Measurement assessment of forest benefit in reducing flood disaster

Based on the analysis of forest inner mechanism, forest benefit in re ducing flood disaster is defined. Through the characteristic analysis of forest benefit in reducing flood disaster, it is suggested that it is impossible to ado pt the microanalysis method for studying the forest benefit in reducing flood, t he macro analysis is the only method to be adopted. With the special case of dis aster flooding of Changjiang River happened in 1998, the forest benefit in reduc ing flood disaster was scientifically assessed. The estimated results of forest benefit in reducing flood shows that forest vegetation establishment is the radi cal way to control flood, but it only equals to 5 percent of the total benefits of water conservancy facilities.

Additive Benefits of Twice Forest Bathing Trips in Elderly Patients with Chronic Heart Failure

Chronic heart failure （CHF）, a clinical syndrome resulting from the consequences of various cardiovascular diseases （CVDs）, is increasingly becoming a global cause of morbidity and mortality. We had earlier demonstrated that a 4-day forest bathing trip can provide an adjunctive therapeutic influence on patients with CHF. To further investigate the duration of the impact and the optimal frequency of forest bathing trips in patients with CHF, we recruited those subjects who had experienced the first forest bathing trip again after 4 weeks and randomly categorized them into two groups, namely, the urban control group （city） and the forest bathing group （forest）. After a second 4-day forest bathing trip, we observed a steady decline in the brain natriuretic peptide levels, a biomarker of heart failure, and an attenuated inflammatory response as well as oxidative stress. Thus, this exploratory study demonstrated the additive benefits of twice forest bathing trips in elderly patients with CHF, which could further pave the way for analyzing the effects of such interventions in CVDs.

Ways to Improve Low-Benefit Black Locust Forests in Loess Plateau

This paper presents a general standard for the low-benefit black locust （Robinia pseudoacacia L.） torests m Loess Plateau based on defining the concept of “tri-low forest”, and emphasizes the major factors which result in low-benefit black locust, such as, lack of soil moisture of forest and nutrient, breaching the principle of matching tree species to sites, and high density of forests. Based on different characteristics of low-benefit forests, following the principle of “adjusting measures to local conditions, giving priority to ecological benefits, assisting with economic benefits”, the authors put forward some technical ways to reform low-benefit black locust forests, for example, taking measurements of collecting runoff and storing water, lowering the forest density, introducing mixed forests and transforming species, directive breeding and so on.

A study on the measurement for forest ecological benefit

The indexes of dependent variables of the measurement on the forest ecological benefits were defined according to the analysis of the multiple ecological benefits of forest. This indexes system includes waterreserving, soil and water conservation, wind and sand suppression, microclimate improvement, carbon dioxide assimilation, atmosphere purification, flood and drought mitigation, tourism resource and wild creature protection benefits. The main factors from the numerous factors that affect dependent variables were chosen as independent variables. At last, a multivariate linear model was established for measurement of forest ecological benefit. With this multivariate linear model the forest ecological benefit of China was calculated. The forest ecological benefit of China is 723816 million yuan per year, which equals to 23.07% of the gross domestic product of China.

The Comprehensive Benefits about Under-forest Economy in Shijiazhuang City

Based on the relevant domestic and foreign theories,we establish the evaluation indicator system for the comprehensive benefits about under-forest economy. Using the data from 2010 to 2014,we employ AHP to measure the comprehensive benefits of under-forest economy,and convert the comprehensive benefits into the data that can be used for analysis and comparison. It is found that the comprehensive benefit index of under-forest economy in Shijiazhuang City continued to increase from 2010 to 2014(0.223,0.515,0.523,0.698 and 0.956,respectively). This further indicates that the under-forest economy in Shijiazhuang City shows a good trend towards the goal of high quality and efficiency,so it is a correct model of development. Based on the results and the problems during the research process,some policy recommendations are brought forward for the development of under-forest economy.

