Effects of different levels of compost application on amounts and distribution of organic nitrogen forms in soil particle size fractions subjected mainly to double cropping

Effects of different levels of compost application on the amounts and percentage distribution of organic N forms in whole soils and particle size fractions were investigated. Soil samples were collected from three plots: (a) F, only chemical fertilizers;(b) F+LC, chemical fertilizers plus low level of compost;(c) F+HC, chemical fertilizers plus high level of compost. Each soil sample was divided into five fractions: coarse sand-sized aggregate (CSA), medium sand-sized aggregate (MSA), fine sand-sized aggregate (FSA), silt-sized aggregate (SIA) and clay-sized aggregate (CLA) fractions. The sand fractions were subdivided into decayed plants (DP) and mineral particles (MP). The amounts of total N and different organic N forms in the whole soils as well as size fractions generally increased with increasing the amount of compost. In the whole soils, percentage distribution of non-hydrolysable-N and amino sugar-N increased by compost application while the distribution values of the hydrolysable ammonium- N and unidentified-N decreased. The application did not affect the distribution degree of amino acid-N. In the size fractions, the distribution values of most organic N forms increased in the CSA-DP, MSA-DP and FSA-DP fractions by compost application. In the CLA fractions, the amounts and percentage distribution of organic N forms were the highest, although the application caused decreases in their distribution values. These findings indicate that the CLA fraction merit close attention as an important reservoir of various organic N.

CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF AEROSOLS IN THE KUROSHIO AREA——II.CHEMICAL FORMS AND SIZE DISTRIBUTIONS OF TRACE METALS

Aerosol samples were collected with a Sierrer Model 235 cascade impactor in the marine atmosphere over the Kuroshio area in consecutive four seasons from 1987 to 1988. Na, G, Al, V, and water soluble and acid soluble Mn, Fe, Pb, Cu, V, Cd were determined by neutron activation analysis and atomic absorption spectrophotometry, respectively. Seawater source chemical species in the aerosols appeared in high content in large over 3.6um diameter particles, and crustal source vanadium appeared in 3.6um diameter particles, but pollution source vanadium appeared in less than 0.52um diameter particles. Trace metals in the aerosols mostly had the highest concentration of water soluble metals on fine particles, and acid soluble metals on large particles. The concentrations of trace metals in the aerosols were higher in autumn and winter, lower in spring and summer.

Forms of phosphorus and silicon in the natural grain size surface sediments of the southern Bohai Sea

The forms of phosphorus and silicon in the natural grain sizes surface sediments of the southern Bohai Sea were studied. In sediments, the organic matter bound form of phosphorus was the main form of transferable phosphorus and ranged from 0.37 μmol/g to 1.57 μmol/g, accounting for 10.7% of the total phosphorus, others were the carbonate bound form, iron manganese oxide bound form and ion exchange able form; the transferable form of phosphorus accounted for 19.2% of the total phosphorus. Silicon’s carbonate bound form was predominant over others among its transferable forms, and content ranged from 1.55 μmol/g to 8.94 μmol/g, accounting for 0.05% of the total silicon; the total amount of transferable silicon forms accounted for only 0.12% of the total silicon. Therefore, 19.2% of the total phosphorus and 0.12% of the total silicon contained in the surface sediments of the southern Bohai Sea could participate in the biogeochemical cycling.

Study of Magnetic Force Distribution for Electromagnetic V-shape Bending Forming of Small Size Flat Sheet

Electromagnetic V-shape bending of small size sheet blank is investigated numerically and experimentally. Three-dimensional electromagnetic field models are established to calculate the magnetic force distribution on the sheet by software ANSYS / EMAG. Series of electromagnetic V-shape bending forming experiments are presented,in which small size uniform pressure coil and big size round flat spiral coil are used. The results show that small size uniform pressure coil is not suitable for electromagnetic forming of small size flat sheet,and the coil is susceptible to failure such as bulging,ablation and cracking. When the plane dimension of round flat spiral coil is bigger than sheet blank sizes,the induced current crowding effect will be resulted which seriously influence the magnetic force distribution on the sheet. In this case,magnetic force distribution can be adjusted through the change of the relative position between coil and sheet,the desired deformation can be obtained finally. Therefore,big size round flat spiral coil can be well applied to electromagnetic V-shape bending forming of small size flat sheet.

