Geometry and formation mechanism of tension gashes and their implication on the hydrocarbon accumulation in the deep-seated strata of sedimentary basin:A case from Shunnan area of Tarim Basin

With the theoretical and technological developments related to cratonic strike-slip faults,the Shuntuoguole Low Uplift in the Tarim Basin has attracted considerable attention recently.Affected by multi-stage tectonic movements,the strike-slip faults have controlled the distribution of hydrocarbon resources owing to the special fault characteristics and fault-related structures.In contrast,the kinematics and formation mechanism of strike-slip faults in buried sedimentary basins are difficult to investigate,limiting the discussion of these faults and hydrocarbon accumulation.In this study,we identified the characteristics of massive sigmoidal tension gashes(STGs)that formed in the Shunnan area of the Tarim Basin.High-resolution three-dimensional seismic data and attribute analyses were used to investigate their geometric and kinematic characteristics.Then,the stress state of each point of the STGs was calculated using seismic curvature attributes.Finally,the formation mechanism of the STGs and their roles in controlling hydrocarbon migration and accumulation were discussed.The results suggest that:(1)the STGs developed in the Shunnan area have a wide distribution,with a tensile fault arranged in an enéchelon pattern,showing an S-shaped bending.These STGs formed in multiple stages,and differential rotation occurred along the direction of strike-slip stress during formation.(2)Near the principal displacement zone of the strike-slip faults,the stress value of the STGs was higher,gradually decreasing at both ends.The shallow layer deformation was greater than the deep layer deformation.(3)STGs are critical for connecting source rocks,migrating oil and gas,sealing horizontally,and developing efficient reservoirs.This study not only provides seismic evidence for the formation and evolution of super large STGs,but also provides certain guidance for oil and gas exploration in this area.

Formation mechanism of nanopores in dense films of anodic alumina

Constant-current anodization of pure aluminum was carried out in non-corrosive capacitor working electrolytes to study the formation mechanism of nanopores in the anodic oxide films.Through comparative experiments,nanopores are found in the anodic films formed in the electrolytes after high-temperature storage(HTS)at 130°C for 240 h.A comparison of the voltage-time curves suggests that the formation of nanopores results from the decrease in formation efficiency of anodic oxide films rather than the corrosion of the electrolytes.FT-IR and UV spectra analysis shows that carboxylate and ethylene glycol in electrolytes can easily react by esterification at high temperatures.Combining the electronic current theory and oxygen bubble mold effect,the change in electrolyte composition could increase the electronic current in the anodizing process.The electronic current decreases the formation efficiency of anodic oxide films,and oxygen bubbles accompanying electronic current lead to the formation of nanopores in the dense films.The continuous electronic current and oxygen bubbles are the prerequisites for the formation of porous anodic oxides rather than the traditional field-assisted dissolution model.

Wnt/β-catenin signaling components and mechanisms in bone formation,homeostasis,and disease

Wnts are secreted,lipid-modified proteins that bind to different receptors on the cell surface to activate canonical or non-canonical Wnt signaling pathways,which control various biological processes throughout embryonic development and adult life.Aberrant Wnt signaling pathway underlies a wide range of human disease pathogeneses.

Formation mechanisms and resource potential of carbonate geothermal reservoirs in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei plain

