Comparing Two Methods for Measuring Soil Bulk Density and Moisture Content

Soil bulk density and moisture content are dynamic properties that vary with changes in soil and field conditions and have many agricultural, hydrological and environmental implications. The main objective of this study was to compare between a soil core sampling method (core) and the CPN MC-3 EliteTM nuclear gauge method (radiation) for measuring bulk density (ρB) and volumetric moisture content (θv) in a clay loam soil. Soil ρB and θv measurements were determined using the core and radiation methods at 0 - 10 and 10 - 20 cm soil depths. The mean values of soil ρB obtained using the core method (1.454, 1.492 g·cm−3) were greater than those obtained using the radiation method (1.343, 1.476 g·cm−3) at the 0 - 10 and 10 - 20 cm depths, respectively. Mean ρB and θv values averaged across both depths (referred to as the 0 - 20 cm depth) measured by the core method were 4.47% and 22.74% greater, respectively, than those obtained by the radiation method. The coefficients of variation (CV) of soil ρB values measured by the core method were lower than the CV values of those measured by the radiation method at both depths;however, the CV’s of ρB values for both methods were larger at the 0 - 10 cm depth than those measured at the 10 - 20 cm depth. Similarly, the CV values of soil θv values measured by the core method were lower than the CV values of those measured by the radiation method at both depths. There were significant differences between two methods in terms of ρB and θv, with the core method generating greater values than the radiation method at the 0 - 20 cm depth. These discrepancies between the two methods could have resulted from soil compaction and soil disturbance caused by the core and radiation techniques, respectively, as well as by other sources of error. Nevertheless, the core sampling method is considered the most common one for measuring ρB for many agricultural, hydrological and environmental studies in most soils.

A new sampling method in the Zagros forests using GIS(case study: Ilam forests of Iran)

One of the basic parameters in forest management planning is detailed knowledge of growing stock,information collected by forest inventory.Sampling methods must be accurate,inexpensive,and be easy to implement in the field.This study presents a new sampling method called branching transect for use in the Iranian Zagros forests and similar forests.Features of the new method include greater accuracy,easy implementation in nature,simplicity of statistical calculations,and low cost.In this method,transect is used,which includes some subtransects(side branches).The length of the main transect,side branches,number of trees measured in each side branch,and the number of sub-branches in this method are changeable based on homogeneity,heterogeneity,and density of a forest.In this study,based on the density and heterogeneity of the forest area studied,20-m transects with four and eight side branches were used.Sampling plots(Transects)in four inventory networks(100 m×100 m,100 m×150 m,150 m×150 m and 100 m×200 m)were implemented in the GIS environment.The results of this sampling method were compared to the results of total inventory(100%count)in terms of accuracy,precision(t-test),and inventory error percentage.Branching transect results were statistially similar to total inventory counts in all cases.The results show that this method of estimating density and canopy per hectare can be used in Zagros forests and similar forests.

Interval sampling methods in Zagros forests using GIS

In this study, for accuracy and cost an optimal inventory method was examined and introduced to obtain information about Zagros forests, Iran. For this purpose,three distance sampling methods(compound, order distance and random-pairs) in 5 inventory networks(100 m × 100 m, 100 m × 150 m, 100 m × 200 m,150 m × 150 m, 200 m × 200 m) were implemented in GIS environment, and the related statistical analyses were carried out. Average tree density and canopy cover in hectare with 100% inventory were compared to each other.All the studied methods were implemented in 30 inventory points, and the implementation time of each was recorded.According to the results, the best inventory methods for estimating density and canopy cover were compound150 m × 150 m and 100 m × 100 m methods, respectively. The minimum amount of product inventory time per second(T), and(E%)2 square percent of inventory error of sampling for the compound 150 m × 150 m method regarding density in hectare was 691.8, and for the compound 100 m × 100 m method regarding canopy of 12,089 ha. It can be concluded that compound method is the best for estimating density and canopy features of the forests area.

