Three specimens of Ochotona forresti were collected from southeastern Tibet in 1977 and 1979. After a careful study,considered to be a new subspecies of Ochotona forresti. It is described as follows: Ochotona forresti...Three specimens of Ochotona forresti were collected from southeastern Tibet in 1977 and 1979. After a careful study,considered to be a new subspecies of Ochotona forresti. It is described as follows: Ochotona forresti duoxionglaensis subsp. nov.Holotype: 1♂,NIPB 77139,adult,collected from Duoxiongla Mountain (elevation: 4 200 m),Motuo County,southeastern Tibet,August 27,1977 by Prof. Cai Guiquan.Paratypes: 2 ♀♀,NIPB 79072,adult,and NIPB 79071,subadult,collected from Bangzong valley (elevation: 4 100 m),Milin County,southeastern,Tibet,September 14,1979 by Prof. Wu Jiayan.Type specimens are deposited in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Museum of Biological Specimens,Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology,the Chinese Academy of Sciences.Diagnosis: Similar to Ochotona forresti osgoodi with larger bullae,(LAB 11.1-11.4 mm). Differences from other subspecies are as follows: O. f. duoxionglaensis is much bigger; greater skull length 40.7-41.4 mm; skull is much higher,height of skull 36.71%-37.0% of greater skull length; Long hairs in front of ears are white. Forehead is black and brown,and sides of the faces are drabble grey. From back to buttocks are deep black,and the sides of the body are light black.Remarks: Long hairs in front of the ears are white. Hairs inside ears are grey-white,back of ears chestnut,and edge of ear black and brown. Nape dark hoary grayish,belly and groin washed with buff,but middle of belly yellow. Fore and hind feet above grey,hind feet stouter. Fore claws longer than those of hind feet,terminal pads of toes blackish and not hidden by hair,conspicuous.Skull: Relatively large,GLS 40.7-41.4 mm.; Comparatively convex in superior profile,BCH/GLS about 36.71%-37.0%; Bullae large,LAB 11.1-11.4 mm; Palatal and incisive foramina completely confluent,like a gourd or violin. There are no small vacuities at the anterior end of frontals. Nasal bone short but broad. The orbits are much bigger,and its greatest inner length is much longer than length of diastema.Occurrence and habits: Found only in Motuo and Milin,southeastern Tibet. Habitats are in alpine shrub meadows,or in edge of forests.展开更多
Objective：To determine the anti-inflammatory effects of an ethanol fraction of Periploca forrestii Schltr.（EFPF） and to investigate the potential mechanisms underlying in vivo and in vitro models. Methods：The anti...Objective：To determine the anti-inflammatory effects of an ethanol fraction of Periploca forrestii Schltr.（EFPF） and to investigate the potential mechanisms underlying in vivo and in vitro models. Methods：The antiinflammatory effects of EFPF were evaluated using the xylene-induced mouse ear edema and carrageenan-induced rat paw edema models in vivo. In vitro, RAW264.7 cells were exposed to 0–800 μg/m L EFPF and the cell viability was determined by 3-（4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide（MTT） assay. Then cells were treated with different concentrations of EFPF（100–400 μg/m L） and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide（LPS, 1 μg/m L） for 24 h. The supernatant was analyzed for nitric oxide（NO） using the Griess reagent, and the levels of inflammatory mediators and cytokines were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for prostaglandin E2（PGE2）, tumor necrosis factor α（TNF-α）, interleukin（IL） 6, and IL-10. The protein expressions of inducible NO synthase（i NOS）, cyclooxygenase-2（COX-2）, nuclear factor κB（NF-κB）, and mitogen-activated protein kinases（MAPKs） including extracellular signal-regulated kinase（ERK）, c-Jun N-terminal kinase（JNK）, and p38 MAPK were examined by Western blot. Results：Compared with the control group, EFPF significantly reduced mouse ear edema and rat paw edema rate（P〈0.05 or P〈0.01）. Compared with the LPS group, EFPF significantly inhibited the LPS-stimulated production of NO, PGE2, TNF-α and IL-6（P〈0.05 or P〈0.01）, and increased the IL-10 production（P〈0.05）. EFPF also significantly inhibited LPS-induced protein expressions of i NOS and COX-2, suppressed the phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitor of NF-κB-α, decreased p65 level, and inhibited the phosphorylation of p38, ERK1/2 and JNK（P〈0.05 or P〈0.01）. Conclusion：EFPF exerted anti-inflammatory effect by reducing protein expressions of i NOS and COX-2 and the production of the inflammation factors, including TNF-α, IL-6, NO and PGE2, mainly through inhibition of LPS-mediated stimulation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.展开更多
