Polynyas are irregular open water bodies within the sea ice cover in polar regions under freezing weather conditions.In this study,we reviewed the progress of research work on dynamical forcing,sea ice production(SIP)...Polynyas are irregular open water bodies within the sea ice cover in polar regions under freezing weather conditions.In this study,we reviewed the progress of research work on dynamical forcing,sea ice production(SIP),and water mass formation for both coastal polynyas and open-ocean polynyas in the Southern Ocean,as well as the variability and controlling mechanisms of polynya processes on different time scales.Polynyas play an irreplaceable role in the regulation of global ocean circulation and biological processes in regional ocean ecosystems.The coastal polynyas(latent heat polynyas)are mainly located in the Weddell Sea,the Ross Sea and on the west side of protruding topographic features in East Antarctica.During the formation of coastal polynyas,which are mainly forced by offshore winds or ocean currents,brine rejection triggered by high SIP results in the formation of high salinity shelf water,which is the predecessor of the Antarctic bottom water-the lower limb of the global thermohaline circulation.The open-ocean polynyas(sensible heat polynyas)are mainly found in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean,which are formed by ocean convection processes generated by topography and negative wind stress curl.The convection processes bring nutrients into the upper ocean,which supports biological production and makes the polynya regions an important sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide.The limitations and challenges in polynya research are also discussed.展开更多
Shale,as a kind of brittle rock,often exhibits different nonlinear stress-strain behavior,failure and timedependent behavior under different strain rates.To capture these features,this work conducted triaxial compress...Shale,as a kind of brittle rock,often exhibits different nonlinear stress-strain behavior,failure and timedependent behavior under different strain rates.To capture these features,this work conducted triaxial compression tests under axial strain rates ranging from 5×10-6 s-1 to 1×10-3 s-1.The results show that both elastic modulus and peak strength have a positive correlation relationship with strain rates.These strain rate-dependent mechanical behaviors of shale are originated from damage growth,which is described by a damage parameter.When axial strain is the same,the damage parameter is positively correlated with strain rate.When strain rate is the same,with an increase of axial strain,the damage parameter decreases firstly from an initial value(about 0.1 to 0.2),soon reaches its minimum(about 0.1),and then increases to an asymptotic value of 0.8.Based on the experimental results,taking yield stress as the cut-off point and considering damage variable evolution,a new measure of micro-mechanical strength is proposed.Based on the Lemaitre’s equivalent strain assumption and the new measure of micro-mechanical strength,a statistical strain-rate dependent damage constitutive model for shale that couples physically meaningful model parameters was established.Numerical back-calculations of these triaxial compression tests results demonstrate the ability of the model to reproduce the primary features of the strain rate dependent mechanical behavior of shale.展开更多
This paper presents lithologic and geochemical data from the sequence of the Eocene Irbit formation siliceous rocks(Transuralian Region) outcropping in a quarry in the Irbit deposit(thickness of 15 m) and in a large n...This paper presents lithologic and geochemical data from the sequence of the Eocene Irbit formation siliceous rocks(Transuralian Region) outcropping in a quarry in the Irbit deposit(thickness of 15 m) and in a large natural outcrop, Belaya Gorka(thickness of 13 m). The data show that both outcrops are composed of diatomites and clayey diatomites, both characterized by a certain degree of lithologic heterogeneity around their chemical,granulometric, and mineralogical compositions;microstructural features; and degree of diatom preservation. The values of indices important for the classification of siliceous rocks and determination of prospects for their industrial application—SiO_2, Al_2O_3, Fe_2O_3, and clay fraction content—ranged from 66% to 77%, 7% to 14%,3.00% to 5.60%, and 23% to 50%, respectively. In all studied lithologic varieties, element abundances of V, Cr,Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, and Sb were two to three times higher than their respective abundances in the Earth's crust. This is probably related to these elements' involvement in the biological cycle and favorable conditions for transport. Rb, Cs, Ba, and Sr, as well as rare earth elements,are considered the most reliable indicators of lithologic and geochemical subdivision of a sequence of siliceous rocks,as they are associated mainly with clayey minerals. Variations in these indicators have recorded, with great probability, even short-term cycles and semi-cycles of silicasedimentation in the Transuralian Region, as well as tectonic regime and involvement of terrigenous influx.展开更多
