The Analysis on the Influence of Water Conservancy Investment on Agricultural Economic Growth: An Empirical Study Based on the Boom Period of Shandong Agriculture

This paper uses econometric methods to carry out a Granger causality test on the construction of water conservancy infrastructure construction and agricultural economic growth in the boom period(1981- 2002) of Shandong agriculture. Empirical results indicate that there exists two-way Granger causality between Shandong water conservancy infrastructure construction and Shandong agricultural economic growth.Therefore,water conservancy infrastructure construction has a significant influence on agricultural economic growth in Shandong.

Professional Cognitive Education Model for Agricultural Water Conservancy Engineering under the Background of New Agricultural Science

The construction of new agricultural science requires the use of modern scientific and technological means to transform and enhance current agricultural related majors.The agricultural water conservancy engineering major,with its inherent disciplinary advantages,plays an indispensable and important role in the construction of new agricultural science.In recent years,the lack of professional cognitive education has gradually become a significant problem in the training of talents in agricultural water conservancy engineering.Therefore,this paper deeply analyzes the problems and reasons faced by professional cognitive education,and proposes specific educational strategies for several key aspects such as enrollment promotion,freshman enrollment education,construction of teacher team,combination of scientific research and teaching,and strengthening professional cognition through competition activities.It aims to provide reference for improving the quality of professional cognitive education and exploring effective ways.

Study on the Forest Vegetation and Its Water and Soil Conservation Value in Fuxian Lake Drainage Area in Yunnan Province

By using French SPOT5 satellite remote sensing image to contrast on the spot,the forest vegetation in Fuxian Lake basin was categorized into 23 forest types,6 vegetation subtypes,5 vegetation types,and the areas were respectively calculated.The tree species structure and the coverage degree of every kind of forest vegetation were investigated,and the characteristics of forest vegetation were analyzed.The results showed that the soil conservation amount of forest in Fuxian Lake basin was 137.50×106 t/a,and the soil conservation value was 622.30×106 yuan/a.Moreover,the water source conservation value was 506.84×106 yuan/a.

Regional differences of water conservation in Beijing’s forest ecosystem

The water conservation capacities of main forests in Beijing,China were estimated through the quantitative analysis.Various methods developed in published papers on forest hydrology were employed.The forests in Huairou,Yanqing,Miyun,Mentougou and Fangshan districts are the main contributors to water conservation（the cumulative ratio reaches 65%）,and the forests in Tongzhou,Chaoyang,Shunyi and Daxing districts have the highest water conservation capacity（3000 m3/ha）.Altitude and slope are the key factors to affect the water conservation capacity.The forests located in Plain Area,Hilly Area,Low Mountain,and Middle Mountain contributes 27%,28%,24% and 21% of the conserved water,respectively.The water conservation capacity of forests in Plain Area（2 948 m3/ha）,is superior to the forests in other regions.And the forests situated on Flat Slope,Moderate Slope and Gentle Slope constitute the largest proportion（nearly 93%） of water conservation,while the forests on Flat Slope has the highest water conservation capacity（2 797 m3/ha）,and the forest on Steep slope has the lowest water conservation capacity（948 m3/ha）.

Driving Forces and Their Effects on Water Conservation Services in Forest Ecosystems in China

