Variations of plant life form diversity along the Northeast China Transect and its direct gradient analysis

Plant life form diversity and its direct gradient analysis on a larger scale climate change gradient were tested, based on the data from Northeast China Transect platform. The results showed that the species numbers, life form richness and life form diversity were relative higher at the eastern forests and the ecotone between typical vegetation, while those on the meadow grasslands and typical steppes were lower. Although plant life forms can reflect the climate variations, life form diversity is not consistent with the major global gradient along the NECT.

Diversity and Application of Herbaceous Flowers in Urban Road Greening in Hefei City

In urban road greening,the planting of ground cover flowers is essential,and herbaceous flowers are an important part.Through the investigation on the diversity of herbaceous flowers in urban road green spaces of Hefei City,the types,colors,application frequency and planting of herbaceous flowers in urban road green spaces were statistically analyzed,and the application forms of herbaceous flowers in the road greening of Hefei City were studied.The characteristics and problems of herbaceous flowers in the road greening of Hefei City were found,and some development suggestions were put forward.

Meaning's Death and Rebirth-Analysis on the Content and Form of Robert Morgan's"Mountain Graveyard"

This thesis mainly analyzes the content and form of Robert Morgan's postmodern poem"Mountain Graveyard". With New Criticism's method of close reading, it firstly explores the possible interpretations of the poem's content. Then it analyzes the post-modernity due to the poem's form, pointing out that with the unique form breaking traditional poetry's conventions, and the upspring of multiple meanings from the content, this poem presents brilliantly the postmodern spirit, which rejects definite centers and embraces various diversity of meaning.

Forest plant biological diversity in Liangshui Nature Reserve

Investigations of forest plant biological diversity were conducted in Liangshui Nature Reserve, Xiaoxing’an Mountains in eastern Heilongjiang Province. Six samples were selected to initiate fieldwork in spring,summer and autumn. Two samples were added to the whole experiment. Results showed that plant biological diversity in the natural reserve varied with seasons as well as plant growth forms. Generalty the highest diversity values occurred in spring in the communities. Herb species had richer diversity than those of either shrub species or wood species. Species richness, diversity and evenness were quoted in the analysis.

A Rapid Assessment of Scleractinian and Non-Scleractinian Coral Growth Forms Along the Saudi Arabian Coast, Red Sea

In this study we assessed the current status of coral reefs along the Saudi Arabian coast of the Red Sea. Among the three growth forms of Acroporid corals, the branching forms were found to dominate in the Farassan Islands （44.55%±11.10% cover） fol-lowed by tabular forms in the Doga Islands （ranging between 18%±6.47% and 18.30%±9.47% cover）. Digitate forms were rarely found along the coast except at Maqna. Among the five growth forms of non-Acroporid corals, we observed maximum cover of branching forms in the Yanbu offshore area （58.89%±15.11% cover） followed by the Jeddah coast （24.76%±14.04% cover）. The Millepora spp., a non-Scleractinian coral, was abundant at all the near-shore sites, such as Jeddah （10.70%±8.21%） and A1-Wajh （9.81%±6.69%）. The live coral cover （including both Scleractinian and non-Scleractinian corals） of Saudi Red Sea coast was seen to be higher in the north and gradually decrease towards the south. Principal Component analysis showed that the contribution of Acro- porid corals was greater in the southern region than in the northem and middle regions, but vice-versa in the case of non-Acroporid corals. Bray-Curtis cluster analysis categorized all the study sites into two major clusters with 60% similarity. Among them, one cluster-forming sites from Maqna to Masturah （Northem region） and the second one comprised the middle and southem regions （Jeddah to Farassan Islands）, and one outlier Rabigh.