Soil complexity and its multivariable nature restrict the precision of soil maps that are essential tools for soil sustainable management. Most methods developed for reducing impurities of soil map units focus on soil...Soil complexity and its multivariable nature restrict the precision of soil maps that are essential tools for soil sustainable management. Most methods developed for reducing impurities of soil map units focus on soil external properties. Taking into account the soil internal properties like geochemical weathering indices could increase the map unit's purity. However, the compatibility of these indices with Soil Taxonomic Classes has not been studied yet. This study has been performed in a hilly region with different soil types, vegetation and diverse topographic attributes to illustrate the spatial variability of soil weathering indices and their compatibility with Soil Taxonomic Classes. The grid sampling is at 100 m interval. Physico-chemical and total elemental analyses were performed on 184 and 56 soil samples respectively. Eight topographic attributes and 14 common soil development indices were determined. Principal components analysis(PCA) was done to identify the most important components. The results indicated that Morphological Index(MI) was the best index to show the degree ofsoil development in the studied region. Spatial distribution of Soil Taxonomic Classes showed relatively good compatibility with the first principal component(PC1), Vogt(V) and morphological indices. This study showed that using soil development indices with the conventional methods could be helpful tools in soil survey investigations.展开更多
Technically, a group of more than two wheeled mobile robots working collectively towards a common goal are known as a multi-robot system. An increasing number of industries have implemented multi-robot systems to elim...Technically, a group of more than two wheeled mobile robots working collectively towards a common goal are known as a multi-robot system. An increasing number of industries have implemented multi-robot systems to eliminate the risk of human injuries while working on hazardous tasks, and to improve productivity. Globally, engineers are continuously researching better, simple, and faster cooperative Control algorithms to provide a Control strategy where each agent in the robot formation can communicate effectively and achieve a consensus in their position, orientation and speed.<span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">This paper explores a novel Formation Building Algorithm and its global stability around a configuration vector. A simulation in MATLAB</span><sup><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:宋体;">?</span></span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> was carried out to examine the performance of the Algorithm for two geometric formations and a fixed number of robots. In addition, an obstacle avoidance technique was presented assuming that all robots are equipped with range sensors. In particular, a uniform rounded obstacle is used to analyze</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the performance of the technique with the use of detailed geometric calculations.</span>展开更多
化学蚀变指数（chemical index of alteration）最早作为判别源岩区化学风化程度的指标而提出，随后又应用于对沉积物沉积环境的判定。化学蚀变指数的表达式为CIA=n（Al2O3）／[n（Al2O3）＋n（CaO^＊）＋n（Na2O）＋n（K2O）]×100...化学蚀变指数（chemical index of alteration）最早作为判别源岩区化学风化程度的指标而提出，随后又应用于对沉积物沉积环境的判定。化学蚀变指数的表达式为CIA=n（Al2O3）／[n（Al2O3）＋n（CaO^＊）＋n（Na2O）＋n（K2O）]×100。CaO^＊代表硅酸盐中的CaO，n（CaO^＊）=n（CaO）-n（CO2，方解石）-O．5·n（CO2，白云石）-10／3·n（P2O5）。化学蚀变指数研究样品的选取极为重要，最佳岩性为细碎屑岩，需要清除成岩过程中钾交代作用的影响。用成分变异指数（ICV）来判别沉积再循环作用和沉积物成分被改造的程度。用A—CN—K三角图解来判别物源区的源岩性质和样品钾交代的特征及其风化趋势。宜昌三斗坪地区南华系CIA研究表明：该区南华系下统莲沱组下部的CIA值在50～65之间（干燥寒冷），上部为65～75之间（温暖潮湿）和顶部为55～60之间（干燥寒冷）；南华系上统南沱组的CIA值基本在60～65之间（干燥寒冷），近顶部两个样品的CIA值达70（温暖潮湿）。上述CIA值变化表明本区南华纪经历自老到新由冰期干燥寒冷-间冰期温暖潮湿-冰期干燥寒冷沉积环境的变化过程。本文据此提出了新的扬子古陆南华系新的划分和对比方案。展开更多
基金This work is funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant nos.41941008 and 41876221)the Shanghai Science and Technology Committee(Grant nos.20230711100 and 21QA1404300)+2 种基金the Academy of Finland(Grant no.304345)the Ministry of Natural Resources of the People’s Republic of China(Impact and Response of Antarctic Seas to Climate Change,Grant no.IRASCC 1-02-01B)the Advanced Polar Science Institute of Shanghai(APSIS).