Effects of Method for Returning Straw to Field on Soil Properties,Straw Decomposition and Nutrient Release

[Objectives]To alleviate the influence of meteorological conditions on soil environment(temperature and water content)and maintain high and stable grain yield.[Methods]Taking Sunzhen Experimental Station of Weinan Academy of Agricultural Sciences as the experimental base,the effects of returning double-crop wheat and corn straw to field(Twm),returning single-crop corn straw to field(Tm),returning single-crop wheat straw to field(Tw)on soil temperature,water content,straw decomposition rate and nutrient release,soil organic matter and bulk density were studied systematically.[Results]Twm treatment could effectively alleviate the effects of meteorological conditions on soil temperature and water content.The decomposition rate of straw treated with Twm was 4.7%higher than that of Tm treatment,3.8%higher than that of Tw treatment,10.5%higher than that of Tm treatment,and the decomposition rate of straw showed a trend of"first fast,then slow and then fast".The release of nitrogen from straw was basically similar to that of straw decay,and the release of potassium and phosphorus increased at first and then remained basically unchanged.The release rate of potassium was the highest,followed by phosphorus and nitrogen.The content of soil organic matter in Twm treatment increased by 11.67%annually,an annual average of 0.998 g/kg.The soil bulk density of Twm treatment decreased by 0.058 g/cm^(3) annually,an annual average of 4.29%.The fundamental reason is that Twm treatment provides conditions(temperature,water content,nutrition)for microbial growth,reproduction,enzyme production and biochemical reaction,and increases the exchange capacity of soil and external water,heat,gas and fertilizer.[Conclusions]It is expected is to help people change their understanding of returning straw to field from"quick harvest"to"fertilizer transformation".

Combined effects of soil texture and machine operating trail gradient on changes in forest soil physical properties during ground-based skidding

Wood extraction by heavy machinery has always been associated with soil disturbance in mountain forests,and the degree of soil degradation is influenced by several factors,including site and soil characteristics,soil moisture,type of equipment used,and number of machine passes.The effects of ground-based skidding operations on the physical properties of soils with different texture were evaluated at different levels of traffic frequency and trail gradient at two sites in an Iranian temperate forest.The treatments included combinations of three different traffic frequencies(3,8,and 14 passes of a rubber-tired cable skidder),three levels of trail gradient(<10%,10%–20%,and>20%) and two soil texture classes,clay loam(Site 1) and sandy loam(Site 2).The average gravimetric soil moisture at the time of skidding was 23%(Site 1) and 20%(Site 2).The average dry bulk density and total porosity of the undisturbed soil(control) were0.71 g cm-3 and 73.3% at Site 1(clay loam) and 0.86 g cm-3and 59.1% at Site 2(sandy loam),respectively.At site 1(fine-textured soil),rutting began after three passes of the skidder,whereas at site 2(coarse-textured soil),rutting occurred only after eight passes.Independent of the traffic frequency and trail gradient,machine impact on the fine-textured soil caused greater increases in bulk density and rut depth compared to that on the coarse-textured soil.After three skidder passes and independent from trail gradients,dry bulk density at Site 1 increased by 54.8% compared to that of the undisturbed control,and the increase was 45.5% at Site 2.Therefore,medium to fine-textured soils are more susceptible to compaction than coarse-textured soils.Such soils,especially when moist,should be protected using brush mats created from harvesting residues during the forest processing phase.

Organic Carbon Storage in Evergreen Oak Forest Ecosystems of the Middle and High Moroccan Atlas Areas

