Changes in vegetation and soil properties during recovery of a subtropical forest in South China

Secondary forests account for a large amount of subtropical forest due to persistent anthropogenic disturbance in China.The interaction between vegetation and soil during recovery process is rather complex and dependent on forest conditions.Understanding how vegetation and soil properties changes and how their relationship develops in secondary forests is key to effective forest restoration and management.Here we explored the patterns of vegetation and soil properties as well as their correlations during forest recovery process in a subtropical forest in south China.Plots of three forest types,i.e.,broadleaf-conifermixedforest,broadleaved forest and old growth stand,were established to represent the recovery stages.The results showed that diversity patterns in the tree,shrub and herb layers were different:in the tree layer the species diversity peaked at the intermediate stage,while in the understory layers it decreased chronologically.Most of the soil factors showed an increasing trend,and different effects of soil factors were found for the three layers as well as for the two spatial scales.Together,our results suggested that vegetation and soil might be interdependent during the recovery course.Further studies are needed on exploring how vegetation interplays with soil at different scales and how nutrient limitations affects the vegetation development in a chronosequence.

Effect of geomorphologic features and climate change on vegetation distribution in the arid hot valleys of Jinsha River,Southwest China

Rapid change of climate in vertical and considerable geomorphologic features form a typical diversity and distribution of biota in mountain ecosystems,i.e.,the subalpine forest zone(SFZ),the valley savanna zone(VSZ),and the transition zone between them.The arid hot valley in the middle and lower reaches of Jinsha River,China represents a well target area to study distribution and the driving factors in these typical mountain ecosystems.Therefore,this study selects four sub-sample areas in the arid-hot valley to explore the distinctive changes of vegetation during 1990 to 2020,and their driving factors in the three different vegetation zones on spatiotemporal scales.On the spatial scale,the Moran’s index was applied to identify the transition zone between the SFZ and the VSZ.Results show that the VSZ at low altitudes(less than 600-1000 m from the valley bottom)is mainly affected by geomorphologic features,especially the slope aspect.With increase in altitude,the climate factors(e.g.,humidity,temperature,etc.)play a more significant role in the development of the SFZ,while the effect of geomorphologic features gradually weakens.On the time scale,The SFZ at higher altitudes experienced more rapid changes in temperature(temperature increase of 1.41°C over the last 60 years)than the VSZ at lower altitudes(temperature increase of 0.172°C over the past 60 years).It caused the forest cover increase faster than that of savanna grassland.Humidity and heat conditions are altered by topography and climate conditions,which shapes the development and physiology of plants as they adapt to the different climatic zones.Furthermore,according to the driving factors(geomorphologic and climate factors)of vegetation distribution found in this study,it suggests that suitable tree species should be planted in the transition zone to evolve into the forest zone and making the forest zone to recover from high to low altitudes gradually.

Rebirth after death: forest succession dynamics in response to climate change on Gongga Mountain, Southwest China

Global climate change is having long-term impacts on the geographic distribution of forest species. However, the response of vertical belts of mountain forests to climate change is still little known. The vertical distribution of forest vegetation(vertical vegetation belt) on Gongga Mountain in Southwest China has been monitored for 30 years. The forest alternation of the vertical vegetation belt under different climate conditions was simulated by using a mathematical model GFSM(the Gongga Forest Succession Model). Three possible Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change(IPCC) climate scenarios(increase of air temperature and precipitation by 1.8℃/5%, 2.8℃/10% and 3.4℃/15% for B_1, A_1B and A_2 scenarios, respectively) were chosen to reflect lower, medium and higher changes of global climate. The vertical belts of mountainous vegetation will shift upward by approximately 300 m, 500 m and 600 m in the B_1, A_1B and A_2 scenarios, respectively, according to the simulated results. Thus, the alpine tree-line will move to a higher altitude. The simulation also demonstrated that, in a changing climate, the shift in the vegetation community will be a slow and extended process characterized by two main phases. During the initial phase, trees of the forest community degrade or die, owing to an inability to adapt to a warmer climate. This results in modest environment for the introduction of opportunistic species, consequently, the vegetation with new dominant tree species becomes predominant in the space vacated by the dead trees at the expense of previously dominated original trees as the succession succeed and climate change advance. Hence, the global climate change would dramatically change forest communities and tree species in mountainous regions because that the new forest community can grow only through the death of the original tree. Results indicated that climate change will cause the change of distribution and composition of forest communities on Gongga Mountain, and this change may enhance as the intensity of climate change increases. As a result, the alternation of death and rebirth would finally result in intensive landscape changes, and may strongly affect the eco-environment of mountainous regions.

