Direct transformation of fossil carbon into chemicals: A review

Despite the long tradition of fossil carbon(coal,char,and related carbon-based materials)for fueling mankind,the science of transforming them into chemicals is still demandingly progressing in the current energy scenario,especially when considering its responsibilities to the global climate change.Traditionally,there are four routes of preparing chemicals directly from fossil carbon,including hydrogasification,gasification,direct liquefaction,and oxidation,in the macroscope of gas-solid reaction(hydrogasification and gasification)and liquid-solid reaction(direct liquefaction and oxidation).When the study goes to microscale,the gas-solid reaction can be considered as the reaction between the severe condensed radicals and gas,while the liquid-solid reaction is the direct reaction between the radical and the activated-molecule.To have a full overview of the area,this review systematically summarizes the main factors in these processes and shows our own perspectives as follows,(ⅰ)stabilizing the free radicals generated from coal and then directly converting them has the highest efficiency in coal utilization;(ⅱ)the research on the self-catalytic process of coal structure will have a profound impact on the direct preparation of chemicals from fossil carbon.Further discussions are also proposed to guide the future study of the area into a more sustainable direction.

Carbon Capture Technologies in OAPEC Member Countries and the Circular Carbon Economy: A Roadmap to Zero Emissions by 2050

Several Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC) member states (OMSs) have updated their nationally determined contributions (NDCs) with the aim of achieving zero carbon emissions by 2050. Carbon neutrality requires shifting from a linear carbon economy (LCE) to a circular carbon economy (CCE). Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies, including reduction, recycle, reuse, removal, and storage technologies, represent an important strategy for achieving such a shift. Herein, we investigate the effects of CCS technology adoption in six OMSs—namely the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), Qatar, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Kuwait, Algeria, and Iraq—by examining their Circular Carbon Economy Index (CCEI) scores, which reflect compliance with CCE-transition policies. Total CCEI, current performance CCEI dimension, and future enabler CCEI dimensions scores were compared among the aforementioned six OMSs and relative to Norway, which was used as a global-high CCEI reference standard. Specifically, CCEI general scope and CCEI oil scope dimension scores were compared. The KSA, Qatar, the UAE, and Kuwait had higher CCEI scores than Algeria and Iraq, reflecting their greater adoption of CCE-transition policies and greater emission-reducing modernization investments. The current performance CCEI scores of Algeria and Iraq appear to be buttressed to some extent by their greater natural carbon sink resources. Based on the findings, we recommend specific actions for OMSs to enhance their CCE transitions and mitigate the negative impacts associated with the associated investments, including: taking rapid practical steps to eliminate carbon oil industry emissions;detailed CCS planning by national oil companies;international cooperation and coordination;and increased investment in domestic CCS utilization infrastructure.

The Carbon Isotopic Characteristics of Dinosaur Eggshell Fossils in Late Cretaceous from Xixia Basin and Their Significance

This paper studies the Late Cretaceous dinosaur eggshell fossils from the Xixia Basin, Henan Province, by microscopy and carbon isotope method. Careful observation under microscope revealed that all dinosaur eggshell fossils consist of primary calcite and secondary calcite. The content of the former is about 60.5% and the latter 39.5% according to image analysis. The δ\{\}\+\{13\}C values of secondary carbonate mineral filling within the dinosaur eggs in the strata range from -5.63‰ to -5.68‰, with an average value of -5.65‰. The δ\{\}\+\{13\}C values of sixteen dinosaur eggshell fossils are in the range from -5.88‰ to -7.79‰. Then we calculated the δ\{\}\+\{13\}C values of primary carbonate minerals, ranging from -6.03‰ to -9.19‰. Based on the δ\{\}\+\{13\}C values of the primary carbonate, the ancient food type and food proportion of dinosaurs were deduced. The dinosaur’s food proportions of C\-3 plant and C\-4 plant are 61% and 39%, respectively. Finally, it is inferred that the palaeoclimate in the Xixia Basin should be a warm—sub\|humid—sub\|arid climate in the subtropical zone of the Xixia Basin.

Research on the Impact of New and Renewable Energy Replacing Fossil Energy Resource under Constraint of Carbon Emissions

For studying new and renewable energy as a substitute for fossil energy in primary energy consumption and its impact on carbon emissions to cope with economic uncertainties, a multi-sector DSGE model was employed to simulate the dynamic impact on carbon emissions and macroeconomic development. The structural adjustment of energy consumption and the carbon emissions mitigation policy were considered in the model. The simulation results showed that using new and renewable energy instead of fossil energy is an optimal choice for the firms to comply with the regulations of carbon emission mitigation policy. Structural adjustment of energy consumption is the best route to achieve the dual goal of economic development and carbon emission reduction. Unexpected sharp fall in free carbon quota has a negative impact on the economy.