Benefit Assessment of Forest Function in Reducing Soil Erosion and Nutrient Loss in Anji County of Taihu Lake Basin

The non-point source pollution arising from soil erosion is one of the main reasons for the deterioration of the water quality of the Taihu Lake Basin. Forest plays an important role in controlling soil erosion and reducing nutrient loss. Based on the survey data on forest resources in Anji County, we estimate the amount of soil erosion and nutrient loss of nitrogen and phosphorus reduced by forest, using soil erosion modulus method and soil nutrient content. In accordance with the degradation coefficient of pollutant and regional compensation standards of environmental resources, we assess the ecological benefits of forest function in reducing nutrient loss of nitrogen and phosphorus in Anji County. The results show that the forest in Anji County can reduce the soil erosion amount at 1.51 million t annually on the average, so as to control the nutrient loss of 1 409 t of total nitrogen and 577 t of total phosphorus in soil, equivalent to annually avoiding the flow of 824 t of total nitrogen and 410 t of total phosphorus into river water; this ecological service function can make forests in Anji County get 92.55 million yuan of ecological compensation funds (about 688 yuan/hm2·a), equivalent to 15 times of the current ecological compensation standard (47 yuan/hm2). The study reveals the importance of forest function in controlling soil erosion and nutrient loss in the upper reaches of Taihu Lake Basin to water environment protection in the basin, conducive to carrying out pollution control and protection work of the water environment in the basin.

Study on the Sustainable Development Approaches of Forest Tourism in Chongqing City of China

Development of forest tourism in the global low-carbon and environment conservation movement was introduced.Considering the construction of"Forest Chongqing"and forest tourism development in the local area,problems in the present forest tourism development were summarized as backward development concepts,extensive development activities,ineffective marketing and management.Then,approaches for the further forest tourism development of Chongqing were given as(a) the primary task is to promote the public consciousness of low carbon and benefit;(b) the premise is to make favorable overall ecological planning of forest;(c) the major approach is to produce competitive forest tourism products;(d) the key is to enhance sales promotion.The study aims to explore a sustainable development way valuing both low carbon and benefit by following the principle of developing forest resources reasonably.

Introduction to Urban and Community Forestry in the United States of America: History, Accomplishments, Issues and Trends

The urban and community forestry movement in the United States has matured over the last 20 years from managing street trees, to understanding the benefits of trees in urban ecosystems, and now to managing urban green infrastructure. This paper introduced the history, development, and major accomplishments of the urban and community forestry movement, highlighted the economic, ecological, environmental, and social values of forests and trees to communities, and discussed issues and trends of the urban and community forestry program in the United States.

Empirical Analysis of Factors Influencing Compensation for Non-commercial Forests under CVM

Based on non-commercial forests in Kunming City,this article conducts survey of 506 households in Kunming City to evaluate their willingness to pay ecological benefit of non-commercial forests,using Contingent Valuation Method(CVM);to analyze factors influencing their willingness to compensate for non-commercial forests,using multivariate statistical analysis method.The results show that income,educational level, housing ownership,outdoor exercise time,whether to be concerned about environmental problems,frequency of obtaining forest-related information monthly and whether understanding non-commercial forests or not,are the most principal factors influencing willingness to pay.

Urban Forest and Tree Valuation Using Discounted Cash Flow Analysis: Impact of Economic Components

Discounted cash flow analysis is one of the standard methods used to value urban forests and trees. It involves calculating today’s value for all benefits and costs attributed to an investment;that is discounting all cash flows to today’s value using an appropriate interest rate. This requires each benefit and cost be stated in terms of its cash flow. Urban tree benefits are complex. Little notice is given to the components of these benefits. Total urban tree benefits are a summation of partial benefits, including property value increase, storm water reduction, air quality improvement, carbon sequestration, natural gas savings, and electricity savings. We discuss the nature of these partial benefits, especially the geographical, temporal, diameter size, and rate of growth differences. These differences are even reflected in nursery stock valuation. Net present value analysis is used to illustrate the impact of these differences on financial return. An understanding of these components will prove valuable to those attempting to estimate urban forest and tree benefits.