Identifying the driving forces that cause changes in forest ecosystem services related to water conservation is essential for the design of interventions that could enhance positive impacts as well as minimizing negative impacts. In this study, we propose an assessment concept framework model for indirect-direct-ecosystem service （IN-DI-ESS） driving forces within this context and method for index construction that considers the selection of a robust and parsimonious variable set. Factor analysis was integrated into two-stage data envelopment analysis （TS-DEA） to determine the driving forces and their effects on water conservation services in forest ecosystems at the provincial scale in China. The results showed the following. 1） Ten indicators with factor scores more than 0.8 were selected as the minimum data set. Four indicators comprising population density, per capita gross domestic product, irrigation efficiency, and per capita food consumption were the indirect driving factors, and six indicators comprising precipitation, farmland into forestry or pasture, forest cover, habitat area, water footprint, and wood extraction were the direct driving forces. 2） Spearman＇s rank correlation test was performed to compare the overall effectiveness in two periods： stage 1 and stage 2. The calculated coefficients were 0.245, 0.136, and 0.579, respectively, whereas the tabulated value was 0.562. This indicates that the driving forces obviously differed in terms of their contribution to the overall effectiveness and they caused changes in water conservation services in different stages. In terms of the variations in different driving force effects in the years 2000 and 2010, the overall, stage 1, and stage 2 variances were 0.020, 0.065, and 0.079 in 2000, respectively, and 0.018, 0.063, and 0.071 in 2010. This also indicates that heterogeneous driving force effects were obvious in the process during the same period. Identifying the driving forces that affect service changes and evaluating their efficiency have significant policy implications for the management of forest ecosystem services. Advanced effectiveness measures for weak regions could be improved in an appropriate manner. In this study, we showed that factor analysis coupled with TS-DEA based on the IN-D1-ESS framework can increase the parsimony of driving force indicators, as well as interpreting the interactions among indirect and direct driving forces with forest ecosystem water conservation services, and reducing the uncertainty related to the internal consistency during data selection.

Difficulties and Countermeasures of Developing Irrigation and Water Conservancy in New Era

This paper expounds the great significance of irrigation and water conservancy for the agricultural development. Vigorously developing irrigation and water conservancy can promote high yield and stable yield of grain, effectively increase farmers' income, alleviate the impact of drought on agricultural production, be conducive to the adjustment of agricultural production structure, and promote county economic development. The difficulties of developing irrigation and water conservancy in new era are analyzed as follows: the subject of liabilities defaults seriously; it lacks effective input security system; the quality of project degenerates badly; the agricultural technological development is slow. Corresponding policy suggestions are put forward as follows: make the input subject of irrigation and water conservancy clear; form stable investment channels; strengthen the organizing and guiding functions of grass-roots government; reinforce the coordination and management of capital; strengthen the promotion of agricultural technology; quicken the pace of reform of irrigation and water conservancy.

The Conservation of Ground Water Levels in the Peat Swamp Forest at Ayer Hitam North Forest Reserve, Muar in Johor, Malaysia

The management of peat swamp forests in Malaysia contends with two major issues: forest fires and the effects of abandoned forest-logging drainage systems or canals. Forest fire occurs during low rainfall season related to the local people activities. The drainage networks change the hydrological function of the intact forest ecosystem. A key function of the hydrological system in the undisturbed forest is to absorb water during rainfall season, thus delaying downstream runoff and preventing flash floods. The objective of the project described here is to restore the hydrological function of peat swamp forest (PSF) at Ayer Hitam North Forest Reserve (AHNFR) in Muar, Johor, Malaysia. The oil palm plantations, especially in the southern part of the area affect the forest reserve. Water flows out of the forest reserve through the drainage system constructed for managing these plantations. In 2016 and 2017, two water block structures or check dams were constructed near the boundaries of the forest reserve to hold the water and raise the groundwater level in the forest reserve. The implementation of the check dams at the two locations has conserved the groundwater level and subsequently, about 1.2 million m3 of water was saved annually from leaving the forest reserve from each of the check dam. This project is also part of the Coca-Cola Company’s sustainability commitment for water strategy with the global that is to replenish 100% of the equivalent volume of water consumed in their products and production by 2020. Replenishment is the key sustainability commitment for the Company.

A Study on Cost Control of Agricultural Water Conservancy Projects Based on Activity-based Costing

Based on the theory of activity-based costing and the idea of value chain,activity optimization and cost control are carried out on the whole construction process of agricultural water conservancy projects. Through the use of literature review,case analysis and statistical analysis and other methods,with agricultural water conservancy projects as the research object,and comparing activity-based costing with the traditional model of cost accounting,the writer carries out the corresponding value chain analysis,and comes to the following conclusion: the statistical calculation and analysis of the entire construction process based on activity-based costing can accurately and effectively control the costs of water conservancy projects. Through the use of activity-based costing,the cost data of agricultural water conservancy projects is more detailed and accurate,and cost management personnel can also find non-value-added activities,optimize the enterprise's value chain and achieve cost control objectives through the analysis of the activity chain and value chain of agricultural water conservancy projects.