Carbon Dynamics in Woody Biomass of Forest Ecosystem in China with Forest Management Practices under Future Climate Change and Rising CO_2 Concentration

It is critical to study how different forest management practices affect forest carbon sequestration under global climate change regime. Previous researches focused on the stand-level forest carbon sequestration with rare investigation of forest carbon stocks influ- enced by forest management practices and climate change at regional scale. In this study, a general integrative approach was used to simulate spatial and temporal variations of woody biomass and harvested biomass of forest in China during the 21st century under dif- ferent scenarios of climate and CO2 concentration changes and management tasks by coupling Integrated Terrestrial Ecosystem Carbon budget （InTEC） model with Global Forest Model （G4M）. The results showed that forest management practices have more predominant effects on forest stem stocking biomass than climate and CO2 concentration change. Meanwhile, the concurrent future changes in cli- mate and CO2 concentration will enhance the amounts of stem stocking biomass in forests of China by 12%-23% during 2001-2100 relative to that with climate change only. The task for maximizing stem stocking biomass will dramatically enhance the stem stocking biomass from 2001~100, while the task for maximum average increment will result in an increment of stem stocking biomass before 2050 then decline. The difference of woody biomass responding to forest management tasks was owing to the current age structure of forests in China. Meanwhile, the sensitivity of long-term woody biomass to management practices for different forest types （coniferous forest, mixed forest and deciduous forest） under changing climate and CO2 concentration was also analyzed. In addition, longer rotation length under future climate change and rising CO2 concentration scenario will dramatically increase the woody biomass of China during 2001~100. Therefore, our estimation indicated that taking the role of forest management in the carbon cycle into the consideration at regional or national level is very important to project the forest carbon sequestration under future climate change and rising atmospheric CO2 concentration.

Forest Cover Monitoring and Change Detection in Nfifikh Forest (Morocco)

Peri-urban forests are subject to different dynamics due to several factors. Nfifikh forest is a man-made space, located in suburban of Mohammedia City, belonging to Casablanca, Settat Region, and geographically between Casablanca, the economic and business Capital of Morocco and Rabat, the national political capital. Over the past three decades, it has experienced several significant degradations. The aim of this study is to evaluate and quantify the deforestation within the study area using a forest cover change detection of various vegetation indices and subpixel classification to pick out high density plots with Landsat images TM, ETM+ and OLI. Remote sensing is used to highlight the changes caused through Space-Time. This monitoring might help managers to generate forest management plans and to moderate the speed of deforestation and degradation. The results show a significant change in vegetation cover detected between 1987 and 2015. The Density increased in 2001 while it decreased considerably in 2015.

Positive association between forest management, environmental change, and forest bird abundance

Background: The global decrease in wildlife populations, especially birds, is mainly due to land use change and increasing intensity of land use(Parmesan and Yohe 2003). However, impacts of management tools to mitigate biodiversity loss at regional and global scales are less apparent in forest regions that have a constant forest area,and which did not suffer from habitat degradation, and where forests are sustainably managed, such as in Central Europe or the northeastern USA. A biodiversity assessment for Germany suggested, for example, that bird populations were constant(Bundesamt für Naturschutz 2015).Results: This study shows that changes in the environment and in forest management over the past 45 years have had a significant, positive effect on the abundance of non-migratory forest bird species in Central Europe. Economy(timber prices and GDP), forest management(timber harvest and mixed forest area), and environmental factors(atmospheric CO_2 concentration and nitrogen deposition) were investigated together with changes in abundances of migratory and non-migratory forest birds using partial least squares path modeling. Climate change, resulting in longer seasons and milder winters, and forest management, promoting tree diversity, were significantly positively related to the abundance of non-migratory forest birds and explained 92% of the variation in their abundance in Europe. Regionally-migrating forest birds had stable populations with large variation, while birds migrating across continents declined in recent decades, suggesting significant, contrasting changes in bird populations in Europe. In northeastern North America we also found evidence that non-migratory forests have experienced long-term increases in abundance, and this increase was related to management. The increase of populations of nonmigratory forest birds in Europe and North America is associated with an increase in structural diversity and disturbances at the landscape level.Conclusions: Our results suggest that reports about bird decline in forests should separate between migratory and non-migratory bird species. Efforts to mitigate the general decline in bird abundance should focus on land-use systems other than forests and support sustainable forest management independent of economic conditions.