Study on Body Form and Garment Size Series of the Middle Age and Aged People

This paper was designed to analyze on the data,which was obtained from 'National Physique Fitness Investigation Report (2000)'.In order to get the typical body form and figure type of the middle age and aged people,it was focused on the body form data of this group (age 4060)[1].After calculation and analyzing,the distinguishing feature of body form and the distribution of figure type were deduced.Finally,the re-classification of body form for Chinese middle age and aged people was suggested.It as also suggested that a new garment size series especially for the middle age and aged should be built to fit for these people.This conclusion would be useful and significant to design and production for clothing company,especially that who take the aged people as their target consumer.

复杂微型构件特种能场辅助微成形研究进展

随着复杂微型构件特征尺寸的不断减小,尺度范围不断扩大,材料种类日益增多,单纯依靠模具施加载荷的塑性微成形技术受到越来越多的挑战,成为制约微型构件实际应用的关键技术瓶颈。特种能场微成形技术利用超声场、电场和电磁场等能场与材料相互作用产生的特殊物理效应进行微加工,可以明显改善材料的塑性流动,降低微成形载荷,从而显著提高微型构件成形质量。本文综述了超声场、电场和电磁场等特种能场作用下塑性微成形的研究进展。首先探讨了特种能场作用下材料力学性能响应机制及微成形尺度极限,其次介绍了特种能场作用下微成形过程中材料微观组织结构演化与缺陷形成机理,最后总结了特种能场辅助微成形的关键工艺参数及其对成形质量的影响规律,强调了通过优化工艺参数实现高精度成形的重要性,为复杂微型构件的低成本、高效制造提供了新的技术路径。

新零售业态下中小型网店运营策略

新零售背景下,当下网店运营与服务模式均迎来了新的转变,各种企业的信息更加透明化,通过对无形资源价值动态的把握来创造更多的有形、无形资源的抓取。另外新零售模式也使得以前对于不对称、信息差认知的可能逐步降低。新零售模式下整体的行业信息透明化、对策化幅度逐渐升高,从以前的单纯成交的关系逐步转化成现在以客户关系为中心的管理模式。当下针对零售企业提高创新服务模式,做好创新服务模式的绩效,以服务创新驱动力模型将内部和外部因素进行总体把握问题,从经济价值,功能价值,情感价值三方面充分考虑到顾客的主张,希望通过理论综述结合案例分析对于新零售背景下的服务模式以及营销方式背后的作用机理开展进一步的研究,以期对于理论和实践具有一定的指导价值。

航空大型复杂钛框预锻成形初始毛坯优化

以某TA15钛合金框为例,采用数值模拟、响应面分析及物理模拟实验相结合的方法对预锻成形的初始毛坯形状尺寸进行了优化。构建了初始毛坯的参数化几何模型;建立了预锻成形有限元模型和响应面实验方案;以型腔各区域同时靠模为目标,根据不同初始毛坯的模拟结果,建立毛坯几何尺寸与模具型腔充填之间的定量关联关系,并通过极值求解计算出最优毛坯几何尺寸;最后采用有限元模拟和物理模拟实验验证了初始毛坯优化的可靠性和准确性。结果表明,该方法能有效克服大型复杂钛框预锻成形中常见的填充不满、成形载荷过大等问题,实现预锻件在型腔不同区域同时靠模。

植物纤维拆解及自成型技术研究进展

植物纤维属于植物的厚壁组织,植物纤维的利用对我国减少碳排放,实现碳中和目标具有重要意义。植物纤维是一种具备高长径比,能够自交织成型的生物质材料,将其加工成纤维制品,可以减轻对石油基等不可再生资源的依赖。重点介绍了化学拆解、物理拆解和生物拆解获得不同尺度植物纤维的机理、优缺点,并且对拆解后不同尺度的植物纤维所需的成型工艺和发展趋势进行了综述。未来需要在木质素高效拆解的基础上,开发不同尺度纤维的高效成型技术,使预处理和成型工艺更加低碳环保,提高植物纤维制品的应用效果和使用性能。

既有中小型酒店更新改造设计研究——以济南东源大厦为例

随着经济增长与社会发展,城市更新的需求不断加强,既有酒店建筑作为城市的重要构成,其更新改造随之提上日程。酒店建筑的改造涉及的学科范围广泛,门类众多,其改造设计策略仍待于实践中持续探索。文章选择了济南市东源大厦改造更新的实践案例,从院落环境升级,外部形态更新,内部功能改造等方面分析,对现有中小型酒店建筑更新改造的设计方法进行探索,提出场地景观重新规划、对立面入口更新、优化交通流线、公共空间重组、房型升级的具体改造方法,使其融入城市环境,满足使用需求,为更多此类工程提供一个思路与借鉴。