Host plant traits play a crucial role in shaping the composition of epiphytic microbiota in the arid desert,Northwest China

Phyllosphere microorganisms are a crucial component of environmental microorganisms,highly influenced by host characteristics,and play a significant role in plant health and productivity.Nonetheless,the impact of host characteristics on shaping phyllosphere microbial communities of plants with different life forms remains ambiguous.Utilizing high-throughput sequencing technology,this study analyzed the diversity and community composition of phyllosphere epiphytic microorganisms(e.g.,bacteria and fungi)of various plant life forms in the hinterland of the Gurbantunggut Desert,Northwest China.Functional annotation of prokaryotic taxa(FAPROTAX)and fungi function guild(FUNGuild)were employed to assess the ecological functions of microorganisms and to investigate the role of stochastic and deterministic processes in shaping phyllosphere microbial communities.Result showed a diverse array of phyllosphere epiphytic microorganisms in the desert plants,with Proteobacteria,Cyanobacteria,and Actinobacteriota dominating bacterial community,while Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were prevalent in fungal community.Comparison across different plant life forms highlighted distinct microbial communities,indicating strong filtering effects by plant characteristics.FAPROTAX prediction identified intracellular parasites(accounting for 27.44%of bacterial community abundance),chemoheterotrophy(10.12%),and phototrophy(17.41%)as the main functions of epiphytic bacteria on leaves of different life form plants.FUNGuild prediction indicated that phyllosphere epiphytic fungi primarily served as Saprotrophs(81.77%),Pathotrophs(17.41%),and Symbiotrophs(0.82%).Co-occurrence network analysis demonstrated a predominance of positive correlations among different microbial taxa.Raup-Crick dissimilarity index analysis revealed that deterministic processes predominantly influenced phyllosphere bacterial and fungal community assembly.Variance partitioning analysis and random forest modeling suggested that plant leaf functional traits significantly impacted both bacterial and fungal community composition,with fungal community composition showing a closer association with leaf nutrients and physiology compared with bacterial community composition.The distinct responses of bacterial and fungal communities to plant traits were attributed to the differing properties of bacteria and fungi,such as bacteria having higher potential dispersal rates and broader ecological niches than fungi.Overall,the results indicate that phyllosphere bacterial and fungal communities undergo similar community assembly processes,with fungi being more influenced by plant characteristics than bacteria.These findings offer novel insights into the ecology of phyllosphere microbial communities of desert plants.

形成性考核评价探索与实践--以行业特色专业课为例

在教育信息化改革的背景下,信息技术赋能教学过程,支持可循证的教学过程记录和形成性考核评价改革。该文以促进新时代教育评价为目标,面向行业需求采用基于能力指标体系的形成性考核评价方式,并对可视化呈现方式进行探索。为全面体现学生学习效果、进一步开展学习分析及有针对性地持续改进学习策略提供研究基础。

Soil and altitude drive diversity and functioning of Brazilian Páramos(campo de altitude)

Aims the vegetation on Brazilian Páramos consists of assemblages that are driven mainly by the influence of strong environmental filtering.It is very important to understand the effect of environmental varia-tion on taxonomic diversity and on functional diversity.considering the lack of information about the functional diversity in Brazilian Páramos,we analyzed for the first time the effects of altitude and edaphic attributes on functional traits,as well as on taxonomic and functional diversity.We also wanted to answer the questions:Which ecological strategies are favorable in high-altitude grassland?Does soil attributes determine distributions of traits in high-altitude grassland?considering the studied altitudinal gradient is altitude an important variable in the community assembly?Methods the study was conducted on three mountains:Mammoth(1850 m),Elephant(1790 m)and totem(1690 m)in Serra do Brigadeiro State Park,Minas Gerais State,Brazil.those mountains represent the‘Serra das cabeças’,a smaller ridge that is surrounded by the Atlantic Forest,one of the 25 hotspot of biodiversity.the samples were taken using 100 plots of 1 m2 per mountain that were randomly distributed.All plants except mosses were sampled.the taxonomic diversity was evaluated using richness,Shannon diversity,effective number of species and Pielou evenness.For the functional diver-sity,we considered the functional richness,functional evenness and functional divergence.Generalized linear models(GLM/Poisson and quasi-Poisson)were used to evaluate the effect of abiotic variables(altitude,soil depth and soil chemical attributes)on biotic variables(number of species and individuals,life form,dispersal and fruit type)and ordinary least squares regression to evaluate the effect of abiotic variables on the functional and taxonomic diversity.Important Findingsthe soil variables presented a considerable edaphic gradient associated with altitude.the soil in Serra das cabeças plays an important role for the plant diversity:richness and diversity index were positively related with fertility.With regard to the life form,nanophanerophytes tended to increase with altitude and soil depth,while therophytes tended to decrease with altitude.the dispersal type was also associated with the abiotic variables:autochory decreases with altitude,while zoochory increases.Functional richness increases with fertility and the functional evenness with altitude.the studied gradient showed that altitude is working as a filter for functional traits and indices and is,together with soil attributes,an important determinant for the distribution of plants on Brazilian Páramos.