Analysis of spatio-temporal changes in forest biomass in China

Forests play a central role in the global carbon cycle.China's forests have a high carbon sequestration potential owing to their wide distribution,young age and relatively low carbon density.Forest biomass is an essential variable for assessing carbon sequestration capacity,thus determining the spatio-temporal changes of forest biomass is critical to the national carbon budget and to contribute to sustainable forest management.Based on Chinese forest inventory data(1999–2013),this study explored spatial patterns of forest biomass at a grid resolution of 1 km by applying a downscaling method and further analyzed spatiotemporal changes of biomass at different spatial scales.The main findings are:(1)the regression relationship between forest biomass and the associated infuencing factors at a provincial scale can be applied to estimate biomass at a pixel scale by employing a downscaling method;(2)forest biomass had a distinct spatial pattern with the greatest biomass occurring in the major mountain ranges;(3)forest biomass changes had a notable spatial distribution pattern;increase(i.e.,carbon sinks)occurred in east and southeast China,decreases(i.e.,carbon sources)were observed in the northeast to southwest,with the largest biomass losses in the Hengduan Mountains,Southern Hainan and Northern Da Hinggan Mountains;and,(4)forest vegetation functioned as a carbon sink during 1999–2013 with a net increase in biomass of 3.71 Pg.

Long-term vegetation development on a wildfire slope in Innerzwain(Styria,Austria)

Forest fires in mountainous areas can cause severe defores-tation which can potentially trigger secondary natural hazards like debris falls and avalanches. We documented an extreme case study for the range of possible post-fire land cover （LC） dynamics. We investigated a 15-ha, steep （10°-65°） burnt slope in Styria （Austria） at elevation of 760-1130 m, which burned in 1946 and has not fully recovered to date. Seven 8-class legend LC maps were produced （1954, 1966, 1973, 1982, 1998, 2004, 2009） and integrated in a vector-based GIS, mainly by on-screen interpretation of aerial photos. Our aim was to clarify how post-wildfire LC dynamics take place on a severely damaged, steep slope and to give a basic projection of the future vegetation recovery process. The pre-fire Pinus sylvestrisstands have been mainly replaced by Picea abies and Larix decidua. Regeneration proceeded mainly from the base of the slope upwards. All tree species together still cover no more than 40% of the slope after more than 60 years of recovery, while grassland communities and rock/debris areas have expanded. Multitemporal analysis showed a slow but steady increase in woodland cover. Degraded rock/debris areas, however, expanded as well because soil erosion and related debris flows remained active. Slope angle （with a threshold value of approx. 35-40°） seemed to control whether erosion or regeneration prevailed. According to a simple extrapolation, the slope will not reach its former condition before 2070. This extreme disturbance window of more than 120 years is owed to the steepness of the slope and to the shallow soils on dolomitic bedrock that were severely damaged by the fire. The neglect of any game fencing is a further factor slowing regeneration.

RELATIONSHIP OF ECO-ENVIONMENTAL CHANGE WITH NATURAL EROSION AND ARTIFICIALLY ACCELERATED EROSION

The natural landscape of the Loess Plateau was changed by severe soil erosion. The Ziwuling forest area provides research base for tracing back eco environmental change related to natural erosion and artificially accelerated erosion. Using methods of typical region investigations, in situ experimental study and chemical analysis of samples, impact of vegetation destruction and rehabilitation on soil erosion, characteristics of natutal erosion under conditions of natural ecological balance and artificially accelerated erosion resulting from vegetation destruction in forest area, and the processes of artificially accelerated erosion and soil degradation have been analyzed and discussed.