Benefit Assessment on Early Tapping of Pinus elliottii

The early growth of Pinus elliottii is rapid,so how to make Pinus elliottii generate economic benefit as quickly as possible is becoming increasing important.We conduct tapping test on man-made forest of perennial Pinus elliottii in Huashan forest farm,Huanjiang Maonan Autonomous County,Hechi City,Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region.The results show that the economic benefit of early tapping of Pinus elliottii is obvious,with high profitability;NPV(16 089.13)and IRR(39.2%)of forest stand tapped are much higher than that of forest stand not tapped;at the same time,it can bring considerable demand for labor,with good social benefits;tapping has a certain effect on the growth of Pinus elliottii,and turpentine production is closely related to the trunk diameter.

Ecological Hidden Troubles and Countermeasures under Reform of Collective Forest Tenure

Three stages of reform of collective forest tenure after reform and opening up are reviewed.The reform of forest tenure brings sharp increase of economic benefit.However,due to forest farmers' subjective pursuit for economic benefit and objective lack of necessary economic,financial and technical support,ecological hidden troubles are created.Based on these,we put forward countermeasures,including strengthening forest farmers' awareness of ecological protection and solving ecological problems in accordance with actual conditions of the region.

Evaluating Structural and Temporal Factors Affecting Supply of Ecosystem Benefits in a University Urban Environment in South Carolina, USA

Sustainable urban forest management is still an evolving concept, particularly as it pertains to a sustainable supply of ecosystem benefits and management planning. Urban forestry maintains a greater human dimension component than traditional timber-oriented rural forestry because urban trees grow in city centers and neighborhoods, supplying critical ecosystem benefits to the population centers. The overall goal of this study was to evaluate the relationship of urban forest stand structure and its temporal dynamics with the sustainable supply of ecosystem benefits in university environments. Individual tree data were collected from a completed inventory, while the i-Tree Eco model was used to generate ecosystem benefits data from the Clemson urban forest. The cumulative-benefits supply curve had an inverted J-shaped curve, but the average supply curve had a negative slope against the species richness. Likewise, individual tree variables total height, DBH, leaf area, and crown height strongly correlated with the total ecosystem services supply. Based on the temporal supply trends, the study area trees were broadly segmented into three groups: establishment, growth, and legacy, with 65%, 31%, and 4% frequency distribution, respectively. Urban forest managers need to identify forest management goals and preferred ecosystem benefits among the urban communities to guide the required forest structure and dynamics to ensure a sustainable and functioning urban forest.

森林横向生态补偿政策对受偿地区的经济影响效应——基于福建、江西、浙江和广东四省的准自然实验研究

福建省是国内最早开展森林横向生态补偿的省份之一,但其政策效果尚待验证。论文选取福建省南平、三明和龙岩三市作为实验组,以与福建省相邻的广东、江西和浙江三省的42个地级市作为对照组,基于2004—2020年的数据,采用双重差分法分析森林横向生态补偿政策对受偿地区经济发展的影响效应。结果表明:(1)研究期内福建省森林横向生态补偿政策显著推动了受偿地区的经济发展,且呈现持续性促进作用。(2)该政策主要通过优化产业结构、提高固定资产投资水平促进经济发展。(3)劳动力投入和交通基础设施投入对受偿地区的经济发展尚未发挥出正向作用,而教育支出和科技支出对受偿地区经济发展的影响不显著。据此,论文提出了相应的政策建议。

“双碳”背景下林纸绿色供应链利益分配优化模型及应用研究

在“双碳”发展背景下,考虑核心竞争能力、主观投入水平、客观贡献程度、生态绩效贡献度、风险承担强度等影响因素,构建优化夏普利值法模型,应用算例并结果分析,从研究结果可知,在林纸绿色供应链发展及利益分配过程中,首先要认识到影响因素对林纸绿色供应链的发展及利益分配的重要性。其次,要始终将绿色化贯穿林纸绿色供应链整个发展过程,充分体现林纸绿色供应链发展与“双碳”发展的目标一致性。