Potentials for win-win alliances among animal agriculture and forest products industries:Application of the princi-ples of industrial ecology and sustainable development

Commercial forests in many parts of the world are deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus. These nutrient-deficient forests often exist in close proximity to large animal feeding operations, meat processing and other food, textile, or other biomass-processing plants, and municipal waste treatment facilities. Many of these facilities produce large surpluses of nitrogen,phosphorus, and organic matter as gaseous ammonia, urea, uric acid, phosphorus compounds,bacterial sludges, and partially treated municipal wastewaters. These co-existing and substantial nutrient deficiencies and surpluses offer ready-made opportunities for discovery, demonstration,and commercial development of science-based, technology-facilitated, environmentally sound,economically viable, and socially acceptable "win-win alliances" among these major industries based on the principles of industrial ecology and sustainable development. The major challenge is to discover practical means to capture the surplus nutrients and put them to work in forest stands from which value-added products can be produced and sold at a profit.

Optimum stand density of Chinese pine forests in Taihang limestone mountains, Shanxi Province

Data analysis was made for 54 stands of Chinese pine forests for soil and water conservation and timber. The regression equations were drawn up on forest density and different rafter timber and bush coverage.Based on those equations, the number of rafter timber trees, storage, number of non-raffer timber trees, stand volume and the output value were calculated for six different forest densities ranged from 1250 to 6600 trees/hm2.According to the economic and ecological criteria, the optimum density for Chinese pine forests was determined as 1 650 trees/hm2.

Adoption and Scaling-Up of Conservation Agriculture in Tanzania: Case of Arusha and Dodoma Regions

A study was conducted to assess the adoption and scaling-up of Conservation Agriculture in Arumeru district, Arusha region, northern Tanzania and Chamwino and Dodoma Urban districts in Dodoma region, Central Tanzania. The study employed structured questionnaire survey and key informant interviews as the main data collection methods. Data analysis was done descriptively to determine factors that influence the adoption. Results showed that farmers in Arusha have highly adopted terraces, minimum tillage and cover cropping whereas their counterparts in Dodoma have highly adopted large planting pits, minimum tillage, and rippers. The intensity of adoption in Arusha is higher for the wealthy compared to the poor while in Dodoma the wealth status was not a factor that influenced adoption of the Conservation Agriculture (CA) technologies. The process of technology adoption should include the use of various participatory methods including farmer field schools, experimental plots, farmer exchange visits, and training of trainers among others. Use of farmer groups, incentives, and support instruments such as Savings and Credit Co-operative Society (SACCOS) or warehouse receipts systems are also important to ensure that farmers realize some acceptable profits from their efforts. Involvement of various stakeholders is also very important including local governments and agricultural change agents at national, regional, district, ward and village levels. Hence, the intention to promote CA technologies should not only look at the economic importance, but also its socio-economic importance to the local people in the area. Their desire to adopt and out-scale a technology should be among the most important investment factors that the government and development partners should consider.

Discussion on Spatial Optimization Modeling of Water Resource Conservation Forests and Management Practice of Forest Functions

According to the unification principle of system structure and system function of the Water Resource Conservation Forests,seven factors were selected from stand spatial structure,trees structure and healthy of woods,the multifunction management optimization model target was confirmed by using nonlinearity multi-objective programming approach, and the target function-stand spatial structure homogeneity index was defined to establish spatial optimization models with restraining conditions set up in diversity of stand structure and spatial structure.The spatial structure of available typical stand in the wet land area in southern Donting Lake was optimized by means of selective cutting and reinforcement planting.The results showed that the spatial structure was improved obviously and trees diversity and stand health were not weakened.It’s suggested that the established optimization model can effectively guide multifunction management,stand structure optimization and the steadiness of ecological ecosystem and it is convenient and operable in practice,and it’s very important to protect and recover ecosystem of Water Resource Conservation Forests.

