木河流域天然林草保护与修复研究,对于复苏河湖生态环境、保护生态安全屏障、实现流域社会经济发展、实施乡村振兴等国家重大战略有重要意义。基于塔里木河流域“九源一干”自然生态系统变化趋势与现状,从稳定流域自然生态系统规模和提升生态系统功能的角度出发,通过大量的天然林草面积和覆盖度变化数据对比分析,综合设定分区保护下的流域天然林草生态保护目标和保护修复面积,并确定其相应的生态保护需水量。结果表明:天然林草保护和修复面积为1.57万km^(2),其中,保护区面积1.40万km^(2),修复区面积0.17万km^(2);流域天然林草生态保护需水总量为60.36亿m^(3),其中,基本生态需水为51.32亿m^(3),生态修复水量为9.04亿m^(3),并提出了相应生态保护与修复措施、机制。研究成果可为塔里木河流域生态保护与修复提供参考。