Formal Inferring the Law of Conservation of Energy from Assuming A-Priori-ness of Knowledge in a Formal Axiomatic Epistemology System Sigma

The research purpose is invention (construction) of a formal logical inference of the Law of Conservation of Energy within a logically formalized axiomatic epistemology-and-axiology theory Sigma from a precisely defined assumption of a-priori-ness of knowledge. For realizing this aim, the following work has been done: 1) a two-valued algebraic system of formal axiology has been defined precisely and applied to proper-philosophy of physics, namely, to an almost unknown (not-recognized) formal-axiological aspect of the physical law of conservation of energy;2) the formal axiomatic epistemology-and-axiology theory Sigma has been defined precisely and applied to proper-physics for realizing the above-indicated purpose. Thus, a discrete mathematical model of relationship between philosophy of physics and universal epistemology united with formal axiology has been constructed. Results: 1) By accurate computing relevant compositions of evaluation-functions within the discrete mathematical model, it is demonstrated that a formal-axiological analog of the great conservation law of proper physics is a formal-axiological law of two-valued algebra of metaphysics. (A precise algorithmic definition of the unhabitual (not-well-known) notion “formal-axiological law of algebra of metaphysics” is given.) 2) The hitherto never published significantly new nontrivial scientific result of investigation presented in this article is a formal logical inference of the law of conservation of energy within the formal axiomatic theory Sigma from conjunction of the formal-axiological analog of the law of conservation of energy and the assumption of a-priori-ness of knowledge.

A Formal Deductive Inference of the Law of Inertia in a Logically Formalized Axiomatic Epistemology System Sigma from the Assumption of Knowledge A-Priori-Ness

The general purpose of the research—systematical clarifying and explicating the too vague proper philosophical concepts of space, void, matter, motion, inertia, for making a logical harmony between them and the corresponding notions of proper physics. The special purpose of the research—invention (construction) of a formal inference of the well-known Newton’s first law of mechanics within a logically formalized axiomatic epistemology system from a set of precisely defined presumptions. For realizing this aim the following work has been done: a two-valued algebraic system of metaphysics as formal axiology has been applied to philosophical epistemology and philosophy of nature;a formal axiomatic theory called Sigma has been applied to physics for realizing the above-indicated special purpose of the research. Thus, constructing a discrete mathematical model of relationship between universal epistemology and philosophy of physics has been done. Research results: The main hitherto not published significantly new nontrivial scientific result of applied investigations presented in this article is a formal inference of the well-known Newton’s first law of mechanics within the formal axiomatic epistemology system Sigma from conjunction of the formal-axiological analog of the proper-law-of-mechanics (which analog is the formal-axiological law of two-valued algebra of metaphysics) and the assumption of a-priori-ness of knowledge. For obtaining this main research result, a set of accessory nontrivial novelties has been used, for instance;a precise algorithmic definition is given for the notion “law of metaphysics” in the algebraic system of metaphysics as formal axiology;a formal-axiological equivalence in the algebraic system is defined precisely. Precise tabular definitions are given for relevant evaluation-functions determined by evaluation-arguments, for example;“movement of (what, whom) x”;“speed of x”;“vector of x”;“velocity of x”;“magnitude of x”;“finiteness (definiteness) of x”;“dynamical closed-ness (isolated-ness) of x”;“constant-ness, immutability, conservation of x”.

法治与形式原则的性能:以形式与实质关系为中心

法治理论的争论主题之一是形式与实质的关系,其中涉及形式原则的性能。形式原则的性能可以从三个方面检视:形式性、自足性、充分性。形式原则具有形式性,但是并非纯粹,它们可能关涉法律规范的内容安排以及实质价值在规范内容上的贯彻效果,它们的解释适用也会受到实质价值的影响。形式原则具有指引法治实践的能力,但是并不自足,其自身无法解决遵守程度和例外问题,也无法消弭不同原则间的内在张力。对于有限、抽象的法治构成目标来说,形式原则可以作为构成条件,然而对于更具实践性的法治实现目标而言,就不敷其用了。法律的形式与实质相互联系,相互塑造。当法治对法律的形式提出要求,实践这种要求难免会牵连法律的实质。法治不可缺少形式原则,但是形式原则并非如通常想象的那样纯粹、自足和万能。

Formally Deriving the Third Newton’s Law from a Pair of Nontrivial Assumptions in a Formal Axiomatic Theory “Sigma-V”

