Effects of Forest Roads on Habitat Pattern for Sables in Da Hinggan Mountains, Northeasten China

The anthropogenic managements of forest have created a network of roads resulting in the loss and alternation of habitat. To better understand road′s impact on animal habitats, we assessed the habitat pattern of sables(Martes zibellina), one of rodents within national first-class protected species, when roads are considered in Huzhong area in Da Hinggan Mountains, northeastern China. Employing published literatures about behavior ecology, aerial photographs and forest stand maps, we classified the study area into three habitat types including best-suitable, suitable and unsuitable habitats based on sable habitat requirements at the landscape scale including four variables derived from forest source map with attribute database. Results indicated the loss and significant fragmentation of best-suitable habitat and home range habitat when roads, especially 150 m avoidance distance of roads, were considered. The roads reduced and fragmented highly suitable habitats more significantly during earlier development period than the later development period. Additionally, the suitable area percentage increased with increasing distance to roads. This study helped to identify the suitable area for sables and location of sable population. Also, this study suggested the passage construction and road management involving road closure and removal will reduce the fragmentation functionally and benefit the sable population.

Influence of forest road on breeding of tits in artificial nest boxes

A study was conducted to determine the influence of forest road on breeding of tits in artificial nest boxes in deciduous, coniferous and mixed forests in the Gwanak Arboretum （37° 25′ 05＂ N, 126° 56′ 85＂ E） of Seoul National University, Anyang, Korea from November 2002 to June 2003. Three tits species, varied tit （Parus varius）, marsh tit （P. palustris） and great tit （P. major）, breeding in artificial t nest boxes were investigated on number of breeding pairs, cultch size, and egg measurement. Resuls showed that the breeding pairs of varied tit was more in 75-150 m area than in 0-75m area from forest road for all the three study sites, and the clutch size and egg measurements （weight, Major axis and Minor axis） of varied tit was also higher in the area of 75-150 m than in the area of 0-75 m, while no differences in number of breeding pairs and clutch size were found for marsh tit and great tit between the two areas. Egg measurement of great tit was also higher in forest interior area than in forest edge area. It is concluded that varied tit were most significantly influenced by forest road, followed by great tit, whereas marsh tit were not influenced by forest road. Artificial nest box is roved to be good for cavity nester in disturbed areas by human activities. Supply of artificial nest can help population protection and management of bird species.

Forest Road Detection Using LiDAR Data

We developed a three-step classification approach for forest road extraction utilizing LiDAR data. The first step employed the IDW method to interpolate LiDAR point data （first and last pulses） to achieve DSM, DTM and DNTM layers （at 1 m resolution）. For this interpolation RMSE was 0.19 m. In the second step, the Support Vector Machine （SVM） was employed to classify the LiDAR data into two classes, road and non-road. For this classification, SVM indicated the merged distance layer with intensity data and yielded better identification of the road position. Assessments of the obtained results showed 63% correctness, 75% completeness and 52% quality of classification. In the next step, road edges were defined in the LiDAR-extracted layers, enabling accu- rate digitizing of the centerline location. More than 95% of the Li- DAR-derived road was digitized within 1.3 m to the field surveyed nor- rnal. The proposed approach can provide thorough and accurate road inventory data to support forest management.

Effects of geometric design of forest road and roadside vegetation on traffic noise reduction

Geometric design of forest roads and design of their landscapes can reduce noise pollution and its harmful effects on human health. We investigated the effects of technical and biological parameters such as geometric road design and various roadside tree stands on reducing noise pollution according to the tree density and distance from roadway in Darabkola Forests, Sari, Iran. We recorded the noise generated by a car （Land Rover） relative to changes in longitudinal slope, horizontal curve radius and type of road pavement. We also measured noise levels according to roadside tree density and stand type （coniferous and hardwood） in 40 rectangular plots of three widths （25, 100 and 300 m） and 50 m length that were randomly demar- cated along forest roads. The changes in noise level were recorded using a decibel meter with an accuracy of q-1.5 dB and resolution of 0.1 dB. Noise levels were higher alongside unpaved roads than alongside paved roads. There was an inverse relationship between the measured noise level and horizontal curve radius. The rate of noise level on horizontal curve with a radius less than 30, 30-45 m and more than 45 m were 64.8, 70.8 and 75.9 dB, respectively. The noise level increased with the increasing longitudinal slope of the road. There was a significant difference between the noise level on slopes less than 3 % （67 dB） and 3-8 % （71.2 dB） in comparison with slopes greater than 8 % （77.8 dB）, （p 〈 0.05）. Pinus brutia L. reduced the noise level more （about 6 dB） in stands of 1/3 density of mixed hardwoods within 25 m from middle of the road. Careful design of geometric properties of forest roads as well as planting coniferous trees with hardwoods is a suitable solution for reducing noise pollution.