Recovery and chemical utilization of carbon dioxide from fossil－fuel burning industrial sources

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拉丁美洲主要国家碳中和状况分析及对我国的启示

巴西、墨西哥、阿根廷和智利4个拉美国家社会经济发展与我国处于相似阶段,分析其碳排放特征、评估其碳中和政策的成效,对我国碳中和实现路径的探索具有借鉴意义。该文利用拉美4国的化石燃料碳排放、陆地碳收支等数据,分析其1990—2016年碳排放及陆地生态系统碳收支特征及驱动因素;系统梳理拉美4国长期减排目标相关政策规划,采用情景分析方法评估各国2017—2050年的减排成效和碳中和状况。研究表明:①经济增长和人口膨胀是驱动拉美4国碳排放量上升的主要原因,但墨西哥、阿根廷和智利的能源强度变化一定程度上抑制了碳排放量增加;陆地生态系统碳收支主要受毁林活动强度和森林碳汇功能影响,巴西、阿根廷因毁林活动较强远离碳中和目标,但墨西哥和智利的陆地生态系统能吸收部分化石燃料碳排放,其中智利大致接近碳中和状态。②情景预测结果显示,现有政策规划可实现巴西2025年和2030年阶段性目标、阿根廷2030年阶段性目标以及智利2050年碳中和目标,可使巴西基本接近2050年碳中和目标,但在实现阿根廷2050年碳中和目标以及墨西哥各阶段性目标上存在困难。基于研究结果提出我国在碳中和实现路径和方案探索中,应注重推动能源结构整体优化、持续提升能源利用效率、充分发掘陆地生态系统碳汇潜力等建议。

我国碳市场与化石能源市场溢出效应研究——基于VAR-GARCH-BEKK模型的分析

碳市场的建立是实现“双碳”目标的重要保障,分析碳市场与化石能源市场间的溢出效应有助于提升市场流动性、规避碳金融风险,从而更好地推动国家气候战略目标。本文运用主成分分析方法将我国8个碳试点价格集成,明确试点阶段我国碳市场的整体发展规律,并通过VAR-GARCH-BEKK模型,进一步探究了全国统一碳市场建立前后碳市场与化石能源市场之间溢出效应的变化情况。结果表明,试点阶段碳市场与各类化石能源市场之间均存在显著的单向均值溢出效应。然而,在全国碳排放权交易市场建立初期,仅有部分发电行业参与交易,这在一定程度上削弱了碳市场与化石能源市场之间的联动关系,造成了二者之间均值溢出效应的下降。此外,全国统一碳市场的建立吸引了更多的投资者,加剧了碳市场和化石能源市场间的风险传染,需要进一步完善监管政策体系,保障碳市场平稳健康运行。

Solving the Carbon Dioxide Emission Estimation Problem: An Artificial Neural Network Model

Climate Pollution due to the Carbon Emission (CO2) from the different fossil fuels is considered as a great and important international challenge to many researchers. In this paper we are providing a solution to forecast the poison CO2 gas emerged from energy consumption. Four inputs data were considered the global oil, natural gas, coal, and primary energy consumption to build our system. In this paper, we used the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) as successful and powerful tool in handling a time series modeling problem. The proposed ANN model was used to train and test the yearly CO2 Emission. The data were trained from year 1982 to 2000, and tested for the year 2003 to 2010. From the results obtained we can see that ANN performance was Excellent and proved its efficiency as a useful tool in solving the climate pollution problems.