国外高校非传统型学术的兴起、挑战及其启示

随着博耶多元学术观的提出和大学科研非学术影响力评估的兴起,国外越来越多的高校开始把非传统型学术纳入教师评价体系。然而,这种改变并不意味着高校教师会立即改变其工作模式。在推动非传统型学术纳入教师评价体系的过程中,国外高校遇到了一系列挑战与阻碍,包括学术文化、终身教职与晋升政策、同行评议制度以及教师工作负担等。在深化新时代教育评价改革的背景下,我国高校应考虑将更多类型的非传统型学术纳入教师评价体系。它不仅有助于学界深化对什么是“科研成果”的理解,而且有助于高校教师破除“唯论文”的束缚,还有助于评价教师的“社会贡献”。但是,对其背后的挑战要有充分而清醒的认识。

The effects of evolutionary and environmental variance on estimates of phylogenetic diversity in temperate forest plots

Aims Phylogenetic diversity metrics can discern the relative contributions of ecological and evolutionary processes associated with the assembly of plant communities.However,the magnitude of the potential variation associated with phylogenetic methodologies,and its effect on estimates of phylogenetic diversity,remains poorly understood.Here,we assess how sources of variation associated with estimates of phylogenetic diversity can pote ntially affect our understanding of plant community structure for a series of temperate forest plots in China.Methods In total,20 forest plots,comprising of 274 woody species and 581 herbaceous species,were surveyed and sampled along an elevational gradient of 2800 m on Taibai Mountain,China.We used multi-model inference to search for the most parsimonious relationship between estimates of phylogenetic diversity and each of four predictors(i.e.type of phylogenetic reconstruction method,phylogenetic diversity metric,woody or herbaceous growth form and elevation),and their pairwise interactions.Important Findings There was nosignificant difference in patterns of phylogenetic diversity when using synthesis-based vs.molecular-based phylogenetic methods.Results showed that elevation,the type of phylogenetic diversity metric,growth form and their interactions,accounted for>44% of the variance in our estimates of phylogenetic diversity.In general,phylogenetic diversity decreased with increasing elevation;however,the trend was weaker for herbaceous plants than for woody plants.Moreover,the three phylogenetic diversity metrics showed consistent patterns(i.e.clustered)across the elevational gradient for woody plants.For herbaceous plants,the mean pairwise distanee showed a random distribution over the gradient.These results suggest that a better understanding of temperate forest comunity structure can be obtained when estimates of phylogenetic diversity include methodological and environmental sources of variation.

新型工业化与人类文明新形态

人类发展和文明形态的演变和繁荣,表现为艰难地开拓畅通之途。不同文明形态间的融合畅通意味着人类文明的更大进步。人类文明进程所面临的根本问题是,多样化的文明形态如何实现相互畅通、共存共荣?工业化的基本逻辑:机器替代人力,创新改变世界;无论“陆权”“海权”,工业能力是实权。新型工业化的经济学叙事原则就是:脱胎于传统工业化,又升华自传统工业化;扬弃传统工业化之弊端,又发扬传统工业化之张力。经济全球化多彩新格局的形成,可以获得中国创造的人类文明新形态的建构性支撑。同时,中国的新型工业化也可以获得经济全球化新格局的更大空间和多样化体系拓展。中国新型工业化是经济全球化新格局的创造性力量,不仅创造中华文明新形态,而且促进协调解决了世界不同文明形态的共存共荣问题。经济全球化需要建立和维护的是“安全畅通、规则平等、承认差异”的世界市场经济秩序。从经济学范式的底层逻辑说,必须从工具理性的一维执念变革为理性、文化、制度三维范式承诺,以体现人类文明新形态内涵的丰富性。