文摘Polynyas are irregular open water bodies within the sea ice cover in polar regions under freezing weather conditions.In this study,we reviewed the progress of research work on dynamical forcing,sea ice production(SIP),and water mass formation for both coastal polynyas and open-ocean polynyas in the Southern Ocean,as well as the variability and controlling mechanisms of polynya processes on different time scales.Polynyas play an irreplaceable role in the regulation of global ocean circulation and biological processes in regional ocean ecosystems.The coastal polynyas(latent heat polynyas)are mainly located in the Weddell Sea,the Ross Sea and on the west side of protruding topographic features in East Antarctica.During the formation of coastal polynyas,which are mainly forced by offshore winds or ocean currents,brine rejection triggered by high SIP results in the formation of high salinity shelf water,which is the predecessor of the Antarctic bottom water-the lower limb of the global thermohaline circulation.The open-ocean polynyas(sensible heat polynyas)are mainly found in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean,which are formed by ocean convection processes generated by topography and negative wind stress curl.The convection processes bring nutrients into the upper ocean,which supports biological production and makes the polynya regions an important sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide.The limitations and challenges in polynya research are also discussed.
基金financially supported by the China Scholarship Council projectthe National Natural Science Foundation of China(grants No.51574218,41688103,51678171,51608139,U1704243 and 51709113)+4 种基金the Guangdong Science and Technology Department(grant No.2015B020238014)the Guangzhou Science Technology and Innovation Commission(grant No.201604016021)the High-level Talent Research Launch Project(grant No.950318066)the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation,China(grants No.ZR2017PD001 and ZR2018BD013)the Science Foundation of Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences(grant No.JYYWF20181201)
文摘Shale,as a kind of brittle rock,often exhibits different nonlinear stress-strain behavior,failure and timedependent behavior under different strain rates.To capture these features,this work conducted triaxial compression tests under axial strain rates ranging from 5×10-6 s-1 to 1×10-3 s-1.The results show that both elastic modulus and peak strength have a positive correlation relationship with strain rates.These strain rate-dependent mechanical behaviors of shale are originated from damage growth,which is described by a damage parameter.When axial strain is the same,the damage parameter is positively correlated with strain rate.When strain rate is the same,with an increase of axial strain,the damage parameter decreases firstly from an initial value(about 0.1 to 0.2),soon reaches its minimum(about 0.1),and then increases to an asymptotic value of 0.8.Based on the experimental results,taking yield stress as the cut-off point and considering damage variable evolution,a new measure of micro-mechanical strength is proposed.Based on the Lemaitre’s equivalent strain assumption and the new measure of micro-mechanical strength,a statistical strain-rate dependent damage constitutive model for shale that couples physically meaningful model parameters was established.Numerical back-calculations of these triaxial compression tests results demonstrate the ability of the model to reproduce the primary features of the strain rate dependent mechanical behavior of shale.
基金funded by RFBR according to the research project entitled Ge/Si ratio in opal-cristobalite rocks as a tool for diagnosing the sources of silica’s influx the the Paleocene-Eocene sedimentation basin of Western Siberia (Project No. 18-35-00034)
文摘This paper presents lithologic and geochemical data from the sequence of the Eocene Irbit formation siliceous rocks(Transuralian Region) outcropping in a quarry in the Irbit deposit(thickness of 15 m) and in a large natural outcrop, Belaya Gorka(thickness of 13 m). The data show that both outcrops are composed of diatomites and clayey diatomites, both characterized by a certain degree of lithologic heterogeneity around their chemical,granulometric, and mineralogical compositions;microstructural features; and degree of diatom preservation. The values of indices important for the classification of siliceous rocks and determination of prospects for their industrial application—SiO_2, Al_2O_3, Fe_2O_3, and clay fraction content—ranged from 66% to 77%, 7% to 14%,3.00% to 5.60%, and 23% to 50%, respectively. In all studied lithologic varieties, element abundances of V, Cr,Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, and Sb were two to three times higher than their respective abundances in the Earth's crust. This is probably related to these elements' involvement in the biological cycle and favorable conditions for transport. Rb, Cs, Ba, and Sr, as well as rare earth elements,are considered the most reliable indicators of lithologic and geochemical subdivision of a sequence of siliceous rocks,as they are associated mainly with clayey minerals. Variations in these indicators have recorded, with great probability, even short-term cycles and semi-cycles of silicasedimentation in the Transuralian Region, as well as tectonic regime and involvement of terrigenous influx.