Investigating the formation mechanisms of carbonate geothermal reservoirs is of theoretical and practical significance for summarizing the formation pattern of geothermal resources and further guiding their effective exploitation.The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Plain(BTHP),predominantly located within the Jizhong Depression and Cangxian Uplift in the Bohai Bay Basin,serves as the primary region for geothermal exploitation and utilization in China.More than 1500 geothermal wells have been drilled therein,with water temperature at the wellhead ranging from 55 to 110°C,single-well flow rate ranging between 80 and 120 m^(3)/h,and cumulative heating area exceeding 100×10^(6)m^(3).However,the exploration and research in the region remain limited overall.As per the previous geothermal and petroleum exploration results and the latest geothermal drilling data,this study comprehensively evaluated the geothermal resources of karst geothermal reservoirs.The results show that two suites of carbonate karst reservoirs,namely the Jxw Formation and the Ordovician strata,have primarily developed in the BTHP,and their formation and evolution can be divided into four stages:the Mesoproterozoic-Early Paleozoic stage with carbonate sedimentation and the development of interlayer karst,the Late Paleozoic stage with the development of direct sedimentary cover,the Mesozoic stage with compressional uplifting and development of buried hill karst,and the Cenozoic stage with regional cover deposition and the modification and finalization of karst geothermal reservoirs.Accordingly,the porosity evolution history of the geothermal reservoirs is composed of three stages,namely a significant decrease followed by a minor increase,a gradual decline,and then a small fluctuation from increase to decrease before slowly rising again.The karstification in geothermal reservoirs can be summarized into quasi-syngenetic karstification,epigenetic karstification,and burial karstification,which can be subdivided into seven subcategories.The carbonate geothermal reservoirs in the study area boast total geothermal resources of 53.821×10^(9)GJ,or 184.155×10^(9)t of standard coal equivalent(tce),and the annual exploitable geothermal resources in the urban area can heat an area of(400‒500)×10^(6)m^(3),indicating great potential of geothermal exploitation.

The underlying mechanism of variety–water–nitrogen–stubble damage interactions on yield formation in ratoon rice with low stubble height under mechanized harvesting

Agronomic measures are the key to promote the sustainable development of ratoon rice by reducing the damage from mechanical crushing to the residual stubble of the main crop, thereby mitigating the impact on axillary bud sprouting and yield formation in ratoon rice. This study used widely recommended conventional rice Jiafuzhan and hybrid rice Yongyou 2640 as the test materials to conduct a four-factor block design field experiment in a greenhouse of the experimental farm of Fujian Agricultural and Forestry University, China from 2018 to 2019.The treatments included fertilization and no fertilization, alternate wetting and drying irrigation and continuous water flooding irrigation, and plots with and without artificial crushing damage on the rice stubble. At the same time, a 13C stable isotope in-situ detection technology was used to fertilize the pot experiment. The results showed significant interactions among varieties, water management, nitrogen application and stubble status.Relative to the long-term water flooding treatment, the treatment with sequential application of nitrogen fertilizer coupled with moderate field drought for root-vigor and tiller promotion before and after harvesting of the main crop, significantly improved the effective tillers from low position nodes. This in turn increased the effective panicles per plant and grains per panicle by reducing the influence of artificial crushing damage on rice stubble and achieving a high yield of the regenerated rice. Furthermore, the partitioning of 13C assimilates to the residual stubble and its axillary buds were significantly improved at the mature stage of the main crop, while the translocation rate to roots and rhizosphere soil was reduced at the later growth stage of ratooning season rice. This was triggered by the metabolism of hormones and polyamines at the stem base regulated by the interaction of water and fertilizer at this time. We therefore suggest that to achieve a high yield of ratoon rice with low stubble height under mechanized harvesting, the timely application of nitrogen fertilizer is fundamental,coupled with moderate field drying for root-vigor preservation and tiller promotion before and after the mechanical harvesting of the main crop.

Multiple enrichment mechanisms of organic matter in the Fengcheng Formation of Mahu Sag,Junggar Basin,NW China

Based on core and thin section data,the source rock samples from the Fengcheng Formation in the Mahu Sag of the Junggar Basin were analyzed in terms of zircon SIMS U-Pb geochronology,organic carbon isotopic composition,major and trace element contents,as well as petrology.Two zircon U-Pb ages of(306.0±5.2)Ma and(303.5±3.7)Ma were obtained from the first member of the Fengcheng Formation.Combined with carbon isotopic stratigraphy,it is inferred that the depositional age of the Fengcheng Formation is about 297-306 Ma,spanning the Carboniferous-Permian boundary and corresponding to the interglacial period between C4 and P1 glacial events.Multiple increases in Hg/TOC ratios and altered volcanic ash were found in the shale rocks of the Fengcheng Formation,indicating that multiple phases of volcanic activity occurred during its deposition.An interval with a high B/Ga ratio was found in the middle of the second member of the Fengcheng Formation,associated with the occurrence of evaporite minerals and reedmergnerite,indicating that the high salinity of the water mass was related to hydrothermal activity.Comprehensive analysis suggests that the warm and humid climate during the deposition of Fengcheng Formation is conducive to the growth of organic matter such as algae and bacteria in the lake,and accelerates the continental weathering,driving the input of nutrients.Volcanic activities supply a large amount of nutrients and stimulate primary productivity.The warm climate and high salinity are conducive to water stratification,leading to water anoxia that benefits organic matter preservation.The above factors interact and jointly control the enrichment of organic matter in the Fengcheng Formation of Mahu Sag.