We report carbon stock in biomass, litter and soil estimated for six locations in natural Quercus ilex L. stands of the Middle and High Moroccan Atlas. Twenty trees at each location were selected according to their diameter classes and felled to measure the biomass of trunk, branches, twigs and leaves and determine allometric relationships. Soil was sampled in five depths (0 - 15, 15 - 30, 30 - 50, 50 - 70 and 70 - 100 cm) and litterfall production measured in all tree stands. The total carbon stock in above-ground biomass ranged between 17 Mg&#183ha&#451 in A&#239t Aamar stand (High Atlas) and 91 Mg&#183ha&#451 in Ksiba stand (Middle Atlas). Perennial organs (trunk, branches and twigs) stored over 95% of the tree carbon stock. Soil organic carbon concentrations ranged from 0.01% (in 70 - 100 cm in all stands) to 8.1% (in 0 - 15 cm in the Ajdir stand in Middle Atlas). The total organic carbon stock in the soil ranged between 141.4 t&#183ha&#451 in Ajdir and 24.6 t&#183ha&#451 in Asloul. The litter contained 0.2 Mg C ha&#451 in the clearing (C2) stand of High Atlas and 14.3 Mg C ha&#451 in (Ajdir) of carbon. The best fitted model for predicting carbon stock in tree biomass was obtained by applying the allometric equation Y = aXb for each biomass fraction and stand, where Y is the aboveground biomass (dry weight) and X is the DBH (Mean diameter at breast height, 1.30 m). These previous data obtained in the present study confirm the important function of these natural forests as longterm C sinks, in forest biomass, litter and soil. The potential long term C storage of these systems is moderately high, especially in less-intensively managed forests that include large trees. The established relationship between DBH and carbon stock in different tree organs can be used for forest carbon accounting, and also synthesize available information on oak forest as a sink for atmospheric CO2, and identify the management options that may enhance the capacity for C capture/ storage in forest soils.

Research on Influencing Factors of Spatial Variation of Soil Nutrients

Based on previous studies,the research methods and influencing factors of spatial variation of soil nutrients are summarized.It is concluded that the spatial variation of soil nutrients is studied generally by geostatistics methods,and the spatial distribution of nutrients is visually observed by using Kriging interpolation method.The influencing factors mainly include topography,sampling method,sampling spacing,sampling density and sampling scale.The influence of random sampling and grid sampling on interpolation is analyzed based on the specific conditions of the actual study area.The influence of sampling density and topography on the spatial variation of soil nutrients cannot be ignored,especially on available nutrients.When samples are collected in a large area(under a small and medium scale),the spatial variation of soil nutrients is large,and they have strong spatial autocorrelation;in a small area(namely under a large scale),the spatial variability of soil nutrients is small,and they have obvious spatial autocorrelation.This study can provide intuitive and convenient reference materials for the following researchers.

土壤类型和容重对离心机法测定土壤水分特征曲线的影响

本研究以杨凌塿土和嫩江黑土为研究对象,分别设置了4个土壤容重处理(1.0、1.1、1.2、1.3 g/cm^(3)),利用离心机法测定土壤失水过程,以压力膜仪法为标准,对比不同吸力下的含水量实测值和van Genuchten模型参数的差异。结果表明,随着土壤容重的增加,离心机法测定土壤水分特征曲线准确度逐渐增加,获取黑土和塿土的van Genuchten模型参数α的准确度增幅分别为38.46%~83.08%和56.38%~95.75%。离心机法测定土壤水分特征曲线的准确度在不同吸力段表现不同,近饱和段(0~10 kPa)离心机法测定值偏低,而高吸力段(10~1500 kPa)测定值偏高,且高吸力段离心机法测定准确度较低,与压力膜仪法测定值具有极显著差异(P<0.01)。综上所述,为了提高离心机法测定土壤水分特征曲线的准确度,优先考虑应用于大容重和高有机质含量的土壤。