基金Center of Excellence"Improvement Soil Quality in order to Optimize the Plant Nutrition"of Soil Science department, University of Tehran and College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran for financial support of the study (Grant No. 7104017/6/19)
文摘Soil complexity and its multivariable nature restrict the precision of soil maps that are essential tools for soil sustainable management. Most methods developed for reducing impurities of soil map units focus on soil external properties. Taking into account the soil internal properties like geochemical weathering indices could increase the map unit's purity. However, the compatibility of these indices with Soil Taxonomic Classes has not been studied yet. This study has been performed in a hilly region with different soil types, vegetation and diverse topographic attributes to illustrate the spatial variability of soil weathering indices and their compatibility with Soil Taxonomic Classes. The grid sampling is at 100 m interval. Physico-chemical and total elemental analyses were performed on 184 and 56 soil samples respectively. Eight topographic attributes and 14 common soil development indices were determined. Principal components analysis(PCA) was done to identify the most important components. The results indicated that Morphological Index(MI) was the best index to show the degree ofsoil development in the studied region. Spatial distribution of Soil Taxonomic Classes showed relatively good compatibility with the first principal component(PC1), Vogt(V) and morphological indices. This study showed that using soil development indices with the conventional methods could be helpful tools in soil survey investigations.
文摘Technically, a group of more than two wheeled mobile robots working collectively towards a common goal are known as a multi-robot system. An increasing number of industries have implemented multi-robot systems to eliminate the risk of human injuries while working on hazardous tasks, and to improve productivity. Globally, engineers are continuously researching better, simple, and faster cooperative Control algorithms to provide a Control strategy where each agent in the robot formation can communicate effectively and achieve a consensus in their position, orientation and speed.<span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">This paper explores a novel Formation Building Algorithm and its global stability around a configuration vector. A simulation in MATLAB</span><sup><span style="font-size:12px;font-family:Verdana;"><span lang="ZH-CN" style="font-size:12pt;font-family:宋体;">?</span></span></sup><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> was carried out to examine the performance of the Algorithm for two geometric formations and a fixed number of robots. In addition, an obstacle avoidance technique was presented assuming that all robots are equipped with range sensors. In particular, a uniform rounded obstacle is used to analyze</span><span style="font-family:Verdana;"> </span><span style="font-family:Verdana;">the performance of the technique with the use of detailed geometric calculations.</span>
文摘化学蚀变指数（chemical index of alteration）最早作为判别源岩区化学风化程度的指标而提出，随后又应用于对沉积物沉积环境的判定。化学蚀变指数的表达式为CIA=n（Al2O3）／[n（Al2O3）＋n（CaO^＊）＋n（Na2O）＋n（K2O）]×100。CaO^＊代表硅酸盐中的CaO，n（CaO^＊）=n（CaO）-n（CO2，方解石）-O．5·n（CO2，白云石）-10／3·n（P2O5）。化学蚀变指数研究样品的选取极为重要，最佳岩性为细碎屑岩，需要清除成岩过程中钾交代作用的影响。用成分变异指数（ICV）来判别沉积再循环作用和沉积物成分被改造的程度。用A—CN—K三角图解来判别物源区的源岩性质和样品钾交代的特征及其风化趋势。宜昌三斗坪地区南华系CIA研究表明：该区南华系下统莲沱组下部的CIA值在50～65之间（干燥寒冷），上部为65～75之间（温暖潮湿）和顶部为55～60之间（干燥寒冷）；南华系上统南沱组的CIA值基本在60～65之间（干燥寒冷），近顶部两个样品的CIA值达70（温暖潮湿）。上述CIA值变化表明本区南华纪经历自老到新由冰期干燥寒冷-间冰期温暖潮湿-冰期干燥寒冷沉积环境的变化过程。本文据此提出了新的扬子古陆南华系新的划分和对比方案。