Effects of aggregating forests, establishing forest road networks, and mechanization on operational efficiency and costs in a mountainous region in Japan

We investigated forest road networks and forestry operations before and after mechanization on aggregated forestry operation sites. We developed equations to estimate densities of road networks with average slope angles, operational efficiency of bunching operations with road network density, and average forwarding distances with operation site areas. Subsequently, we analyzed the effects of aggregating forests, establishing forest road networks, and mechanization on operational efficiency and costs. Six ha proved to be an appropriate operation site area with minimum operation expenses. The operation site areas of the forest owners＇ cooperative in this region aggregated approximately 6 ha and the cooperative conducted forestry operations on aggregated sites. Therefore, 6 ha would be an appropriate operation site area in this region. Regarding road network density, higher-density road networks increased operational expenses due to the higher direct operational expenses of strip road establishment. Therefore, road network density should be reduced to approximately 200 m.

Serpentine Design on Forest Roads by the Internal Circular Curve Method： A Case Study in Serbia

The paper provides an overview of geometric solutions of marking all types of serpentine by the method of internal circular curve in designing forest roads directly in the field. The main objective of presenting this original method for marking all serpentine types in one place is to show similarities and differences in marking different types of serpentine, and identify opportunities for further research of this type. The method is based on the establishment of the minimum number of elements necessary to mark the serpentine on the forest roads and other budget elements and their design in the field. By using this method, construction errors or the number of attempts of serpentine marking are reduced, which increases the effects of design compared to the ones reached by the previous method of marking the serpentine on forest roads.

Regeneration Potential of Woody Species at the Side of Secondary Roads Post-Logging of Loundoungou-Toukoulaka Forest Management Unit, Republic of the Congo

Natural regeneration is the basis of a dynamic and demographic balance of plant populations. The objective of this study was to assess the natural regeneration potential of woody species along secondary roads post-logging abandoned since 2008 and 2018. In the two Annual Allowable Cuts (AAC 2008 and AAC 2018), 24 regenerating sub-plots (i.e. 12 sub-plots for AAC 2008 and 12 sub-plots for AAC 2018) with a unit area of 5 m × 5 m were delimited with a total area of 0.06 ha (i.e. 0.03 ha for each AAC). The abundance and diversity of woody species were respectively inventoried and estimated. Two estimators of the specific richness were used to estimate the floristic diversity of each Annual Allowable Cuts (AAC). The results reveal globally 88 woody species in the AAC 2008 and 241 woody species in the AAC 2018, with respective average densities of 2933 stem/ha and 8033 stem/ha. There was a very highly significant difference between the mean densities of the two AAC (Kruskal-Wallis test;H = 2.36, p-value < 0.000). The results also highlight a great diversity and a relatively high abundance of woody species in the 2018 AAC compared to the 2008 AAC. Also, the spatial structuring of the sub-plots on the basis of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) demonstrates that the floristic composition of the two AAC is globally different. The study suggests silvicultural interventions and the long-term assessment of regenerating woody species along abandoned secondary roads in order to guarantee the sustainable management of their population.

Runoff and sediment concentration of different parts of a road in Hyrcanian forests

Road prisms, such as cutslopes, fillslopes and road surfaces, can be important contributors of sediment to streams in forested watersheds. In this study rainfall simulations were carried out on cutslopes, fillslopes, road surfaces and forest grounds in hardwood forests of Lolet and Lat Talar, Iran. Water at intensity of 32.4 mm·h-1 was sprayed from a nozzle onto a square area of 0.48 m2. Runoff was collected by water gauge every 4 min and then runoff and sediment parameters were measured in each plot. Results indicated that on road surfaces, the runoff coefficient was 63.28%. On the cutslopes and fillslopes, the runoff coefficients were 35.14% and 10.23%, respectively. On the forest ground as a control, the runoff coefficient was 5.90%. Runoff volume was 2.73 mL·s^-1 on the road surfaces and 1.52 mL·s^-1 on cutslopes. On fillslopes the runoff volume was 0.44 mL·s^-1 and on the forest ground 0.25 mL·s^-1 The greatest rate of soil loss was found on the cutslope （280.79 g·m-2·h-1）. The total soil loss from the cutslopes was two times higher than that from the road surfaces and six times higher than that from the fillslopes. We conclude that cutslopes can be considered the main source of sediments in our study sites, but the function of road surface as a source of runoff generation is more important.