黔东南丘陵山地5种林分类型土壤有机碳与理化性质间的关系

[目的]探明贵州省黔东南地区不同林分类型土壤有机碳含量与土壤理化因子间的关系,以期为营造合理的林分类型和树种结构,有效提升森林碳汇潜力提供科学参考。[方法]以天柱国营林场马尾松林、杉木林、针叶混交林、阔叶混交林及针阔混交林为研究对象,在5种林分类型中分别设置3个25.82 m×25.82 m样地,采集各样地0—20 cm,20—40 cm,40—60 cm层土样,测定土壤有机总碳、pH、含水量、容重、石砾含量、氮、磷、钾等理化指标及相关性,并分析不同林分类型土壤有机碳及土壤理化性质间的相关性。[结果](1)马尾松林土壤总有机碳含量22.25~42.08 g/kg,杉木林土壤总有机碳含量30.12~50.33 g/kg,针叶混交林土壤总有机碳含量22.93~48.17 g/kg,阔叶混交林土壤总有机碳含量24.01~67.68 g/kg,针阔混交林土壤总有机碳含量32.99~92.36 g/kg。针阔混交林土壤有机碳含量最高,且各林分类型均出现表层富集特征。(2)马尾松林土壤有机碳含量与水解氮极显著正相关;杉木林与全氮、水解氮显著负相关;针叶混交林与土壤pH显著负相关,与土壤含水量、全氮及全钾显著正相关;阔叶混交林与土壤pH极显著正相关;针阔混交林与土壤含水量、全氮、全磷、全钾含量极显著正相关。(3)各相关因子中,水解氮是马尾松林土壤有机碳含量的主导因子,全氮是杉木林与针叶混交林的主导因子,土壤pH是阔叶混交林的主导因子,土壤含水量是针阔混交林的主导因子。[结论]不同林分类型土壤环境的差异对土壤有机碳积累的影响有所不同。受枯落物、根系、养分迁移等影响,针阔混交林土壤有机碳含量较其他4种林分类型高。

农田土壤压实表征指标及其检测方法研究进展

土壤压实已成为威胁全球农业可持续发展的重要因素之一。国内外开展了大量关于农田土壤压实的研究,但压实表征指标和检测方法缺少系统分类。本文从土壤压实与作物生长的关系出发,总结了国内外已有的土壤压实表征指标及检测方法。主要结果如下:1)单一指标往往难以量化不同尺度的土壤压实程度,对于田块尺度,宜选择土壤穿透阻力和相对紧实度,同时配合土壤含水量来表征其压实状况;对于区域农田尺度,宜采用先期固结压力来评估潜在压实风险;2)应依据在室内或田间具体情况选择相应的检测方法,室内选择土壤结构检测法或先期固结压力检测法反映土壤压实敏感性,田间选择穿透阻力检测法或地球物理检测法表征土壤压实程度。今后研究建议:1)更加深入研究土壤压实对作物根系形态、地上部光合产物的分配以及其他土壤质量指标的影响,并加强作物对于土壤压实的反馈机制研究;2)结合研究尺度,将土壤物理学指标与土壤力学指标结合起来,构建一套系统评价土壤压实程度的指标体系;3)从方法上削弱土壤空间异质性带来的影响应是今后土壤压实田间检测方法的重要研究方向。

黄褐天幕毛虫幼虫在山杏天然林中的空间分布格局

本研究通过调查内蒙古兴安盟地区6块山杏天然林标准地黄褐天幕毛虫虫口密度,采用6种判断空间分布格局的聚集度指标和Iwao、Talor等回归分析法对黄褐天幕毛虫幼虫的空间分布型进行了研究。结果表明:黄褐天幕毛虫幼虫的空间分布型为聚集分布,聚集的原因是由害虫本身的生物学特性和环境因子共同作用所导致。在此基础上计算出幼虫最适理论抽样数公式为N=t 2(1.0734/m+0.0041)/D 2,为黄褐天幕毛虫的调查与防治提供了科学依据。

冀北山地南麓油松蒙古栎混交林土壤物理性质研究

为明确冀北山地南麓油松蒙古栎混交林土壤物理性质,并探究其水土保持能力,选取油松纯林、蒙古栎纯林、油栎混交林为研究对象,对其土壤物理性质进行差异分析。结果表明:土壤容重均值以油松纯林(1.26 g·cm^(-3))>油栎混交林(1.21 g·cm^(-3))>蒙古栎纯林(1.08 g·cm^(-3));土壤总孔隙度均值以油松纯林(42.39%)<油栎混交林(43.32%)<蒙古栎纯林(51.53%);土壤最大持水率与土壤毛管持水率呈现出相同的大小关系为蒙古栎纯林>油栎混交林>油松纯林;土壤孔隙度随土层深度的增加均呈现出递减的态势,而土壤容重对土层深度的增加体现出递增的变化趋势。