文摘Three specimens of Ochotona forresti were collected from southeastern Tibet in 1977 and 1979. After a careful study,considered to be a new subspecies of Ochotona forresti. It is described as follows: Ochotona forresti duoxionglaensis subsp. nov.Holotype: 1♂,NIPB 77139,adult,collected from Duoxiongla Mountain (elevation: 4 200 m),Motuo County,southeastern Tibet,August 27,1977 by Prof. Cai Guiquan.Paratypes: 2 ♀♀,NIPB 79072,adult,and NIPB 79071,subadult,collected from Bangzong valley (elevation: 4 100 m),Milin County,southeastern,Tibet,September 14,1979 by Prof. Wu Jiayan.Type specimens are deposited in Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Museum of Biological Specimens,Northwest Plateau Institute of Biology,the Chinese Academy of Sciences.Diagnosis: Similar to Ochotona forresti osgoodi with larger bullae,(LAB 11.1-11.4 mm). Differences from other subspecies are as follows: O. f. duoxionglaensis is much bigger; greater skull length 40.7-41.4 mm; skull is much higher,height of skull 36.71%-37.0% of greater skull length; Long hairs in front of ears are white. Forehead is black and brown,and sides of the faces are drabble grey. From back to buttocks are deep black,and the sides of the body are light black.Remarks: Long hairs in front of the ears are white. Hairs inside ears are grey-white,back of ears chestnut,and edge of ear black and brown. Nape dark hoary grayish,belly and groin washed with buff,but middle of belly yellow. Fore and hind feet above grey,hind feet stouter. Fore claws longer than those of hind feet,terminal pads of toes blackish and not hidden by hair,conspicuous.Skull: Relatively large,GLS 40.7-41.4 mm.; Comparatively convex in superior profile,BCH/GLS about 36.71%-37.0%; Bullae large,LAB 11.1-11.4 mm; Palatal and incisive foramina completely confluent,like a gourd or violin. There are no small vacuities at the anterior end of frontals. Nasal bone short but broad. The orbits are much bigger,and its greatest inner length is much longer than length of diastema.Occurrence and habits: Found only in Motuo and Milin,southeastern Tibet. Habitats are in alpine shrub meadows,or in edge of forests.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.81460641,No.81660691)
文摘Objective：To determine the anti-inflammatory effects of an ethanol fraction of Periploca forrestii Schltr.（EFPF） and to investigate the potential mechanisms underlying in vivo and in vitro models. Methods：The antiinflammatory effects of EFPF were evaluated using the xylene-induced mouse ear edema and carrageenan-induced rat paw edema models in vivo. In vitro, RAW264.7 cells were exposed to 0–800 μg/m L EFPF and the cell viability was determined by 3-（4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl）-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide（MTT） assay. Then cells were treated with different concentrations of EFPF（100–400 μg/m L） and stimulated with lipopolysaccharide（LPS, 1 μg/m L） for 24 h. The supernatant was analyzed for nitric oxide（NO） using the Griess reagent, and the levels of inflammatory mediators and cytokines were determined using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays for prostaglandin E2（PGE2）, tumor necrosis factor α（TNF-α）, interleukin（IL） 6, and IL-10. The protein expressions of inducible NO synthase（i NOS）, cyclooxygenase-2（COX-2）, nuclear factor κB（NF-κB）, and mitogen-activated protein kinases（MAPKs） including extracellular signal-regulated kinase（ERK）, c-Jun N-terminal kinase（JNK）, and p38 MAPK were examined by Western blot. Results：Compared with the control group, EFPF significantly reduced mouse ear edema and rat paw edema rate（P〈0.05 or P〈0.01）. Compared with the LPS group, EFPF significantly inhibited the LPS-stimulated production of NO, PGE2, TNF-α and IL-6（P〈0.05 or P〈0.01）, and increased the IL-10 production（P〈0.05）. EFPF also significantly inhibited LPS-induced protein expressions of i NOS and COX-2, suppressed the phosphorylation and degradation of inhibitor of NF-κB-α, decreased p65 level, and inhibited the phosphorylation of p38, ERK1/2 and JNK（P〈0.05 or P〈0.01）. Conclusion：EFPF exerted anti-inflammatory effect by reducing protein expressions of i NOS and COX-2 and the production of the inflammation factors, including TNF-α, IL-6, NO and PGE2, mainly through inhibition of LPS-mediated stimulation of NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways.