The article is devoted to hitherto never undertaken applying an almost unknown logically formalized axiomatic epistemology-and-axiology system called “Sigma-V” to the Third Newton’s Law of mechanics. The author has continued investigating the extraordinary (paradigm-breaking) hypothesis of formal-axiological interpreting Newton’s mathematical principles of natural philosophy and, thus, has arrived to discrete mathematical modeling a system of formal axiology of nature by extracting and systematical studying its proper algebraic aspect. Along with the proper algebraic machinery, the axiomatic (hypothetic-deductive) method is exploited in this investigation systematically. The research results are the followings. 1) The Third Newton’s Law of mechanics has been modeled by a formal-axiological equation of two-valued algebraic system of metaphysics as formal axiology. (Precise defining the algebraic system is provided.) The formal-axiological equation has been established (and examined) in this algebraic system by accurate computing compositions of relevant evaluation-functions. Precise tabular definitions of the evaluation-functions are given. 2) The wonderful formula representing the Third Newton’s Law (in the relevant physical interpretation of the formal theory Sigma-V) has been derived logically in Sigma-V from the presumption of a-priori-ness of knowledge. A precise axiomatic definition of the nontrivial notion “a-priori-ness of knowledge” is given. The formal derivation is implemented in strict accordance with the rigor standard of D. Hilbert’s formalism;hence, checking the formal derivation submitted in this article is not a difficult task. With respect to proper theoretical physics, the formal inference is a nontrivial scientific novelty which has not been discussed and published elsewhere yet.

为什么是义务论?——揭开菲尼斯自然法理论的面纱

学界对菲尼斯自然法理论性质之判定存在较大争论,需要分析该理论的具体内容,以得出恰当结论。作为菲尼斯自然法理论的第一原则,基本善虽然是一种实体目的,但因为其自身各种特性而呈现出形式性。实践理智性方法论的基本要求是菲尼斯自然法理论的另一核心组成部分,是正当参与基本善的途径。不过,基本善在其中出现了虚化的情形,因此,这些基本要求构成了人类正当行为的形式性内容。而形式性是义务论的重要表征,菲尼斯自然法理论与之相合。同时,菲尼斯自然法理论也符合义务论的三重结构:道德要求是行动者相关的、道德要求有时是非最大化的、行动者行为的所有后果并非都和道德评价有关。因此,菲尼斯自然法理论总体上是义务论。

数据刑法保护路径的分歧与解决方案

在现有数据犯罪体系下,数据刑法保护面临形式保护和实质保护的分歧。形式保护通过计算机犯罪罪名体系实现,实质保护通过保护数据内容所对应的法益实现。形式保护和实质保护的分歧导致司法实践中数据犯罪罪名适用不一。造成这一分歧的原因是现有刑法规定无法直接反映数据对应的法益,并且司法上并未厘清数据犯罪的法益识别路径。现有的解决方案包括实质保护优先、形式保护优先以及两者结合等思路,但都存在一定缺陷,不能彻底解决这一分歧。解决形式保护和实质保护的分歧需要立法和司法联动。立法上,应对实质保护条款进行必要改造,取消对数据单独的形式保护并设置专门的数据安全保护规定;司法上,应妥善处理不同法条之间的关系。

民法平等性的要件重构与古今识别

平等是民法基本概念和原则的组成部分,也是民法特色属性与精神价值之体现。平等的属性价值为何,这种平等与形式平等和实质平等是何关系,其与宪法意义上的平等是否存在矛盾等一系列问题尚有追问和反思的空间。借助民法视野下平等性的要件重构不仅有效回应了这些问题,还进一步回眸历史,探究了古代中国民事法平等性的发展状况,并拓展到古代民事法名实有无之辩。通过对古今平等性的阐释和总结,剖析和引导了有无之辩的各类观点,实现对平等性与民事法新的多学科思考与识别。

新公司法公司减资制度修订解析

现行公司法存在形式减资程序繁琐、不等比减资观点争议、违法减资后果不明等问题。新公司法区分了实质减资和形式减资,在形式减资中删除了债权人的反制权,简化了减资的繁琐流程;对不等比减资的表决制度采取区分原则,有限公司适用一致决,股份公司适用多数决,结束了长期以来的理论和实务争议;首次规定了违法减资的法律后果。但新公司法关于通过形式减资弥补亏损后再盈利分红是否构成变相抽逃出资,不等比减资能否顺利召开股东会,对赌协议中股权回购的实际执行障碍等问题尚无细化规定,需进一步探讨。