Effects of Conservation Agriculture on Land and Water Productivity in Yellow River Basin, China

In the dryland regions of North China,water is the limiting factor for rainfed crop production.Conservation agriculture(featuring reduced or zero tillage,mulching,crop rotations and cover crops)has been proposed to improve soil and water conservation and enhance yields in these areas.Conservation agriculture systems typically result in increased crop water availability and agro-ecosystem productivity,and reduced soil erosion.To evaluate the potential of conservation agriculture to improve soil water balance and agricultural productivity,the DSSAT crop model was calibrated using the data of a field experiment in Shouyang County in the semi-arid northeastern part of the Yellow River Basin.The average annual precipitation at the site is 472 mm,75%of which falls during the growing season.The site had a maize-fallow-maize rotation.data from two crop seasons(2005 and 2006)and four treatments for calibration and analysis were used.The treatments were:conventional tillage(CT),no-till with straw mulching(NTSM),all-straw incorporated(ASRT)and one-third residue left on the surface with no-till(RRT).The calibration results gave satisfactory agreement between field observed and model predicted values for crop yield for all treatments except RRT treatment,and for soil water content of different layers in the 150 cm soil profile for all treatments.The difference between observed and predicted values was in the range of 3%-25%for maize yield and RMSE was in the range of 0.03-0.06 cm^(3)/cm^(3) for soil water content measured periodically each cropping season.While these results are encouraging,more rigorous calibration and independent model evaluation are warranted prior to making recommendations based on model simulations.Medium-term simulations(1995-2004)were conducted for three of the treatments using the calibrated model.The NTSM and ASRT treatments had similar or higher yields(by up to 36%),higher crop water productivity by up to 28%and reduced runoff of up to 93%or 43 mm compared to CT treatment.

Study on the Value of Forest to Conserve Soil and Water in Beijing

Forest has a strongfunction in storing water, conserving soil and protecting farmland. In the study, based on fleld management and survey, these effects of forest in Beijing were determined and quantified. According to the principles and methodology of environment economics, the values of forest to conserve soil and water were accounted. The result shows that the total value of forest to conserve soil and water in Beijing is as much as 1129.58×10~8 yuan, in which the value of water storage is 1107.92×10...

基于OBE理念的农业高校水利类专业人才培养模式改革研究

水利专业属于传统工科专业,各高校在长期教学实践中形成了“以教为中心”的人才培养模式,已经不能满足当代水利行业工程建设与管理的人才要求。自我国加入华盛顿协议以来,我国高校工程教育进入了全新的发展阶段。农业高校水利类专业需兼顾水利工程专业与服务农业特色两方面的要求,在我国智慧水利与智慧农业建设全面开展的大背景下,亟需对传统人才培养方案进行改革。该文从培养目标、课程体系、课程内容及教学方法等方面探讨了基于成果导向教育(OBE)理念的人才培养模式教学改革方案,可为农业类高校水利专业人才培养模式改革提供借鉴。

休闲农业协同研学旅行课程开发的规划设计研究——以黄河流域休闲农园镶月湖为例

研学旅行能够激发学生学习兴趣,最大化挖掘并发挥其所长。以此为切入点,以黄河流域休闲农园镶月湖为载体,开展理论与实践相结合的研究,探索在黄河流域休闲农业建设中,兼顾文化、生态治理研学课程开发的规划设计方法,以强化学生的水土保持意识,弘扬流域文化,为研学旅行的教育改革服务。