Genetic mechanism and main controlling factors of high-quality clastic rock reservoirs in deep and ultradeep layers:A case study of Oligocene Linhe Formation in Linhe Depression,Hetao Basin,NW China

Based on new data from cores,drilling and logging,combined with extensive rock and mineral testing analysis,a systematic analysis is conducted on the characteristics,diagenesis types,genesis and controlling factors of deep to ultra-deep abnormally high porosity clastic rock reservoirs in the Oligocene Linhe Formation in the Hetao Basin.The reservoir space of the deep to ultra-deep clastic rock reservoirs in the Linhe Formation is mainly primary pores,and the coupling of three favorable diagenetic elements,namely the rock fabric with strong compaction resistance,weak thermal compaction diagenetic dynamic field,and diagenetic environment with weak fluid compaction-weak cementation,is conducive to the preservation of primary pores.The Linhe Formation clastic rocks have a superior preexisting material composition,with an average total content of 90%for quartz,feldspar,and rigid rock fragments,and strong resistance to compaction.The geothermal gradient in Linhe Depression in the range of(2.0–2.6)°C/100 m is low,and together with the burial history of long-term shallow burial and late rapid deep burial,it forms a weak thermal compaction diagenetic dynamic field environment.The diagenetic environment of the saline lake basin is characterized by weak fluid compaction.At the same time,the paleosalinity has zoning characteristics,and weak cementation in low salinity areas is conducive to the preservation of primary pores.The hydrodynamic conditions of sedimentation,salinity differentiation of ancient water in saline lake basins,and sand body thickness jointly control the distribution of high-quality reservoirs in the Linhe Formation.

Mechanism of principal stress rotation and deformation failure behavior induced by excavation in roadways

The failure modes of rock after roadway excavation are diverse and complex.A comprehensive investigation of the internal stress field and the rotation behavior of the stress axis in roadways is essential for elucidating the mechanism of roadway failure.This study aimed to examine the spatial relationship between roadways and stress fields.The law of stress axis rotation under three-dimensional(3D)stress has been extensively studied.A stress model of roadways in the spatial stress field was established,and the far-field stress state at different spatial positions of the roadways was analyzed.A mechanical model of roadways under a 3D stress state was established using far-field stress solutions as boundary conditions.The distribution of principal stressesσ1,σ2 andσ3 around the roadways and the variation of the stress principal axis were solved.It was found that the stability boundary of the stress principal axis exhibits hysteresis when compared with that of the principal stress magnitudes.A numerical analysis model for spatial roadways was established to validate the distribution of principal stress and the mechanism of principal axis rotation.Research has demonstrated that the stress axis undergoes varying degrees of spatial rotation in different orientations and radial depths.Based on the distribution of principal stress and the rotation law of the stress principal axis,the entire evolution mechanism of the two stress adjustments to form the final failure form after roadway excavation has been revealed.The on-site detection results also corroborate the findings presented in this paper.The results provide a basis for the analysis of the failure mechanism under a 3D stress state.

Genetic mechanisms of high-quality tight siliciclastic reservoirs:A case study from the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation in the Yuanba area,Sichuan Basin,China