长白山地区不同林型土壤特性及水源涵养功能

以长白山金沟岭林场的原始林、云冷杉针阔混交林、杨桦次生林,以及53和39年生的人工落叶松林为研究对象,同时以草地为对照试验区,分析了不同林型枯落物的现存量及持水特性、土壤水分物理性质以及土壤蓄水量。结果表明:1)不同林型枯落物的现存量在28.96～56.42t/hm2之间,原始林枯落物现存量最大,为56.42t/hm2,杨桦次生林最小,为28.96t/hm2。2)枯落物最大持水量依次为:原始林>杨桦次生林>云冷杉针阔混交林>53年生人工落叶松林>39年生人工落叶松林。3)土壤密度随着土层深度的增加而增加,以幂函数方程拟合最好,各林型的土壤A1层的土壤密度都小于1.00g/cm3,且明显小于草地土壤密度。4)土壤总孔隙度和毛管孔隙度随土层深度的递增而逐渐变小。5)土壤自然含水量随着土层深度的递增而逐渐降低,且用幂函数方程拟合效果最好。6)土壤饱和蓄水量和毛管蓄水量变化为:原始林>云冷杉针阔混交林>杨桦次生林>39年生人工落叶松林>53年生人工落叶松林>草地;非毛管蓄水量变化为:杨桦次生林>云冷杉阔混交林>39年生人工落叶松林>原始林>53年生人工落叶松林>草地。综上可知林地水源涵养功能为:杨桦次生林>云冷杉阔混交林>原始林>39年生人工落叶松林>53年生人工落叶松林>草地。

简易森林土壤容重测定方法

1 引言土壤容重(Bulk Density)系指单位容积烘干土的质量,用g·cm^(-3)表示。土壤容重小,说明土壤比较疏松,孔隙多,通透性较好,潜在肥力较高;土壤容重大,表明土壤比较紧实,孔隙小,结构性差,通透性差。土壤容重是衡量土壤肥力高低的一个重要辅助标准,无论在农业、林业生产中均具有重要的应用意义。在森林生态学研究中,尤其在对土壤肥力、立地质量等进行评价时,经常涉及森林土壤容重的测定。在过去的所有研究中均采用农业土壤容重的常规测定方法,即环刀采土、烘干称重法。然而。

黄土丘陵区退耕还林后不同林地土壤孔隙与贮水特性

为探索退耕还林工程中树种配置措施对林地土壤水文性质的影响,在黄土丘陵区采用环刀法测定了退耕还林后10年生刺槐、侧柏、油松林分的土壤孔隙度和贮水能力。(1)各种林分都具有明显改善土壤贮水性能的作用,表现为降低土壤容重,增加土壤孔隙度及贮水量;改善程度以刺槐林分为最大,油松林分次之,侧柏林分较小。(2)各种林分对土壤(非毛管孔隙度)滞留贮水量的提高程度均大于对(毛管孔隙度)吸持贮水量的提高程度。(3)林地土壤贮水性能的垂直空间变异性较明显,随着土层深度的增加,土壤容重增加而土壤孔隙度和贮水量减小。

体积置换法直接测量土壤质量含水率及土壤容重

土壤含水率直接测量是相关研究和应用的基础,在土壤力学、作物栽培、农田灌溉、生态环境等研究和实践中十分重要。该文提出了一种与传统烘干称质量法相当的体积置换法直接测量土壤质量含水率及土壤容重。该方法在假设一定土壤颗粒密度的前提下,用一定体积的标准取样环刀取得土样后,通过向待测量土体补充水分使土壤达到饱和,用一定体积的水置换土壤中的充气空隙,直到土样达到饱和状态;再通过测量得到的初始/原始土样质量、饱和后土壤的质量以及已知土壤颗粒密度和水密度,计算得到被置换的充气空隙的体积,进而由此计算得到土壤质量含水率和土壤容重。采用3种不同土壤,即陕西杨凌黏黄土、北京粉壤土和江西黏红土,分别预配制成7种不同初始土壤体积含水率,含水率约为:风干土(含水率2%～3%)、5%、10%、15%、25%、30%和饱和含水率,以及3种不同土壤容重:1.25、1.35和1.45g/cm3进行室内试验。用类似的土样,采用传统方法烘干土样8、12、24、48h后,测量确定土壤的质量含水率,通过延长烘干时间测得数据表明,传统方法烘干8h所测得的质量含水率仍有1%～3.2%的含水率误差。最终试验结果表明体积置换方法测得的土壤含水率比传统烘干土样8h所测得的结果大2%～3%,比烘干土样48h所测得的结果大1%左右。体积置换方法测量操作过程简单,耗时较少,节约能源,测量结果具有较高精度。