Remote Sensing Applied to the Extraction of Road Geometric Features Based on Optimum Path Forest Classifiers, Northeastern Brazil

One of the principal difficulties related to road safety management in Brazil is the lack of data on road projects, especially those on rural roads, which makes it difficult to use road safety studies and models from other countries as a reference. Updating road networks through the use of hyperspectral remote sensing images can be a good alternative. However, accurately recognizing and extracting hyperspectral images from roads has been recognized as a challenging task in the processing of hyperspectral data. In order to solve the aforementioned challenges, Hyperion hyperspectral images were combined with the Optimum Forest Path (OPF) algorithm for supervised classification of rural roads and the effectiveness of the OPF and SVM classifiers when applied to these areas was compared. Both classifiers produced reasonable results, however, the OPF algorithm outperformed SVM. The higher classification accuracy obtained by the OPF was mainly attributed to the ability to better distinguish between regions of exposed soil and unpaved roads.

Construction of Forest and Grass Industry Economic Belt Using Land Resources in Road Side Slope

The construction of expressway and high-speed rail is at the sacrifice of the soil ecological environment. It brings about much damaged land and bare slope. It is necessary to restore vegetation and rebuild landscape. In the design of target plant community and configuration plants,it is required to select as far as possible plants that can blossom and bear fruit or pods. Then seeds of these plants can be harvested,processed and sold,and applied for other projects,so as to develop into a complete forest and grass seed industry chain. This not only reasonably utilizes land resources,but also provides a new approach to the problem of insufficient fine forest seed sources in China. This paper discussed the use of land resources in road side slope and forest and grass seed selection and breeding technology,and elaborated the industrialized development paths for forest and grass seed industries in road side slope. Finally,it arrived at following recommendations.( i) The construction of forest and grass industry economic belt using land resources in road side slope can realize maximum land value. Building a road can help people there get rich,and the type of land and water cultivates its type of forest and grass.( ii) It can make up for the losses incurred from construction of expressway and high-speed rail or destroying forest land,and it can increase farmers' income.( iii) It can increase the supply of domestic seeds,reduce seed import,save foreign exchange,and partly solve the problem of insufficient supply of forest and grass seeds.( iv) It is able to form a complete forest and grass seed industry economic cycle chain,increase employment,and provide new approaches for enriching and benefiting farmers.

基于空间视距的林区曲线道路行车舒适性研究

为提高林区曲线道路驾驶员行车安全性和舒适性,采用驾驶模拟试验办法,利用眼动和心率作为评价指标,从动态视角对林区曲线道路行车舒适性进行评价研究。基于空间视距理论建立5种不同空间视距的林区曲线道路场景,研究结果表明,驾驶员瞳孔直径变化率和心率增长率随着空间视距增大而不断减小,驾驶舒适性不断增大。考虑瞳孔直径变化率和心率增长率的最小空间视距值为101 m和89 m,得出瞳孔直径变化率和心率增长率的空间视距适宜值为128 m和132 m。

基于GIS的合肥滨湖国家森林公园景观质量评价

【目的】评价森林公园景观质量,为森林公园规划、景观科学布局提供理论依据,科学提升森林公园的生态环境与景观质量。【方法】基于GIS评价方法,从景观美学价值、景观生态结构、景观文化蕴含、景观可视程度四个方面构建森林公园景观质量评价指标体系,并对合肥滨湖国家森林公园景观质量进行评价和制图。【结果】1)景观美学价值各等级区域面积占比排序为高等(52.3%)>中等(31.2%)>低等(16.5%);景观生态结构各等级区域面积占比排序为高等(51.3%)>中等(34.5%)>低等(14.2%);景观文化蕴含各等级区域面积占比排序为高等(42.6%)>中等(36.3%)>低等(21.1%);景观可视程度各等级区域面积占比排序为低等(69.7%)>中等(20.8%)>高等(9.5%)。2)合肥滨湖国家森林公园景观质量各等级区域面积占比大小排序为中等(46.6%)>高等(41.2%)>低等(12.2%)。3)合肥滨湖国家森林公园景观质量高等水平区域主要位于森林公园南部,且面积会随着与游客道路距离拉长而逐渐缩小。4)根据评价结果,提出美学设计、自然生态、文化彰显、视觉体验良好四方面目标,并提供丰富化植物搭配、趣味化地形塑造、统一化建筑风格3个设计建议,以提升合肥滨湖国家森林公园景观质量。【结论】通过分析2021年合肥滨湖国家森林公园的数字高程模型数据,评价森林公园景观质量及分布情况,为森林公园景观规划提供科学依据,进而实现森林公园生态保护目标。