This study analyzed the petrological characteristics,diagenesis,pore types,and physical properties of the tight coarse-grained siliciclastic sequences in the third member of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation(also referred to as the Xu-3 Member)in the western Yuanba area in the northeastern Sichuan Basin,China,based on the results of 242.61-m-long core description,292 thin-section observations,scanning electron microscopy(SEM),and 292 physical property tests.The types and genetic mechanisms of high-quality tight coarse-grained siliciclastic reservoirs in this member was determined thereafter.The research objective is to guide the exploration and development of the tight coarse-grained siliciclastic sequences in the Xu-3 Member.The results of this study are as follows.Two types of high-quality reservoirs are developed in the coarse-grained siliciclastic sequences of the Xu-3 Member,namely the fractured fine-grained sandy conglomerate type and porous medium-grained calcarenaceous sandstone type.Hydrodynamic energy in the sedimentary environment is the key factor controlling the formation of high-quality reservoirs.These high-quality reservoirs are developed mainly in the transitional zone with moderately high hydrodynamic energy between delta-plain braided channels and delta-front subaqueous distributary channels.The dolomitic debris(gravel)content is the main factor affecting the reservoirs’physical properties.The micritic algal debris and sandy debris in the dolomitic debris(or gravels)tend to recrystallize during burial,forming intercrystalline pores within.In the medium-grained calcarenaceous sandstones,intercrystalline pores in the dolomitic debris are formed at the early diagenetic stage,and a pore system consisting of structural fractures connecting intergranular pores,intergranular dissolution pores,and kaolinite intergranular micropores is developed at the late stage of diagenesis.The formation of intercrystalline pores in dolomite gravels and gravel-edge fractures,a pore system connected by gravel-edge and tectonic fractures,is closely related to the dolomite gravels in the sandy fine-grained conglomerates.

Two stages of subsidence and its formation mechanisms in Mid-Late Triassic Ordos Basin,NW China

Based on a large number of newly added deep well data in recent years,the subsidence of the Ordos Basin in the Mid-Late Triassic is systematically studied,and it is proposed that the Ordos Basin experienced two important subsidence events during this depositional period.Through contrastive analysis of the two stages of tectonic subsidence,including stratigraphic characteristics,lithology combination,location of catchment area and sedimentary evolution,it is proposed that both of them are responses to the Indosinian Qinling tectonic activity on the edge of the craton basin.The early subsidence occurred in the Chang 10 Member was featured by high amplitude,large debris supply and fast deposition rate,with coarse debris filling and rapid subsidence accompanied by rapid accumulation,resulting in strata thickness increasing from northeast to southwest in wedge-shape.The subsidence center was located in Huanxian–Zhenyuan–Qingyang–Zhengning areas of southwestern basin with the strata thickness of 800–1300 m.The subsidence center deviating from the depocenter developed multiple catchment areas,until then,unified lake basin has not been formed yet.Under the combined action of subsidence and Carnian heavy rainfall event during the deposition period of Chang 7 Member,a large deep-water depression was formed with slow deposition rate,and the subsidence center coincided with the depocenter basically in the Mahuangshan–Huachi–Huangling areas.The deep-water sediments were 120–320 m thick in the subsidence center,characterized by fine grain.There are differences in the mechanism between the two stages of subsidence.The early one was the response to the northward subduction of the MianLüe Ocean and intense depression under compression in Qinling during Mid-Triassic.The later subsidence is controlled by the weak extensional tectonic environment of the post-collision stage during Late Triassic.

A molecular dynamics study on mechanical performance and deformation mechanisms in nanotwinned NiCo-based alloys with nano-precipitates under high temperatures

Molecular dynamics simulations are performed to investigate the mechanical behavior of nanotwinned NiCo-based alloys containing coherent L1_(2) nano-precipitates at different temperatures,as well as the interactions between the dislocations and nano-precipitates within the nanotwins.The simulation results demonstrate that both the yield stress and flow stress in the nanotwinned NiCo-based alloys with nano-precipitates decrease as the temperature rises,because the higher temperatures lead to the generation of more defects during yielding and lower dislocation density during plastic deformation.Moreover,the coherent L1_(2) phase exhibits excellent thermal stability,which enables the hinderance of dislocation motion at elevated temperatures via the wrapping and cutting mechanisms of dislocations.The synergistic effect of nanotwins and nano-precipitates results in more significant strengthening behavior in the nanotwinned NiCo-based alloys under high temperatures.In addition,the high-temperature mechanical behavior of nanotwinned NiCo-based alloys with nano-precipitates is sensitive to the size and volume fraction of the microstructures.These findings could be helpful for the design of nanotwins and nano-precipitates to improve the high-temperature mechanical properties of NiCo-based alloys.