Characterizing the effects of climate change on short-term post-disturbance forest recovery in southern China from Landsat time-series observations(1988-2016)

Climate change,a recognized critical environmental issue,plays an important role in regulating the structure and function of forest ecosystems by altering forest disturbance and recovery regimes.This research focused on exploring the statistical relationships between meteorological and topographic variables and the recovery characteristics following disturbance of plantation forests in southern China.We used long-term Landsat images and the vegetation change tracker algorithm to map forest disturbance and recovery events in the study area from 1988 to 2016.Stepwise multiple linear regression(MLR),random forest(RF)regression,and support vector machine(SVM)regression were used in conjunction with climate variables and topographic factors to model short-term forest recovery using the normalized difference vegetation index(NDVI).The results demonstrated that the regenerating forests were sensitive to the variation in temperature.The fitted results suggested that the relationship between the NDVI values of the forest areas and the post-disturbance climatic and topographic factors differed in regression algorithms.The RF regression yielded the best performance with an R2 value of 0.7348 for the validation accuracy.This indicated that slope and temperature,especially high temperatures,had substantial effects on post-disturbance vegetation recovery in southern China.For other mid-subtropical monsoon regions with intense light and heat and abundant rainfall,the information will also contribute to appropriate decisions for forest managers on forest recovery measures.Additionally,it is essential to explore the relationships between forest recovery and climate change of different vegetation types or species for more accurate and targeted forest recovery strategies.

CMIP5和CMIP6模式对1950~2014年中国陆地植被碳储量的模拟评估

选取两套植被碳密度数据和首次至第九次(1950~2018年)中国森林资源清查数据、基于遥感的土地覆盖数据,对比评估CMIP5和CMIP6地球系统模式对中国陆地植被碳的时空分布及其变化趋势的模拟能力,并进一步探究CMIP5和CMIP6土地变化数据的异同对植被碳储量模拟结果的影响。1995~2004年多模式平均结果表明,CMIP5和CMIP6模式均高估了中国植被碳储量,分别为28.0±6.0 Pg(C),25.3±7.7 Pg(C),两套参考数据分别为18.1 Pg(C)和18.7 Pg(C)。CMIP6模式对植被碳空间分布的模拟优于CMIP5模式,其各项泰勒评分(TSS)指标均显著提高,模式间不确定性有所减小。1950~1990年,CMIP5和CMIP6模拟的中国区植被为碳源,分别为-89.4 Tg(C)a^(-1)和-58.2 Tg(C)a^(-1),且于1980年代显著增强,分别为-256.6 Tg(C)a^(-1)和-171.0 Tg(C)a^(-1)。1990~2014年CMIP5模式中植被碳源减弱[-48.1 Tg(C)a^(-1)],而CMIP6模式中植被则转变为碳汇[42.8 Tg(C)a^(-1),P<0.05]。CMIP5与CMIP6模式对中国植被碳源汇模拟的差异和模式的土地变化情况密切相关,相较于CMIP5模式,CMIP6模式的土地变化数据(LUH2)和中国森林资源清查结果更吻合,1980年代后模式森林覆盖度的变化趋势与清查结果更为接近。本研究显示目前用于CMIP模拟的LUH1、LUH2数据与中国森林和农田在过去65年的变化情况有较大差异,采用更准确的土地变化数据对提高下一代CMIP模式植被碳模拟效果具有重要作用。

火烧迹地恢复更新研究综述

火后植被的更新与恢复,一直以来都是火烧迹地研究的一个热点。通过查阅国内外有关林火干扰和火烧迹地恢复更新研究的文献,对火烧迹地的概念、研究意义和未来研究方向等方面进行综述。结果表明,火是造成森林生态系统演替的重要因素之一,对物种组成及多样性均有重要影响;火对火烧迹地恢复更新有着深刻影响,火烧迹地的更新恢复受多种因素的影响,但随着时间的推移,恢复更新始终在进行。根据火灾后植被更新与物种演替方向,将来应从长期观测角度出发,探索火烧迹地更新与恢复研究的发展方向,为林火管理及火后森林生态系统恢复与重建提供理论依据。

高分辨率空间遥感影像在森林植被变化监测中的应用现状研究

本研究旨在探索高分辨率空间遥感影像在森林植被变化监测方面的应用现状。本文深入研究了高分辨率空间遥感影像在森林植被变化监测方面的潜力,以及其在环境监测、生态保护和自然资源管理等领域的实际应用,还讨论了高分辨率空间遥感影像技术所面临的一些技术挑战和限制。本文通过综合考虑这些因素,得出结论,高分辨率空间遥感影像在森林植被变化监测方面具有巨大潜力,并为进一步研究提供了重要的理论基础。

Towards long-multitemporal change detection using SVI differencing by integrated DWT
ISOCLUS: a model for forest temporal dynamics mapping