泰安市主城区道路林结构特征及碳储量估算

文章对泰安市主城区3条道路林进行样地调查,采用物种多样性指数、平均生物量模型等方法分析道路林结构特征及碳储量。结果表明:研究区乔木8科11属12种,平均胸径为15.49 cm;泰安市道路林的植被构成比较单一化、均质化,植物多样性不高。研究区37个样带的碳密度在0.53~6.59 kg·m^(-2)范围变化,以碳密度<3.00 kg·m^(-2)的居多,占样带总数的75.68%;不同道路林群落类型中,针阔混交林的平均碳密度最大。道路林碳密度与胸径、单位面积胸高断面积具有极显著正相关性。建议泰安市在未来的道路林建设中,应加强群落优化,注重树种管理,选择应用高碳汇树种,以充分发挥道路林的碳汇效应。

藏东南施工便道植被恢复对坡面水土流失的影响

[目的]明晰施工便道上、下边坡在植被恢复条件下的坡面产流产沙过程,揭示施工便道建设扰动后植被恢复对藏东南生态脆弱的亚高山森林灌丛区坡面尺度水土流失的影响,为施工便道工程扰动后水土流失防治和植被恢复提供理论依据。[方法]选取施工便道上、下边坡扰动后不同植被恢复条件下的典型坡面,进行室内模拟降雨试验,研究工程扰动后上、下边坡4种植被覆盖度(0%,30%,60%,90%),3种坡度(15°,30°,45°),2种雨强(30,60 mm/h)条件下的坡面产流产沙过程,明确施工便道植被恢复对水土流失的影响。[结果](1)施工便道工程扰动后,在上、下边坡裸土坡面进行植被恢复能有效延缓初始产流时间,随着植被覆盖度增加,延缓初始产流时间的效果增强,且植被的延缓产流效应在上边坡更为明显。(2)在0%~60%植被覆盖度范围内,上、下边坡稳定产流速率随植被覆盖度的增加而显著降低,60%与90%植被覆盖度的稳定产流速率接近。相比裸土坡面,60%,90%植被覆盖度的减流效益分别为59%~75%,58%~77%,表明减流作用的植被临界覆盖度为60%。(3)植被覆盖度为30%,60%时,减沙效益分别达到29%~82%,86%~96%。植被覆盖度在60%以下,当覆盖度增加,减沙作用显著增强,超过此临界覆盖度,即使增加覆盖度,其减沙效益也变化不大。(4)在相同植被覆盖度、坡度和雨强条件下,挖方形成的上边坡总产流量总是高于填方形成的下边坡,而下边坡总产沙量始终高于上边坡,反映出施工便道扰动后,挖方、填方边坡在坡面土壤侵蚀方面的显著差异。[结论]在藏东南施工便道扰动区的水土流失防治中,60%植被恢复率兼具较好的防治效益和经济可行性,且在水土保持措施布设时,挖方边坡更需要“控水”而填方边坡应偏重“阻沙”,只有充分考虑其差异才能在施工便道扰动区达到更好的水土保持效果。

“一带一路”背景下中国—东盟森林生态建设合作概况与对策

“一带一路”倡议是中国提出的一项重大国际合作倡议,旨在促进沿线国家间的互联互通和经济合作。森林生态建设是“一带一路”倡议中的重要组成部分,涉及森林资源的保护、可持续利用和生态环境的改善。中国与东盟国家都拥有丰富的森林资源,但由于经济发展和人口增长的压力,森林资源面临着被严重破坏和过度利用等一系列问题。基于此,文中总结当前中国-东盟森林生态建设合作的相关经验及面临的困境,并提出对策建议:1)加强政策沟通和合作机制建设;2)加强执法合作和提高执法能力;3)加强科技创新和能力建设;4)加强资金支持和投融资合作。