宁夏森林植被及土壤碳密度分布特征

根据宁夏回族自治区森林资源清查资料以及野外调查和室内分析的结果,对宁夏地区不同森林群落碳密度分布特征进行了研究。结果表明：1）天然林各植被层碳密度均值的大小顺序为：乔木层（57.66 Mg/hm2）〉细根（8.39 Mg/hm2）〉凋落物层（8.34 Mg/hm2）〉草本层（0.23 Mg/hm2）〉灌木层（0.20 Mg/hm2）,乔木层生物量碳密度占植被层总碳密度的77.06%;2）土壤碳密度均值在170.15～354.29 Mg/hm2间变化,以罗山油松＋山杨林最高,贺兰山青海云杉林最低,就土层垂直分布来讲,50～100 cm土层碳积累最多,占整个剖面土壤碳密度的40%左右;3）各天然林生态系统碳密度均值变化范围为221.63～444.77 Mg/hm2,在罗山油松＋山杨林最大,六盘山华山松＋少脉椴林最小;4）宁夏天然林生态系统土壤碳密度是生物量碳密度的4.09倍,由于土壤碳库稳定性高于地上植被碳库,土壤碳密度较高的针阔混交林和阔叶林具有巨大的固碳潜力。

科学耕作与留茬改良小麦-玉米两熟农田土壤物理性状及增产效果

为了探讨不同覆盖耕作方式对农田土壤物理性状及作物产量的影响,该试验研究了免耕、常规2种耕作方式和4种留茬高度的玉米秸秆还田处理,对麦-玉两熟农田土壤含水率、容重、孔隙度以及作物产量的影响。结果表明:在0～40cm土层内,秸秆还田的集雨和保水效果显著,免耕留茬0.5m还田处理的含水率比免耕无覆盖处理增加了15.95%。秸秆还田量对0～40cm内土壤贮水量的影响不同。耕作措施显著影响了土壤容重,小麦播种前常规留茬1m还田、常规全量还田处理容重低至1.0g/cm3左右。秸秆还田能增加土壤总孔隙度、降低毛管与非毛管孔隙度的比值。单一免耕处理降低了作物产量,而免耕覆盖能增产,其留茬1m还田处理比无还田处理增产22.44%,比常规留茬0.5m还田处理高3.64%。因此,免耕留茬1m还田处理在改善农田土壤物理性状和增加作物产量方面显著,该研究可为农田管理过程中耕作措施和秸秆还田量的选择提供参考依据。

土壤持水特征测定中的容重变化及其确定方法

利用离心机法测定了黄土高原6种典型质地土壤的吸力、容重和重量含水量三者的关系,分析了土壤持水特征测定中的容重变化特征;借用土壤水分特征曲线幂函数模型和土壤收缩特征线性模型获得容重与吸力间幂函数关系,并利用试验资料进行检验;提出了确定土壤持水特征测定中容重变化的三点法,该方法所获得土壤水分特征曲线与实测结果极为吻合,精度较高。

耕作方式对表层土壤饱和导水率及紧实度的影响

通过模拟降雨对定西苜蓿-春小麦轮作土壤的饱和导水率和土壤紧实度进行了研究,试验结果表明:苜蓿不翻耕处理(T2)的土壤容重为1.35,显著高于苜蓿-春小麦轮作翻耕处理(T3)的土壤容重1.08;降雨前,各处理间表层土壤饱和导水率差异不显著,但以苜蓿不翻耕处理(T2)的最高,为92.6mm/h;降雨后,苜蓿不翻耕处理(T2)的饱和导水率为55.07mm/h,比苜蓿-春小麦轮作翻耕(T3)处理的几乎高2倍;随着土壤深度的增加,各处理的土壤紧实度逐渐增加,苜蓿地表层土壤的紧实度高于耕地。