“双碳”背景下林纸供应链利益分配影响因素分析

“双碳”背景下林纸供应链的创新发展,与“降碳、减污、扩绿、增长”等领域发展息息相关。企业在林纸供应链内追逐更高的利益是其参与合作的重要动力源,必须合理配置整体收益,才能充分调动企业参与林纸供应链的积极性。每个企业为林纸供应链发展做出的贡献不同,在利益分配过程中,应充分考虑各个企业的核心竞争能力、主观努力水平和客观贡献程度、生态绩效贡献以及风险承担强度等影响因素,合理分配林纸供应链参与企业间利益,从而保障林纸供应链参与企业间稳定长久的合作关系。

面向森林火灾的人工巡视与无人机巡视效益评估

为建立森林火灾人工巡视与无人机巡视效益评估框架,推动人工巡视和无人机巡视的综合运用。提出结合人工和无人机巡视影响因素,建立包括4个一级指标、8个二级指标和18个三级指标的巡视效益评估指标体系,通过博弈论组合赋权法确定各指标权重的最优组合权重,运用云模型分别构建出无人机和人工巡视技术效益评估模型。研究结果表明:人工巡视和无人机巡视的效益评估指标体系的一级指标相同,而二级指标不同之处在于物资保障和航行稳定性;将该巡视效益评估模型应用于祁连山森林,验证评估模型的客观性与全面性。研究结果可为人工和无人机森林火灾巡视效益评估提供有效工具。

Predicting equations of main factors affecting regional climate in the"Three-North" Protective Forest Area

The relationship between the change of forest resources and climatic factor in the, “Three-North” region of China were studied in this paper. The predicting equations of climatic factor (dependent variable) with regional independent variable (longitude, latitude and altitude) and stand independent variable (forest coverage rate), were developed by extensively using the linear and nonlinear regression methods. With these models, we can calculate the ecological benefit of Shelter-belt forest.

基于空间分析的森林公园对游憩者健康的影响研究

以福州国家森林公园为例,结合AHP法、问卷调查法与GIS空间分析法量化评价景观元素、空间特征与健康效益评估状况,利用相关性分析与Johnson-Neyman技术解析三者之间的影响,并对空间特征的调节效应与调节阈值进行评估,揭示其作用逻辑和影响边界。结果表明:1)森林公园景观元素对健康效益评估具有显著影响,植被(0.1213)、自然互动体验(0.0962)、动物(0.0914)是重要指标;2)绿视率、植被覆盖度、归一化植被指数、空间可达性、空间围合度与健康效益评估存在显著相关性,但不同要素之间的影响关系具有差异性;3)森林公园景观元素对健康效益评估产生影响的过程中,空间特征对于局部路径存在显著调节作用,绿视率、植被覆盖度、归一化植被指数和空间围合度的正向调节效应阈值分别为34.489、0.2316、0.1911、0.664。结合森林公园评价和空间特征分析,通过相关性分析与调节效应检验,解析了森林公园景观元素、空间特征与健康效益评估的影响,为健康导向的森林公园景观规划设计提供参考借鉴与实践价值。

森林碳汇发展的实践、挑战与展望

森林碳汇被公认为是当前二氧化碳减排乃至应对气候变化,最经济、最现实、综合效益最好的手段,无论在国内还是国际自愿减排碳市场中需求量巨大,势必成为助力实现净零目标的主流选择。为此,论文在生态补偿理论的基础上,首先概述了森林碳汇的多重效益与在自愿减排碳市场中的发展潜力;然后结合已有文献归纳梳理了森林碳汇在当前国际主流碳抵消机制中的发展与实践;在此基础上对中国在未来发展森林碳汇的挑战与展望进行探讨。