沉积物粒径对磷营养盐释放的影响试验

为探究环境因子对湖泊沉积物营养盐释放的影响规律,以雁鸣湖为研究对象,通过室内试验探讨了5种粒径(0.08、0.15、0.30、0.425和1.00 mm)沉积物对磷营养盐释放的影响。结果表明,5种形态磷含量变化均随沉积物粒径的增大而增多;不同沉积物粒径条件下,同一种形态磷含量达到释放平稳所需的时间相同;而各形态磷之间呈现不同的释放规律,达到释放平稳所需的时间也不同;曲线拟合得出总磷(TP)、溶解性总磷(DTP)、溶解性活性磷(SRP)和颗粒态磷(PP)含量与沉积物粒径的最优拟合函数均为对数函数,溶解性有机磷(DOP)含量与沉积物粒径的最优拟合函数为线性函数。

铝材极板冲压成形晶体塑性有限元仿真分析

为研究双极板微成形过程中的尺寸效应问题,采用多通道结构,选用0.1 mm厚的1060纯铝片作为研究材料,通过Neper软件建立不同晶粒尺寸的多晶Voronoi模型,利用Python脚本为每个晶粒赋予随机取向,以模拟微冲压变形过程。通过晶体塑性有限元仿真成形研究晶粒尺寸对微冲压过程和质量的影响,包括极限成形深度、载荷-行程关系、尺寸精度以及成形厚度分布等方面。研究结果表明:随着晶粒尺寸的增加,板材极限成形深度在减小,最大变形载荷逐渐减小,厚度分布也更加不均匀,尤其是在拐角区域出现最薄的位置。

高纯度碳化硅单晶粉料合成工艺

从碳化硅晶体生长工艺理论角度分析碳化硅粉料合成的工艺机理,对国内合成工艺现状进行综述,分析粉料合成的物相、粒径、纯度以及氮含量对长晶工艺的影响,结合长晶试验理论结果,制定粉料合成的工艺目标。采用粉料原位合成方式获得0.5~2.0 mm(8~40目)粒径的碳化硅单晶生长用高纯度粉料,晶型单一,纯度大于5N。经过后处理生长获得6英寸4H晶型的碳化硅晶锭,晶型单一,电阻率均匀,微管指标达到0.1个/cm^(2)以下。

脉冲电流对6061T6铝合金流动摩擦挤压成形微观组织的影响

通过在流动摩擦挤压成形过程中施加脉冲电流,研究了脉冲电流对6061T6铝合金流动摩擦挤压成形性能的影响,同时,借助EBSD和TEM研究了脉冲电流对变形区材料组织演变的影响规律。结果表明:脉冲电流降低了材料的变形抗力,提高了材料的流动性,在下行速度0.6 mm·min^(-1)、转速950 r·min^(-1)以及下压量3 mm条件下,施加3800 A的脉冲电流可使6061T6铝合金的流动摩擦挤压成形高度从15 mm提高到20 mm。脉冲电流的施加促进了变形过程中再结晶的发生,细化了不同变形区的组织,并提高了变形区大角度晶界的比例;流动摩擦挤压成形后材料内部存在大量的线性位错、网状位错以及由位错攀移形成的位错墙;施加脉冲电流后,材料在搅拌力和挤压力的复合作用下发生大塑性变形,晶粒破碎,形成大量的纳米晶。

石油焦粉焦粒度重构试验研究

采用低灰粘结剂开展了石油焦粉焦的粒度重构试验,研究了粘结剂用量、水的用量、粉焦粒度分布等因素对试验结果的影响。在试验条件下,复合粘结剂和水的用量越大,型焦生块的落下强度越高;复合粘结剂用量越大,煅烧后型焦颗粒稳定性越高;粉焦粒度分布和粉焦自身水含量对煅烧后型焦的颗粒稳定性影响不大;添加20%煅烧后型焦制备的试验阳极,与对比阳极相比理化指标基本无明显差异。

爆炸成型弹丸侵彻不同材料靶板后效破片特性试验研究

为研究靶板材料性能对爆炸成型弹丸(Explosively Formed Projectile,EFP)侵彻靶后破片特性的影响,开展EFP侵彻不同材料靶板(Q235钢、45号钢、装甲钢、2A12铝)后效破片特性试验,采用X光摄影方法观测靶后破片云形态及膨胀尺寸,通过布置多层纤维板获得破片散布特性,并对靶后破片进行回收。研究结果表明:在靶板密度一定的情况下,靶板强度主要影响破片云轴向膨胀能力,对径向膨胀能力影响很小;靶后破片环形毁伤区的飞散角位于20°~25°范围内差别不大,但是靶板背面出口崩落会造成靶后破片飞散角出现极大值,随着钢靶强度的增大,靶后破片径向散布增强,破片总数减小,但是大质量段钢破片数量增多;不同强度钢靶产生的钢破片平均尺寸满足Kipp等提出的基于材料流动应力的碎片尺寸模型。