山水林田湖草沙系统治理与水土保持高质量发展

[目的]中国水土流失治理已由“全面治理,重点治理”迈向“系统治理,攻坚克难”的新阶段。分析山水林田湖草沙系统治理的内涵、准则及其与水土保持的关系,旨在丰富新时代水土保持理论体系,引领水土保持高质量发展。[方法]在长期理论探索和实践验证的基础上,梳理山水林田湖草沙系统治理理念的发展过程,阐明其内涵、目标与实践准则。[结果]水土流失长期治理实践总结提升形成的以小流域为单元的综合治理技术路线是山水林田湖草沙生命共同体系统思想最朴素的实践体现。小流域综合治理的系统性主要体现为治理对象的系统协调,总体布局的系统统筹,治理措施的系统考量,治理成效的多效益兼顾,实施和管理的多部门协同和多主体参与的共治共享6个方面。水土保持高质量发展实践需要遵循的基于系统治理理念的具体举措包括:利用系统思维理解水土保持高质量发展的内涵和要求,精准诊断山水林田湖草沙系统短板及其控制性要素,构建山水林田湖草沙多层次全方位立体化防控体系,构筑完备的水土保持管理与技术保障体系。[结论]在新的历史时期,应该完整准确理解并全面贯彻落实山水林田湖草沙系统治理的理念,探索整体提升水土保持学术研究水平和治理效能的新路径、新模式、新机制。同时应结合区域或流域实际,对农田、水利、牧业、林业及生产建设活动进行全面综合系统的规划和治理,推动水土保持高质量发展。

校企合作实践教育基地人才培养模式——以农业水利工程专业校企合作实践教育基地为例

安徽农业大学农业水利工程专业与安徽省水利科学研究院共建校企合作实践教育基地,通过建立协调育人机制,深化教育教学改革,推动教学与科研紧密结合、学校与社会密切合作,促进大学生在科学研究中学习、在社会实践中学习,提高大学生解决实际问题的实践能力和创新创业能力。通过加强内涵建设、成果共享与示范引领,在促进新工科、新农科建设,以及培养德智体美劳全面发展的高质量人才方面取得了一系列实践成果。

中条山中段生态公益林典型森林群落天然更新特征及其影响因素

明确森林更新特征及其影响因素,对提高森林涵养水源与水土保持效能有重要意义。中条山林区水土大量流失,植被退化严重。选取中条山中段7种典型森林群落为研究对象,从树种组成、数量特征和空间分布格局方面综合分析林下更新特征,并探究影响林下天然更新的关键因子。结果表明:1)7种群落更新树种组成差异显著(P<0.05),辽东栎为更新优势种,华山松次之。辽东栎林除外,各群落林下更新不良,更新密度最低仅为38株/hm^(2)。林下更新在2 m×2 m尺度上总体呈聚集分布,聚集强度指数最高3.36。2)枯落物与土壤厚度是影响幼苗更新的关键因子,其他因子只在特定林分发挥显著作用。山杨辽东栎混交林中,幼苗密度与枯落物厚度显著正相关(P<0.05),枯落物厚度2.7~3.7 cm时,幼苗密度较大(200~450株/hm^(2));油松辽东栎混交林中,幼苗密度与土壤厚度显著正相关(P<0.05),土壤厚度15~24 cm时,幼苗密度较大(250~675株/hm^(2))。3)同一林分内,幼树对林分密度变化的响应更敏感。后续森林经营中可通过清理枯落物、林窗补植,加快演替进程。研究结果可为该区植被的合理经营管理提供理论支持。

南方红壤丘陵区水土保持林对枯落物和土壤养分的影响

探究不同水土保持林土壤有机碳及土壤养分变化,为水土保持林的营造提供科学依据。以湖南省金洞林场15年生杉木-闽楠混交林、闽楠纯林、杉木纯林为研究对象,测定不同季节土壤有机碳、土壤及凋落物养分含量,分析不同林分组成和季节对土壤有机碳的影响。结果表明,林分组成和季节对土壤有机碳含量存在显著影响,土壤有机碳主要受全N、全P、可溶性有机碳、可溶性有机N的影响。不同林分下,土壤养分和凋落物养分存在显著差异,杉木-闽楠混交林土壤和凋落物养分显著高于杉木纯林、闽楠纯林,其土壤有机碳、全N、全P比杉木纯林高35.07%~52.63%,凋落物矿质元素含量比闽楠纯林高25.35%~45.16%。季节因子对土壤养分的影响高于凋落物养分,季节因子对凋落物矿质元素无显著影响。林分组成对土壤有机碳的影响主要通过改变土壤理化性质,特别是N素含量来影响土壤有机碳;季节因子对土壤有机碳的影响通过改变水热条件及凋落物分解速率,从而影响土壤有机碳的输入、输出。研究结果对南方红壤地区水土保持林的营造具有一定的参考意义。