金马河沿岸次生林苔藓植物群落对人为干扰的响应

为探索人为干扰对四川金马河沿岸次生林苔藓植物群落的影响,通过分析比较不同干扰程度(轻度、中度、重度)区域苔藓植物的生态位、多样性、生活型、生长附着基质,研究苔藓植物群落特征和物种分布规律。结果表明,在金马河沿岸次生林地12块样地中共调查到苔藓植物15科23属34种,其中,苔类植物3科4属4种,藓类植物12科19属30种。优势科主要为青藓科和羽藓科,其中,细叶小羽藓具有最大的重要值和生态优势度,其重要值、生态位宽度和生态优势度分别为0.5368、2.4648、0.1169,占据重要生态位,台湾青藓次之。耐旱性强的丛集型苔藓植物种类随着人为干扰程度的增强而增加,占比从30.43%逐渐增至40.91%,且其重要值在重度干扰区位于前列。重度干扰区苔藓植物群落的物种丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均显著低于轻、中度干扰区(P<0.05),中度干扰区苔藓植物群落的Pielou均匀度指数显著高于其他两个干扰区(P<0.05)。重度干扰区苔藓植物附着在腐(枯)木的数量显著少于轻度干扰区(P<0.05),附着在树干的数量显著少于中度干扰区(P<0.05),且主要附着在土壤和岩石上,附着基质逐渐倾向于单一类型。金马河沿岸次生林重度干扰区的苔藓植物物种丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数显著降低(P<0.05),过度干扰会导致林地内生态环境和苔藓植物群落结构遭受破坏。

西双版纳热带雨林不同生长型木本植物功能多样性

[目的]通过分析西双版纳热带雨林不同生长型木本植物功能性状的差异,揭示热带雨林不同生长型木本植物功能多样性的变化规律以及影响因素。[方法]本文基于西双版纳国家级自然保护区勐仑、补蚌和尚勇等片区3块1 hm2动态监测样地的调查数据和木本植物功能性状数据,利用单因素方差分析、主成分分析、Pearson相关分析、冗余分析以及多元线性回归分析等方法,分析西双版纳热带雨林不同生长型木本植物功能多样性的差异,阐明热带雨林木本植物群落的功能特征及主要影响因子。[结果](1)乔木的叶面积、叶碳含量、叶干物质含量的群落加权平均值均显著高于灌木和藤本,而藤本叶氮含量和比叶面积的群落加权平均值显著高于乔木和灌木。(2)乔木功能丰富度和功能离散度高于灌木和藤本,而灌木功能均匀度和功能分异度均高于乔木和藤本。(3)乔木和藤本功能丰富度以及藤本功能离散度随物种丰富度、多度和系统发育多样性的增加而显著增大;乔木功能均匀度和功能分异度随土壤肥力的增大而显著增大,而灌木功能离散度随物种丰富度的增加而增大。(4)植物多度是影响乔木和灌木功能性状群落加权平均值的主要因素,而系统发育多样性、物种丰富度和土壤肥力是影响藤本功能性状群落加权平均值的主要因素。[结论]表明西双版纳热带雨林不同生长型木本植物群落在功能性状和功能多样性之间存在显著差异性,且植物多度和土壤肥力在热带雨林植物群落功能多样性维持机制中起到重要作用。

张家口崇礼区森林生物多样性及其垂直分布格局

选择张家口崇礼区东部山林,沿海拔高度设置样地,开展森林植被组成结构调查,分析其植被特征和生物多样性沿海拔高度的垂直分布规律.结果表明:森林植被类型以白桦为优势种的落叶阔叶林为主,随着山地海拔升高,逐渐演变为以华北落叶松为优势种的针叶林和针叶阔叶混交林.森林木本植物的物种多样性沿海拔高度呈现出先升高、后降低的变化趋势,多样性最大值区域位于海拔1900 m;森林物种丰富度主要受灌木层物种变化的影响.森林地表枯落物在海拔1500 m和1900 m样地积累较多,乔木植物对地表枯落物的贡献较大.