Coupling relationship and genetic mechanisms of shelf-edge delta and deep-water fan source-to-sink:A case study in Paleogene Zhuhai Formation in south subsag of Baiyun Sag,Pearl River Mouth Basin,China

The coupling relationship between shelf-edge deltas and deep-water fan sand bodies is a hot and cutting-edge field of international sedimentology and deep-water oil and gas exploration.Based on the newly acquired high-resolution 3D seismic,logging and core data of Pearl River Mouth Basin(PRMB),this paper dissected the shelf-edge delta to deep-water fan(SEDDF)depositional system in the Oligocene Zhuhai Formation of Paleogene in south subsag of Baiyun Sag,and revealed the complex coupling relationship from the continental shelf edge to deep-water fan sedimentation and its genetic mechanisms.The results show that during the deposition of the fourth to first members of the Zhuhai Formation,the scale of the SEDDF depositional system in the study area showed a pattern of first increasing and then decreasing,with deep-water fan developed in the third to first members and the largest plane distribution scale developed in the late stage of the second member.Based on the development of SEDDF depositional system along the source direction,three types of coupling relationships are divided,namely,deltas that are linked downdip to fans,deltas that lack downdip fans and fans that lack updip coeval deltas,with different depositional characteristics and genetic mechanisms.(1)Deltas that are linked downdip to fans:with the development of shelf-edge deltas in the shelf area and deep-water fans in the downdip slope area,and the strong source supply and relative sea level decline are the two key factors which control the development of this type of source-to-sink(S2S).The development of channels on the continental shelf edge is conducive to the formation of this type of S2S system even with weak source supply and high sea level.(2)Deltas that lack downdip fans:with the development of shelf edge deltas in shelf area,while deep water fans are not developed in the downdip slope area.The lack of“sources”and“channels”,and fluid transformation are the three main reasons for the formation of this type of S2S system.(3)Fans that lack updip coeval deltas:with the development of deep-water fans in continental slope area and the absence of updip coeval shelf edge deltas,which is jointly controlled by the coupling of fluid transformation at the shelf edge and the“channels”in the continental slope area.

Formation damage mechanism and control strategy of the compound function of drilling fluid and fracturing fluid in shale reservoirs

For the analysis of the formation damage caused by the compound function of drilling fluid and fracturing fluid,the prediction method for dynamic invasion depth of drilling fluid is developed considering the fracture extension due to shale minerals erosion by oil-based drilling fluid.With the evaluation for the damage of natural and hydraulic fractures caused by mechanical properties weakening of shale fracture surface,fracture closure and rock powder blocking,the formation damage pattern is proposed with consideration of the compound effect of drilling fluid and fracturing fluid.The formation damage mechanism during drilling and completion process in shale reservoir is revealed,and the protection measures are raised.The drilling fluid can deeply invade into the shale formation through natural and induced fractures,erode shale minerals and weaken the mechanical properties of shale during the drilling process.In the process of hydraulic fracturing,the compound effect of drilling fluid and fracturing fluid further weakens the mechanical properties of shale,results in fracture closure and rock powder shedding,and thus induces stress-sensitive damage and solid blocking damage of natural/hydraulic fractures.The damage can yield significant conductivity decrease of fractures,and restrict the high and stable production of shale oil and gas wells.The measures of anti-collapse and anti-blocking to accelerate the drilling of reservoir section,forming chemical membrane to prevent the weakening of the mechanical properties of shale fracture surface,strengthening the plugging of shale fracture and reducing the invasion range of drilling fluid,optimizing fracturing fluid system to protect fracture conductivity are put forward for reservoir protection.

Deformation mechanism and roof pre-splitting control technology of gob-side entry in thick hard main roof full-mechanized longwall caving panel

This paper explores the deformation mechanism and control technology of roof pre-splitting for gob-side entries in hard roof full-mechanized longwall caving panel(LTCC).The investigation utilizes a comprehensive approach that integrates field monitoring,theoretical analysis,and numerical simulation.Theoretical analysis has illuminated the influence of the length of the lateral cantilever beam of the main roof(LCBM)above the roadway on the stability of the gob-side entry behind the panel.Numerical simulations have further revealed that the longer LCBM results in heightened vertical stress within the coal pillar,developed cracks around the roadway,and more pronounced damage to the roadway.Moreover,numerical simulations also demonstrate the potential of roof pre-splitting technology in optimizing the fracture position of the hard roof.This technology significantly reduces the length of the LCBM,thereby alleviating stress concentration in the coal pillars and integrated coal rib while minimizing the destruction of the gob-side entry.Therefore,this manuscript first proposes the use of roof pre-splitting technology to control roadway deformation,and automatically retain the entry within a hard roof LTCC panel.Field implementation has demonstrated that the proposed automatically retained entry by roof pre-splitting technology effectively reduces gob-side entry deformation and achieves automatically retained entry.