Characterisation and mapping of land cover/land use within forest areas over long-multitemporal intervals is a complex task.This complexity is mainly due to the location and extent of such areas and,as a consequence,to the lack of full continuous cloud-free coverage of those large regions by one single remote sensing instrument.In order to provide improved long-multitemporal forest change detection using Landsat MSS and ETMin part of Mt.Kenya rainforest,and to develop a model for forest change monitoring,wavelet transforms analysis was tested against the ISOCLUS algorithm for the derivation of changes in natural forest cover,as determined using four simple ratio-based Vegetation Indices:Simple Ratio(SR),Normalised Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI),Renormalised Difference Vegetation Index(RDVI)and modified simple ratio(MSR).Based on statistical and empirical accuracy assessments,RDVI presented the optimal index for the case study.The overall accuracy statistic of the wavelet derived change/no-change was used to rank the performances of the indices as:RDVI(91.68%),MSR(82.55%),NDVI(79.73%)and SR(65.34%).The integrated discrete wavelet transform
ISOCLUS(DWT
ISOCLUS)result was 42.65%higher than the independent ISOCLUS approach in mapping the change/no-change information.The methodology suggested in this study presents a cost-effective and practical method to detect land-cover changes in support of decision-making for updating forest databases,and for long-term monitoring of vegetation changes from multisensor imagery.The current research contributes to Digital Earth with regards to geo-data acquisition,data mining and representation of one forest systems.

1960年以来太湖水生植被演变

太湖的富营养化污染日益严重,针对太湖水生植被的研究工作非常重要,然而全面的太湖水生植被调查已经有将近二十年未见报道.基于2014年夏季全湖水生植被调查结果,结合历史资料,比较分析1960年以来太湖水生植被演变情况.结果表明,1960年以来,共有23种水生植物从太湖消失,其中1981、1997和2014年分别消失7、4和12种.从分布区面积来看,1960年以来太湖水生植被总体呈北部湖区水生植被消失,东北部、东部及南部湖区水生植被分布区面积持续扩张的态势,1981年全湖水生植被分布区面积占8%,到2014年已经有33.82%的水面有水生植被分布.从生物量组成来看,太湖水生植被先升后降,从1960年的10×10~4t,持续上升到1988年的44.72×10~4t,1997年下降到36×10~4t,2014年进一步下降到29.09×10~4t.但挺水植被以外的水生植被,尤其是浮叶植被的生物量一直保持上升态势.总生物量的下降与东太湖挺水植被大面积消失有关,到2014年全湖挺水植被生物量比重仅占5.15%,东太湖沼泽化问题已不复存在.从群落组成变化情况来看,苦草(Vallisneria natans)群落分布区面积锐减,马来眼子菜(Potamogeton malaianus)和荇菜(Nymphoides peltatum)分布区持续扩张.目前太湖水生植被管理面临的主要问题是北部湖区水生植被恢复和东部湖区水生植被过量生长.

空间直观景观模型LANDIS在大兴安岭呼中林区的应用

应用空间直观景观模型 (L ANDIS) ,研究有采伐和无采伐预案下大兴安岭呼中林区的森林景观的长期变化。用 APACK计算每一个物种及各年龄级的分布面积。为了研究物种分布格局的变化 ,计算了物种分布的聚集度指数。研究结果如下 :(1)在无采伐预案下 ,火干扰模式为低频率大面积高强度火烧 ;在有采伐预下 ,火干扰模式为高频率小面积低强度火烧 ;(2 )在无采伐预案下 ,火会造成各种群分布面积的强烈波动 ,但是对种群的年龄结构没有很大影响 ;在有采伐预案下 ,火对种群分布面积和年龄结构都没有很大的影响 ;(3)采伐能完全改变各种群的年龄结构 ,降低种群分布的聚集度 ,但是对各种群的分布面积并没有很大影响 ;(4 )在有采伐预案下 ,各种群为增长型种群 ,增长量通过采伐取走 ,群落处于演替的干扰顶极状态 ;在无采伐预案下 ,各种群为稳定型种群 (樟子松和偃松除外 ) ,大面积高强度火烧使群落产生较大的波动。结果表明 ,在呼中林业局 ,在没有人为干扰情况下 ,火干扰是森林景观变化的主导因素。自从有了人为干扰 ,采伐开始逐渐取代火干扰成为影响森林景观变化的主导因素。空间直观景观模型的一个挑战是模型的验证。由于缺乏详细的空间数据及模型模拟中的随机性 ,很难通过模型模拟结果与实地调查或遥感数据的比较进行?