学术聘任制改革的全球扩散及其多元形态

20世纪90年代以来,受新公共管理运动和全球学术劳动力市场深度变革的影响,以终身教职制度为特征的美国学术聘任模式作为一种“典范”开始向其他国家和地区扩散,并呈现出制度内核趋同与形态多元的扩散格局。不同国家高等教育治理与法律规制的传统、高校教师的法律地位及学术劳动力市场的差异,使学术聘任制改革呈现出复杂性与多样性。其中德国采用了国家主导的、以立法规制为手段的自上而下的改革进路;中国则发展出事业单位体制改革背景下高校自主探索与国家政策吸纳相结合的府学互动的改革路径;芬兰的大学在获得独立法人地位之后,自下而上主动发起了以提升国际竞争力为目标的人事制度改革。各国在新型人事制度移植与扩散的过程中,不可避免地面临着复杂的法律风险与观念冲突。如何在传统与现代、专业自主与管理控制、职业安全与绩效竞争之间寻求平衡,如何将新型人事制度嵌入特定的国家治理与法律框架之中,构成学术聘任制改革的关键议题。

松嫩草甸草原植物群落物种组成和多样性对刈割和长期放牧的响应

为明晰不同利用方式对松嫩草甸草原不同植物群落物种组成和多样性的影响,本研究通过对松嫩平原西部地带性植被草甸草原在刈割和长期放牧利用下两种典型群落-羊草(Leymus chinensis)群落和野古草(Arundinella hirta)群落的调查与分析,探究了两种利用方式对群落植物物种组成、重要值、生活型、数量特征及多样性等指标的影响。结果表明:刈割和长期放牧下羊草群落物种数为18种和21种,禾本科植物占比最高,分别为33.3%和45.45%;野古草群落物种数分别为39种和32种,禾本科植物占比为23.1%和21.9%。长期放牧增加羊草群落地面芽植物和野古草群落一年生植物占比,降低野古草群落地面芽植物占比。两种利用方式下两个群落饲用价值类型均以优良牧草的种类最多,占比分别为58.76%(刈割羊草群落)、53.33%(长期放牧羊草群落)、46.56%(刈割野古草群落)和46.63%(长期放牧野古草群落)。长期放牧显著降低了两个植物群落的盖度、高度和生物量(P <0.05)。与刈割相比,长期放牧下植物群落的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Simpson多样性指数均呈增加趋势。长期放牧下羊草群落和野古草群落S?rensen相似性指数更高,两个群落植物物种相似度更高;而Cody指数在刈割利用下更高,两个群落物种组成在刈割利用下的变化幅度更大。刈割和放牧对松嫩草甸草原不同植物群落的组成和多样性能够产生不同程度的影响,合理适度的利用方式和保护措施将更有利于对草原资源的可持续利用。

象山无居民岛屿植物区系和群落构成

岛屿因其独特的地理和生态特征拥有丰富的生物多样性.为了给中国东部象山海域无居民岛屿的植物多样性保护提供基础数据和科学支撑,本文结合样方和样线方法对浙江省象山县30座无居民岛屿的维管束植物进行了调查,并分析岛屿植物区系、群落构成和植物物种多样性.结果表明:(1)研究区共发现维管束植物95科220属304种.(2)岛屿植物属区系成分复杂,15种区系皆有分布,热带成分占44.26%,温带、亚热带成分占55.74%.(3)岛屿植被类型以常绿阔叶林和灌草丛为主,共有27种植物群落,乔木层优势物种以马尾松(Pinus massoniana)、青冈(Quercus glauca)和黄檀(Dalbergia hupeana)为主;灌木层、草本层的优势种取决于其所处的环境.(4)岛屿物种丰富度与面积呈现显著正相关(P<0.001),但是不同生活型植物之间对面积的变化程度存在差异,草本变化程度最小,乔木最大.