Microstructural evolution and deformation mechanisms of superplastic aluminium alloys:A review

Aluminium alloy is one of the earliest and most widely used superplastic materials.The objective of this work is to review the scientific advances in superplastic Al alloys.Particularly,the emphasis is placed on the microstructural evolution and deformation mechanisms of Al alloys during superplastic deformation.The evolution of grain structure,texture,secondary phase,and cavities during superplastic flow in typical superplastic Al alloys is discussed in detail.The quantitative evaluation of different deformation mechanisms based on the focus ion beam(FIB)-assisted surface study provides new insights into the superplasticity of Al alloys.The main features,such as grain boundary sliding,intragranular dislocation slip,and diffusion creep can be observed intuitively and analyzed quantitatively.This study provides some reference for the research of superplastic deformation mechanism and the development of superplastic Al alloys.

Strengthening mechanism of T8-aged Al-Cu-Li alloy with increased pre-deformation

The microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of a T8-aged Al-Cu-Li alloy with increased pre-deformation(0-15%) were investigated,revealing the microstructure-strength relationship and the intrinsic strengthening mechanism.The results show that increasing the pre-deformation levels remarkably improves the strength of the alloy but deteriorates its ductility.Dislocations introduced by pre-deformation effectively suppress the formation of Guinier-Preston(GP) zones and provide more nucleation sites for T1 precipitates.This leads to more intensive and finer T1 precipitates in the samples with higher pre-deformation levels.Simultaneously,the enhanced precipitation of T1 precipitates and inhibited formation of GP zones cause the decreases in number and sizes of θ′ precipitates.The quantitative descriptions of the strength contributions from different strengthening mechanisms reveal that strengthening contributions from T1 and θ′ precipitates decrease with increasing pre-deformation.The reduced diameters of T1 precipitates are primarily responsible for their weakened strengthening effects.Therefore,the improved strength of the T8-aged Al-Cu-Li alloy is mainly attributed to the stronger strain hardening from the increased pre-deformation levels.

Genetic mechanism and petroleum geological significance of calcite veins in organic-rich shales of lacustrine basin:A case study of Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in Songliao Basin,China

Based on the observation and analysis of cores and thin sections,and combined with cathodoluminescence,laser Raman,fluid inclusions,and in-situ LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating,the genetic mechanism and petroleum geological significance of calcite veins in shales of the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in the Songliao Basin were investigated.Macroscopically,the calcite veins are bedding parallel,and show lenticular,S-shaped,cone-in-cone and pinnate structures.Microscopically,they can be divided into syntaxial blocky or columnar calcite veins and antitaxial fibrous calcite veins.The aqueous fluid inclusions in blocky calcite veins have a homogenization temperature of 132.5–145.1℃,the in-situ U-Pb dating age of blocky calcite veins is(69.9±5.2)Ma,suggesting that the middle maturity period of source rocks and the conventional oil formation period in the Qingshankou Formation are the sedimentary period of Mingshui Formation in Late Cretaceous.The aqueous fluid inclusions in fibrous calcite veins with the homogenization temperature of 141.2–157.4℃,yields the U-Pb age of(44.7±6.9)Ma,indicating that the middle-high maturity period of source rocks and the Gulong shale oil formation period in the Qingshankou Formation are the sedimentary period of Paleocene Yi'an Formaiton.The syntaxial blocky or columnar calcite veins were formed sensitively to the diagenetic evolution and hydrocarbon generation,mainly in three stages(fracture opening,vein-forming fluid filling,and vein growth).Tectonic extrusion activities and fluid overpressure are induction factors for the formation of fractures,and vein-forming fluid flows mainly as diffusion in a short distance.These veins generally follow a competitive growth mode.The antitaxial fibrous calcite veins were formed under the driving of the force of crystallization in a non-competitive growth environment.It is considered that the calcite veins in organic-rich shale of the Qingshankou Formation in the study area has important implications for local tectonic activities,fluid overpressure,hydrocarbon generation and expulsion,and diagenesis-hydrocarbon accumulation dating of the Songliao Basin.