浅析鄂伦春族传统服饰图案中的形式美法则

鄂伦春族是我国北方森林狩猎民族,具有独特的民族服饰文化。研究从艺术设计构图的角度对我国鄂伦春族传统服饰图案进行了分析,归纳了鄂伦春族传统服饰图案中所运用的四个方面的形式美法则,即图案的对称与均衡、图案的变化与统一、图案的对比与调和、图案的节奏与韵律。研究鄂伦春族传统服饰图案的艺术特征,不仅对该民族服饰文化的保护与传承具有重要的意义,而且对中国少数民族服饰的现代化创新发展起到了积极的推动作用。

刑事诉讼法“实质法典化”的五大期待

颁行于1979年的《刑事诉讼法》,在经过1996年、2012年和2018年三次规模不等的修订之后,其法治化、现代化、完备化水平得到了大幅度提高,甚至可以说“形式法典化”已经基本实现。在民法典颁布实施的大背景下,积极回应社会发展和时代呼唤,推动我国刑事诉讼法的“实质法典化”势在必行,意义重大。为此,需要在吸纳法学理论研究成果和重视司法改革经验的基础上,对现行司法解释等规范性文件中的规范进行全面梳理和审视,大幅增加条文数量,确保刑事诉讼法规范前后一致且内部融贯,确立单位刑事案件诉讼程序,完善涉案财物处置程序,规范立法用语,为执法者提供明确的规范指引,从而实现刑事诉讼法的统一化、体系化、规范化、精密化、可操作化。

On the Choice of the Path for the Development of the Rule of Law in China: From the Perspective of Improving the Rule of Law Quality by Promoting the Substantive Rule of Law

The continuous debate on the formal rule of law and the substantive rule of law in the construction of the rule of law in China not only affects the understanding of the connotation of the rule of law in China,but also the choice of the path for the development of the rule of law in China.In the new stage of “comprehensively advancing the Law-Based Governance of China”,the process of “comprehensively advancing the Law-Based Governance of China” is also a process of continuously improving the rule of law quality in China.And from this perspective,the relationship between the formal rule of law and the substantive rule of law has got a new meaning.Promoting the substantive rule of law is an important way to realize the development of the rule of law and improve the quality of the rule of law.At the same time,the promotion of the substantive rule of law should follow the “people-centered” nature of the rule of law and the objective is conducive to the promotion of the rule of law and the formation of the “rule of law ecology”.

立法表达的司法面向及其反向要求

历史地看,立法者制定立法之法的重要目的之一是制约法官等用法者的专断/主观能动性。但这种认识预设了一个错误的前提,即立法者可以单方面完成法律的创制。而实际上,立法之法注定只能是法律的一种原材料,它的真正完成内在地需要法官等用法者的主观能动性的发挥。这意味着,立法表达必须保持司法(用法)面向,以一种相互合作、相互成就的立场看待司法能动性,进而通过一定的举措主动而预先地为法官主观能动性的发挥保留一定的空间。

超越“数字形式主义”:数字法治政府建设的逻辑起点

数字技术已经全面嵌入了行政体制,数字治理成为法治政府建设的核心议题之一。而数字形式主义却因其反映出数字治理亟待解决的种种问题,成为数字治理被广泛诟病的症结。数字法治治理应直面数字形式主义所揭示的关键问题:数字权力真空、数字政府独特的技术语境、数字公平问题等。对于数字形式主义的研究应当超越对于官僚主义和技术理性的批评,重新定位数字政府建设的逻辑起点。进而通过完善“治理需求定位—技术引进—治理需求重定位—技术完善”的搭建式进路充分释放依法行政下的数字治理效能。

《体育法》修订研究述评及展望——兼谈我国体育法治形态与价值

基于文献资料、规范研究以及逻辑分析方法,对我国现行《体育法》修改的成果进行梳理、分析,探讨我国体育法治形态与价值。研究认为:《体育法》修改的研究体现了当前我国的体育法治形态,即以形式法治研究为原点,现有研究实现了从形式法治向实质法治理念的转变,兼具形式法治与实质法治两种形态,并没有完成从形式法治向实质法治的跨越。实现体育中国式现代化应该推进树立实质法治理念,实行形式法治与实质法治综合模式。

基于形式法则的“贺·乌嘎拉吉”传统纹样适形设计

针对现阶段内蒙古“贺·乌嘎拉吉”传统纹样与其衍生产品之间适配性弱的问题。以图案学中的形式法则为理论基础,探寻“贺·乌嘎拉吉”传统纹样创新的新路径,以提高传统纹样与衍生产品之间的适配性。首先,运用个案分析法归纳出“贺·乌嘎拉吉”传统纹样的形式规律并加以梳理;其次,根据形式法则归纳总结“贺·乌嘎拉吉”传统纹样独特的适形特征;在遵循原有形式法则的前提下,以适形特征为基础对“贺·乌嘎拉吉”传统纹样进行适形设计应用。适形设计能够帮助“贺·乌嘎拉吉”传统纹样在现阶段焕发新的活力,为今后传统纹样再设计提供新路径。