西藏墨脱苔藓植物多样性初步研究

墨脱因其特殊的地理位置和巨大的海拔高差使得该地区拥有丰富的植物种类,其独特的自然地理和独特的气候条件为苔藓植物的分布孕育了多种多样的生境,形成了多样化的苔藓植物群落。为研究西藏墨脱苔藓植物多样性及其生活型组成特征,采用线路采集的方式对该地区苔藓植物进行调查和标本采集,物种鉴定和相关分析。结果表明:(1)墨脱共有苔藓植物83科239属631种(含变种、亚种),其中,角苔2科2属2种,苔类植物38科68属217种,藓类植物43科169属412种。该区苔藓植物有19个优势科,26个优势属和19个优势种。(2)墨脱不同基质苔藓植物群落类型特征中,岩面薄土生群落共有苔藓植物327种,占该区苔藓植物总数的51.83%;石生群落共有苔藓植物216种,占该区苔藓植物总数的34.23%;土生群落共有苔藓植物173种,占该区苔藓植物总数的27.42%;树附生群落共有苔藓植物97种,占该区苔藓植物总数的15.37%,叶附生群落共有苔藓植物21种,占该区苔藓植物总数的3.32%。总体分析,墨脱良好的自然环境条件为丰富的苔藓植物生存提供了保障。

大熊猫国家公园周边地区的聚落景观多样性及其演变趋势——以四川岷山片区为例

【目的】分析大熊猫国家公园及其周边聚落景观的多样性与演变趋势,为保护国家公园文化景观多样性、推动区域健康协调发展奠定基础。【方法】通过实地调研、GIS空间分析与数据统计,探究大熊猫国家公园岷山片区及周边地区乡土聚落的分布特征、聚居结构、建筑类型、文化符号与景观风貌的多样性。【结果】在空间分布上,国家公园内聚落密度明显低于周边地区;聚落的聚居结构主要为中心聚集、无中心聚集、散列、散点四大类型;民居建筑涵盖穿斗木框架民居、石砌民居、下石上木型民居、夯土民居等类型;拥有丰富多样的文化符号与绚丽多彩的景观风貌。进一步探讨其演变趋势发现:①1980—2020年间,大熊猫国家公园岷山片区内乡土聚落数量与面积相比周边地区减少趋势更快,聚落数量减少282个,占研究区域减少总量的17.37%,聚落面积减少10.26 km^(2),呈规模集中化趋势;②易地搬迁、集中安置过程中,聚居结构趋向单一,新建聚落多为带状、网格状等规整结构;③民居建筑与景观风貌趋于现代化、同质化,建筑与景观风貌多样性降低;④保护地在一定程度上降低了不同地区的人员交往与文化交流,导致景观基因隔离发展。【结论】国家公园在注重物种保护的同时应兼顾聚落景观多样性、人文多样性保护,可从开展聚落景观多样性普查入手,优化移民安置与风貌建设管理措施,科学引导传统民居有机更新,适当保留必要的人文交流廊道,合理划定人文缓冲区等方面进行深入探索。

中华文明的特质形态与中国式现代化新道路

中国特殊的地理环境与气候条件,孕育了1万年来南北两大农牧生产区;在此基础上,5000年前又形成了8个文明区。这两大农牧区与8个文明区是中华文明特质形态的基础,也是党的二十大报告提出的“以中国式现代化全面推进中华民族伟大复兴”的深厚历史文化依据。中华文明研究要在马克思主义唯物史观指导下,以百年考古所取得的成果为依据,结合历史学、文献学等学科,就中华文明史上一些重大历史课题展开深入探讨,从而为当今的国家文化战略、时代命题提供强有力的学理支撑。在研究过程中,要坚持“两个结合”,立足中国,借鉴国外,挖掘历史,关怀人类,面向未来,建构中华文明“三大体系”,深入阐释中国式现代化新道路与人类文明新形态。