近308年来大兴安岭北部森林植被气候生产潜力及其对气候变化的响应

揭示大兴安岭北部气候变化敏感区的气候生产潜力演变及其影响机理,对于维持东北地区生态系统平衡具有重要意义。基于标准树轮年表反演气象资料与研究区13个气象站观测数据组成的1707—2014年气象资料序列,利用Miami模型和小波分析等方法,分析了大兴安岭北部气候生产潜力演变及其对气候变化的响应。结果显示:1707年以来,气温、降水、蒸散和标准气候生产潜力变化均表现极显著增加趋势,标准气候生产潜力(W)变化率为1.79 kg hm^(-2)a^(-1),20世纪气候倾向率最大为10.14kg hm^(-2)a^(-1),温度气候生产潜力(WT)与降水气候生产潜力(WR)的比值21世纪最大,水热配比状态最好;4种气候生产潜力存在不同时间尺度的周期变化,但变化一致性较好,主周期均为215—219a;大兴安岭北部W呈现一致的正变化趋势,高值、次高值、低值中心分别在根河、塔河、鄂伦春偏南地区,振幅由西北向东南逐渐递减;W与年气温、降水量、蒸散量正相关显著,年平均气温每升高1℃、年降水量和蒸散量均增加10 mm,W变化率依次为453.71、74.40、219.01 kg/hm^2,且气温是影响W的主要因子;未来"暖湿型"气候对森林植被生长有利,而"冷干型"气候对森林植被生长不利,气候生产潜力增加(减少)幅度均为10.9%—21.7%。研究结果不仅可为区域尺度内研究森林植被气候生产潜力提供基础方法,而且对进一步估算森林碳汇、即将实施的碳交易及中国北部边疆生态安全研究和生态功能规划制定等具有重要参考价值。

森林植被变化对流域水文影响的争论

针对“森林能否增雨、 森林能否减少年径流量、 调节枯水径流以及能否削减洪峰”等问题， 综述了各种观点， 分析了出现分歧的原因。作者认为森林对降水量的影响不大， 森林植被的存在一般减少年径流量， 而对调节枯水径流以及削减洪峰等的作用则因地带、 因流域尺度而异。研究方法的局限性、 研究对象的复杂性以及区域差异和尺度的影响， 是导致争论的主要原因。正确评价森林的水文效应， 应该注意地带性差异、 尺度的影响以及不同森林的类型等。

元谋干热河谷区森林消长与生态环境变化研究

在元谋干热河谷区 ,森林覆盖率 195 0年为 12 8%、1973年为 6 3 %、1985年降至 5 2 %、1993年升至5 8%。而人类的社会、经济活动 ,是导致森林面积消长的主要原因。森林面积增减 ,是生态环境向良性或恶性方向转变的关键所在 。

森林植被变化(采伐)对小流域水文化学循环过程的影响

森林不仅调节流域的水文循环过程而且对流域的生物化学循环过程也产生重要的影响。森林流域通过林冠层截留、地被物层过滤、土壤入渗以及河岸植被缓冲带等环节,对降雨径流中的泥沙、有机物、污染物质进行有效的过滤、吸收和净化,从而达到改善水质的目的。回顾了国内外森林植被变化对小流域水文化学循环的影响研究,尤其是森林经营活动如采伐等对流域的河流水温、悬移质泥沙含量、溶解养分等方面的影响。多数研究认为森林采伐方式不同河流水温受影响程度不同;溶解养分与森林采伐的方式、地点及采伐流域的类型密切相关。特别指出河岸植被缓冲带在森林流域水质保护中的重要性,它的存在可以维持河流水温、有效防止和降低地表径流中携带的泥沙、污染物、有机质等进入河流,从而达到保护水质的目的。目前,我国在森林植被变化对流域水文化学循环影响领域的研究还主要侧重于森林减少泥沙效应方面,在森林的水质保护效应方面,多数的报道都集中在森林生态系统各要素(如林冠、地被物、森林土壤等)对大气降水化学物质输入的影响,而对小流域尺度森林植被变化(如采伐)对水文化学循环影响方面的研究开展得还很少。