高速钢M42喷射成形余粉组织性能分析

喷射成形工艺不可避免会产生喷射余粉,对喷射成形高速钢M42喷射余粉进行了成分、气体含量、形貌以及组织性能研究。结果表明,M42喷射余粉氧含量为267×10^(-6)、氮含量为374×10^(-6),大部分粉末呈球形,尺寸为140μm;喷射余粉为树枝晶组织,内部组织为基体+网状碳化物,碳化物类型大部分为M2C类型碳化物,尺寸为0.4~0.6μm,存在少量的M6C类型碳化物,尺寸为2μm。M42喷射余粉粒度呈正态分布,具有较好的流动性且松装密度、振实密度较高,分别达到了理论密度的62%和68%,粉末在后续热等静压包套制备过程中具备良好填充性和均匀性。

Microstructure evolution model based on deformation mechanism of titanium alloy in hot forming

The microstructure evolution in hot forming will affect the mechanical properties of the formed product. However, the microstructure is sensitive to the process variables in deformation process of metals and alloys. A microstructure evolution model of a titanium alloy in hot forming, which included dislocation density rate and primary α phase grain size, was presented according to the deformation mechanism and driving forces, in which the effect of the dislocation density rate on the grain growth was studied firstly. Applying the model to the high temperature deformation process of a TC6 alloy with deformation temperature of 11331223K, strain rate of 0.0150s^-1 and height reduction of 30%, 40% and 50%, the material constants in the present model were calculated by the genetic algorithm(GA) based objective optimization techniques. The calculated results of a TC6 alloy are in good agreement with the experimental ones.

Foam Forming: An Effective Method to Prepare Polyimide Fiber-based Paper

Well-dispersed fiber suspension is the precondition of good paper formation. Compared with cellulosic fibers, synthetic fibers are prone to flocculate because of their long length and hydrophobic nature, resulting in poor paper formation. To solve this problem, dispersants and extremely low forming consistency are typically adopted during the traditional wet-forming process, which cause a large amount of water consumption and treatment cost. Therefore, increasing forming consistency without compromising paper formation remains a challenge for papermakers. In this work, foam forming was adopted to disperse polyimide fibers (PI) with high forming consistency. The results showed that the formation index of handsheets increased when the bubble size and distribution became small and narrow. Compared with traditional wet-forming process with the same consistency (0.4%), the formation index of handsheets by foam forming increased by approximately 100% when C8 alkyl glucoside (APG08) concentration reached 16 g/L. Notably, forming consistency could increase by eight times while keeping the same level of paper formation. Overall, foam forming exhibits great advantages in dispersing long fiber and reducing water consumption and environmental pressure, and has potential applications in specialty paper made of long fibers.

基于GA-BP神经网络的喷射成形锭坯形貌调控技术

随着现代技术的发展,在汽车和航空航天等领域都在追求材料的轻量化,而材料的高强度高韧性是轻量化的基础。7000系铝合金(Al-Zn-Mg-Cu系铝合金)具有高强度、高硬度、良好的耐腐蚀性能等优点,其中7055铝合金是所有铝合金中强度最高的。喷射成形工艺是7055铝合金常用的制备方法。铝合金锭坯在沉积过程中的稳定生长是喷射成形工艺制备形貌一致、沉积质量均匀的大规格锭坯的基础。受喷射成形过程中众多工艺参数变化的影响,现有的理论模型难以满足实际生产过程中质量控制要求。文中通过所采集的喷射成形过程工艺历史数据与锭坯沉积表面直径的相关性分析,结合BP神经网络与遗传算法,构建锭坯直径的GA-BP神经网络预测模型及生长速度调控模型;根据工艺参数的实时波动,计算直径变化量,作为输入层导入经过训练的速度调节神经网络模型,对沉积基底的升降速度进行优化调控,使得锭坯沉积生长形貌均匀稳定。最后采用该方法对锭坯沉积生长速度调控工艺进行实验分析。结果表明,通过该工艺参数优化方法制备的大规格锭坯直径尺寸偏差在5%以内,验证了生长速度调节的可行性。