余姚瀑布仙茗生态茶园营林模式的探析

生态茶园是近年来茶产业发展的栽培趋势和方向,更是注重茶叶品质与安全的需要。而遮荫作为茶园管理中常用的农艺措施,可以改善茶园微环境,从色泽、香气和滋味等方面能提高茶叶的品质。文章以余姚瀑布仙茗为代表,结合其“三色”(黄、白、绿)绿茶品质特点,应用林业上复层林营造技术来综合优化茶园环境和丰富群落内生物链数量,来探析茶树的生理变化和生长势;同时,根据品牌系列产品以春茶为主呈现品质特点,以行道林带的架构,创新出“茶树+常绿乔木型”复层林和“茶树+落叶乔木型”复层林2种营林模式,成林后郁闭度控制在0.3~0.4,实现以生态提质增效及茶旅融合为特色的茶产业发展。

考虑道路受阻的森林火灾应急资源联合调度优化研究

针对森林火灾发生后可能存在的交通路网受阻情况,探讨一类新的森林火灾应急资源联合调度优化策略,构建了兼顾资源受限和道路受阻的森林火灾应急资源联合调度的混合整数线性规划模型。为减少森林火灾造成的资源损失,优化目标设定为最小化消防救援时间,并且根据问题特性设计两种编码方式的改进人工蜂群算法。最后,通过典型实例和随机仿真算例进行实验验证。实验结果表明:(1)对于实际案例和中小规模仿真案例,采用商业求解器CPLEX求解模型,能够在5 min内获得最优的消防救援方案;(2)对于大规模森林火灾,提出的改进人工蜂群算法求解性能优于商业求解器CPLEX,只需10 s就能够获得更高质量的消防救援方案,可为道路受阻下的森林火灾应急救援团队提供有效的消防救援方案。

Effect of performed operations management on the amount of sediment production in natural forests

The present study on the sediment production in natural forests was carried out on an 13,284 ha area,ocated in Guilan Province, in the north of Iran. This area is under intensive management. We first analyzed the physi- sal factors of the area. Then, the amount of road construction, afforestation and harvested wood volume, as well as the harvesting method in the region were determined for the years between 1993 and 2010. The results show that the aver- age annual amount of sediment production in the entire region, over this 18-year period, has increased annually at a rate of 3.54 t.km-2 （R2 = 0.56） at a confidence level of 95%. Operations management and management methods used in ：his forest area has affected the amount of sediment production. Clear cutting and extensive harvesting methods in the region caused an increase in the amount of sediment production, as indicated by a coefficient of determination of 0.71, mplying that forest management may be considered effective and in harmony with the environment.

厦门环山风景道与郊野远足道的设计研究

近年来,全国各地纷纷响应国家号召大力推进各类慢行系统的建设,助力实现碳达峰、碳中和。厦门作为重要的滨海旅游城市也相继推出了各类慢行系统,建成了如山海健康步道、滨海旅游浪漫线等优秀项目,展现出了极其良好的城市形象。近期,城市建设管理部门启动了策划研究厦门岛外环山风景道工程建设与郊野远足道项目,意在岛外北部山区建设全新的山地旅游生态慢行道路,串连岛外丰富生态资源、文化资源、农业资源、农村资源等。通过对环山风景道与郊野远足道两个项目规划设计方案的研究,并总结了项目的总体建设思路和结合方式,探索总结两者在服务群体、活动体验以及交通服务、附属设施、救援与管养、推动乡村振兴等方面的区别与联系,为类似项目的策划与建设提供参考。

“一带一路”视角下我国经济林产品对外贸易空间非均衡分布及动态演进

“一带一路”沿线国家是中国经济林产品的重要进出口贸易伙伴。本文基于2011—2020年中国经济林产品进出口贸易数据,利用Dagum基尼系数和Markov链方法分析了中国与“一带一路”沿线140个国家之间的经济林产品贸易空间非均衡分布及动态演进情况。空间非均衡实证结果显示:中国与“一带一路”沿线国家之间的经济林产品进出口贸易空间分布总体差异较大,大洲间的差异是空间分布总体差异的主要来源,而亚洲地区则是中国经济林产品的主要贸易对象区域;贸易动态实证结果显示:“一带一路”沿线国家与中国经济林产品贸易水平相对稳定,双边贸易呈现上升趋势。