The rationality of low carbon technologies

Combustion of fossil fuels increases permanently the carbon content of the fast carbon cycle consisting of atmos-phere, land and surface ocean. The carbon residence times in these reservoirs are relatively low in the order of some years. Howev-er, the carbon residence time in the whole fast cycle is in the order of 2,000 years. This means the final storage problem of fossil en-ergy use is in the same order as that of nuclear energy use.There are two other main driving forces for a continuous decarbonisation of the world energy system. The first one is the short-ening of raw materials, an the second one is the greenhous gas effect of carbon dioxide with the risk of climate change. Based on the "molecular fingerprints" of various fossil fuels a new quantity, the "energetic carbon efficiency" can be derived. This quantity fa-vours methane (natural gas) more than any other fossil fuel. E. g. , methane is two times more efficient than lignite or hard coal. Therefore, the future role of this energy carrier will be discussed more in detail.Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is not a convincing concept and therefore it cannot be considered as a responsible excuse for new coal fired power stations. A reasonable way out may be the carbon moratorium. This means a thermal splitting of methane into carbon and hydrogen. Only the hydrogen is used as a fuel whereas the carbon is deposited in the earth, because storage of carbon is much safer than storage of carbon dioxide.Very often biofuels are considered as a sustainable option. Critical arguments are presented against the meander of biofuels. Negative climate implications and very low efficiencies are serious arguments against these technolgies. Even the fashionable new hope for bioenergy from algea farms has no rational fundamentA long-time sustainable energy system requires not only low carbon but zero carbon technologies. This means solar energy in all kinds of its appearance (water power, wind, solar heat and photovoltaics). However these kinds of energy require new energy stor-age technologies. Various storage technologies will be discussed with a special focus on electrochemical batteries and electromobility. All of these new energy technologies are not able to remove any carbon from the fast carbon cycle. Therefore, some prominent con-cepts of climate engineering will be introduced.

Impact of Renewable Energy on Carbon Dioxide Emission Reduction in Bangladesh

Economic growth and industrialization often default to a great dependency on fossil fuels (FF) to supply power needs. The carbon rich nature of FF combustion can impact global warming. Therefore, it is conducive to transition from FF to renewable energy (RE). The present study aimed to address if replacement of a single FF by RE can mitigate carbon emissions. We conduct the study in a country undergoing mass urbanization and challenging energy demands. Data from energy resources in the Power & Energy Sector Master Plan (PSMP2016;Bangladesh) are analyzed over the 2017-2021 trajectory. Two scenarios for imports, oil and coal are assessed. Environmental input output (E-IO) analysis and percentage equivalence analysis measured data variables. The data is then further disaggregated into an emission reduction (ER) model with sensitivity analysis to measure carbon emission reduction when each FF source is substituted by RE. Results show the percentage share of energy generation capacity by both coal and RE increase over time. Solar and wind power contribute to the increase in RE. When oil is imported a 1% increase in oil, coal, and gas-based energy generation capacity increases carbon emissions by 1.25%, 1.48% and 0.93%, respectively. 1% increase in RE produces negligible carbon emissions (0.0042%). There was little difference in the percentages of carbon emissions when coal is imported. Substituting any FF with RE of equal energy capacity does not, in the short term, reduce carbon emissions in either scenario. Therefore, we conclude that for long term clean energy prospects in Bangladesh, RE needs to be developed to operate at greater capacity in conjunction with other carbon management factors. The research findings herein offer insights for clean energy implementation in developing nations.

How Much Fossil Fuel Is in the Earth?

In this work, by using an indirect method based on the correspondence between the amount of oxygen in the atmosphere and the quantity of fossil fuel in the Earth, the resources of fossil fuels were evaluated to be about 1.9 × 1016 ton. Unluckily, only a small part of these fuels is easily accessible. Nevertheless, their quantity is so high that it is reasonable to assume that fossil fuels will continue to dominate the global energy scene for several years. The extensive use of fossil fuels alters the ratio between oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The effects of this change are however so slow that they become important only on the geological time scale.

Measurement of Atmospheric Black Carbon Concentration in Rural and Urban Environments: Cases of Lamto and Abidjan

Black carbon is one of the primary aerosols directly emitted from biomass known to have strong absorbing properties. The INDAAF and PASMU observational field campaigns which took place (2018) in Abidjan (urban area) and Lamto (rural area) allow the analysis of Black carbon concentration at different time scales through real-time measurements using an analyzer named Aethalometer AE-33. Results presented here show at Lamto: 1) for the diurnal scale an average of 1.71 ± 0.3 μg⋅m-3 (0.34 ± 0.09 μg⋅m-3) in the dry (wet) season;2) for the monthly scale an average of 1.14 ± 0.84 μg⋅m-3;3) on the seasonal scale, an average of 2.2 ± 0.02 μg⋅m-3 (0.6 ± 0.19 μg⋅m-3) in the dry (wet) season. The black carbon variation at Lamto is seasonal with an amplification factor of 85.6. Regarding the urban area of Abidjan, due to sampling issues, our analyses were limited to daily, diurnal and weekly time scales. We observed: a) at a daily scale an average of 5.31.± 2.5 μg⋅m-3, b) diurnal scale, an average ranging from 6.87 to 13.92 μg⋅m-3. The analysis indicated that emissions from urban areas are more related to social and economic activities, with weekday concentrations (7.24 μg⋅m-3) higher than concentrations over the weekend (e.g. Saturday 6.59 μg⋅m-3 and Sunday 6.00 μg⋅m-3). Moreover, BC concentration in Abidjan is quite noticeable compared to that of rural areas (Lamto). The ratio between the maximum values of the two areas is of the order of 5.86. In addition, concentrations in some urban areas are slightly above the daily threshold set by the WHO (10 μg⋅m-3). Therefore, the levels of urban BC concentrations are alarming whilst rural BC concentrations remain below daily WHO thresholds and are of the same magnitude as those of West African megacities. This study underlies that BC concentrations at Lamto are mainly related to biomass combustion sources while those from urban areas are related to traffic sources. The latter is permanently active, unlike those in rural Lamto, which is seasonal.