A review of mechanical deformation and seepage mechanism of rock with filled joints

Various defects exist in natural rock masses,withfilled joints being a vital factor complicating both the mechanical characteristics and seepage mechanisms of the rock mass.Filled jointed rocks usually show mechanical properties that are weaker than those of intact rocks but stronger than those of rocks with fractures.The shape of the rock,filling material,prefabricatedfissure geometry,fissure roughness,fissure inclination angle,and other factors mainly influence the mechanical and seepage properties.This paper systematically reviews the research progress andfindings onfilled rock joints,focusing on three key aspects:mechanical properties,seepage properties,andflow properties under mechanical response.First,the study emphasizes the effects of prefabricated defects(shape,size,filling material,inclination angle,and other factors)on the mechanical properties of the rock.The fracture extension behavior of rock masses is revealed by the stress state of rocks withfilled joints under uniaxial compression,using advanced auxiliary test techniques.Second,the seepage properties of rocks withfilled joints are discussed and summarized through theoretical analysis,experi-mental research,and numerical simulations,focusing on organizing the seepage equations of these rocks.The study also considers the form of failure under stress-seepage coupling for both fullyfilled and partiallyfilledfissured rocks.Finally,the limitations in the current research on the rock withfilled joints are pointed out.It is emphasized that the specimens should more closely resemble real conditions,the analysis of mechanical indexes should be multi-parameterized,the construction of the seepage model should be refined,and the engineering coupling application should be multi-field-multiphase.

About the Formation Mechanism of the Turin Shroud Body Image

After almost fifteen years, we remind our fellow scientists of the Stochastic process, a natural mechanism for obtaining the Shroud Body Image. The above process is considered the only source of energy present in an ancient tomb: the thermal one emitted by the corpse of Jesus Christ. It, for all corpses, is notoriously so weak that the only process that could be triggered is the Stochastic one. However, the best-known expert scientists in the Shroud of Turin investigation did not take this model into account, even if it guaranteed a latent image, typical of the Stochastic process, and a fibrils distribution as appears on the Shroud surface. The above scientists and many others had already chosen the Radiative hypothesis, which is based on the emission of radiation (Ultraviolet) and nuclear particles (Protons and Neutrons) by the corpse of Jesus Christ. These emissions are impossible;conversely, if they were true, we would have to talk about miracles. Today, after four decades, it would be appropriate to accept that the Radiative hypothesis (which in the Turin Shroud case becomes a miraculous hypothesis) cannot be in line with both Physics and Theology. We think that we should all be more fiscal when we judge our work.

Insights into Formation and Li-Storage Mechanisms of Hierarchical Accordion-Shape Orthorhombic CuNb_(2)O_(6) toward Lithium-Ion Capacitors as an Anode-Active Material

The orthorhombic CuNb_(2)O_(6)(O-CNO)is established as a competitive anode for lithium-ion capacitors(LICs)owing to its attractive compositional/structural merits.However,the high-temperature synthesis(>900℃)and controversial charge-storage mechanism always limit its applications.Herein,we develop a low-temperature strategy to fabricate a nano-blocks-constructed hierarchical accordional O-CNO framework by employing multilayered Nb_(2)CT_(x)as the niobium source.The intrinsic stress-induced formation/transformation mechanism of the monoclinic CuNb_(2)O_(6)to O-CNO is tentatively put forward.Furthermore,the integrated phase conversion and solid solution lithium-storage mechanism is reasonably unveiled with comprehensive in(ex)situ characterizations.Thanks to its unique structural merits and lithium-storage process,the resulted O-CNO anode is endowed with a large capacity of 150.3 mAh g^(-1)at 2.0 A g^(-1),along with long-duration cycling behaviors.Furthermore,the constructed O-CNO-based LICs exhibit a high energy(138.9 Wh kg^(-1))and power(4.0 kW kg^(-1))densities with a modest cycling stability(15.8%capacity degradation after 3000 consecutive cycles).More meaningfully,the in-depth insights into the formation and charge-storage process here can promote the extensive development of binary metal Nb-based oxides for advanced LICs.