著作权法上赔礼道歉责任的实现探讨

著作权法属于民法范畴,传统民法上民事主体间赔礼道歉制度构造的机理,理所当然成为侵犯著作权赔礼道歉责任制度设计的基础。著作人身权是著作权的重要内容,此乃赔礼道歉成为著作权侵权责任形式的内在根源。但赔礼道歉请求权主体体系的塑造不能简单套用传统民法的制度设计,著作权法要求非法人组织“由其主持、表其意志、让其担责”方被视为作者的规定,与民法上非法人组织由其出资人或设立人承担无限责任的规定存在冲突。为有效保护著作权人的权益,在司法层面变通赔礼道歉执行方式,如侵权人发表致歉声明、著作权人发布声讨公告等,应当成为解释新著作权法视域下赔礼道歉责任制度的创新模式。

数字法治的法理解析:形式、实质与程序

数字技术的兴起为法治实践带来了前所未有的机遇与挑战,而数字法治之于传统法治而言亦是一种革新。从形式维度出发,数字法治的确能够辅助司法决策,并且建构中立的“数字逻辑”;然而,片面地追求司法实践数字化,并不能体现司法审判者的价值判断,无法实现司法的实质正义。从实质维度出发,虽然算法和大数据能够赋予数字法治一些实质性的内容,但其价值观的控制权实际上垄断在算法设计者手中,因此亦不能保障在社会治理中维持公正的价值判断。从程序维度出发,数字法治能够保障司法程序的公正,并能够适应数字技术带来的社会变革。有鉴于此,基于程序维度的理解是当前对中国数字法治理论和实践研究的最优路径。

政府治理中公私法形式选择及其裁量

在现代政府治理实践中,政府越来越多地选择私法而非公法形式来完成行政任务,这就引发了公私法形式选择的问题。现实中,单一公法形式不能满足行政任务的多元化需求,这种矛盾催生了政府私法治理形式的分殊化。我国大量公私法实证规范都支持政府选择私法形式,这在公私法规范目标的共通性上也能得到证立。具体来说,政府治理中私法组织的形式选择可以分为任务型、形式型和功能型三种;私法手段的形式选择可以在给付行政、调控行政和干预行政三类领域中展开讨论。只要法律无相反规范,政府就可以在裁量空间限度内进行形式选择。为了作出适当决定,这一形式选择应当遵循合目的性、价值衡量、经济分析以及程序调控等裁量方法,未来对此应进一步探索建立相应的裁量基准。

依规治党与以德治党相结合的制度逻辑——基于新制度经济学分析范式

新制度经济学“正式—非正式”制度分析范式为揭示依规治党与以德治党相结合的制度逻辑提供了理论模型与工具。实现依规治党与以德治党相结合,关键在于通过整合作为党内正式制度形式的党内法规与党内非正式制度基础的“党德”,从而实现两套治理规范的优势互补与效能互动。推进依规治党与以德治党相结合,需要共同发挥党内法规与“党德”的治理效能,形成治理合力。任何单一制度治理都存在着一定程度的制度失灵、治理低效与缺乏经济性等内在局限。二者结合如超越一定限度也可能会引发诸如制度间协调不畅、制度缺位和互动不足等问题挑战。鉴于此,需要在妥善把握依规治党与以德治党的关系以及制度变迁的条件限度前提下,重新构思两者相结合的制度互动模式,激活其中的内生动力与治理需求,强化制度供给与保障,综合考虑制度建构与运行的成本,以求更好实现依规治党与以德治党的协调统一、相互助益。

浅析中国传统拼布服饰的形式美法则——以水田衣为例

拼布在中国有悠久的历史。中国传统拼布服饰在传承中不断创新,与现代生活相结合,体现了中国传统文化和艺术的内涵。拼布服饰是一种用天然面料制作的服饰,它在对传统服饰元素进行再造设计的过程中,形成了自己独特的风格,承载着人们对美的追求与向往,有着深厚的历史文化底蕴。文章以中国传统拼布服饰中的水田衣为例,从形式美的角度出发,分析了水田衣的文化内涵和艺术价值,从而展现中国传统拼布服饰独特的形式美。