化石能源减量对减污降碳贡献度的定量评估

论文构建了化石能源减量对减污降碳贡献度的定量评估模型,根据2012年和2019年各行业煤炭和成品油消费以及大气排放数据进行计算,结果表明,相比2012年,2019年煤炭与交通用油用量的减少对SO_(2)、NO_(x)、颗粒物和CO_(2)的减排贡献分别约为54%、40%、16%和96%,表明化石能源减量在减污降碳治理中发挥了重要作用。在未来,中国能源结构仍将以化石能源为主体、能效存在继续下降空间、空气污染物末端治理空间收窄、CO_(2)末端处理技术不成熟等因素决定了化石能源减量为代表的源头治理措施将继续发挥重要作用,特别是针对NO_(x)和颗粒物的源头治理(包括能源与非能源领域)存在较大政策施展空间。研究同时认为,为实现减污降碳协同增效,对不同空气污染物和CO_(2)排放的治理措施在不同用能领域应更加精准,并且建议制定减排措施时,要兼顾经济、社会方面的代价。

绿色碳科学:双碳目标下的科学基础——第292期“双清论坛”学术综述

基于第292期“双清论坛”,本文阐述了“绿色碳科学”理念的科学内涵,综述了当前我国能源与材料科技领域低碳化科学技术的研究进展、相关挑战与未来机遇,凝练了双碳目标的实现路径、关键科学问题、未来研究方向,为自然科学基金委下一步制订碳中和基础研究行动计划与资助方案提供参考。

基于碳汇法与NPP法的安徽省能源足迹影响因素研究

文章采用碳汇法和净初级生产力(net primary productivity,NPP)法,以安徽省为例计算能源足迹;将非化石能源消费也纳入能源足迹的计算中,以便更准确测度能源足迹;采用对数平均迪氏指数(logarithmic mean Divisia index,LMDI)分解法分析能源足迹的影响因素,并使用Pearson相关系数分析法探索非化石能源足迹对能源足迹总量变化率的影响。结果表明:与碳汇法相比,NPP法考虑区域综合碳吸收能力和土地利用变化的影响,计算结果更准确;基于NPP法计算含非化石能源的能源足迹,2009—2016年安徽省能源足迹累计增长511.25×10^(4)hm^(2),年均增长率为5.02%;能源强度在抑制能源足迹增长因素中占94.35%,贡献度为-1.57;经济发展在促进能源足迹增长的因素中占95.95%,贡献度为2.55;以经济发展为主的正效应大于以能源强度为主的负效应,两者比值为1.74∶1.00;非化石能源足迹、煤炭足迹的贡献度与总量变化率分别呈-0.54负相关和0.44正相关。因此,调整能源结构、大力发展非化石能源,能有效降低能源足迹。

数字经济与城市碳绩效提升:效应与机制

本文基于我国2011—2019年280个城市的面板数据,从基础作用、机制作用和异质作用三方面实证检验数字经济发展对城市碳绩效的影响。研究发现,数字经济发展能够显著促进城市碳绩效提升,具体表现为提高碳生产率、抑制碳强度以及降低化石能源消耗,采用多种工具检验后结果依然稳健。机制分析表明,在集聚效应、进步效应和结构效应的调节作用下,数字经济能够发挥规模性减碳、创新性降碳和清洁性排碳的关键作用。异质性分析表明,数字经济发展对城市碳绩效的影响因地区资源禀赋表现异质性,在非资源型城市发挥的驱动效果比资源型城市更加明显。据此,本文进一步给出数字经济推动城市绿色低碳转型发展的政策启示。

新能源引领,非化石能源产业迈上新台阶——2022年我国非化石能源发展形势分析与2023年发展展望

本文研究分析了2022年我国非化石能源开发利用和产业发展升级的最新进展,风电、光伏发电已经成为拉动我国非化石能源占比提高的绝对主力;总结了我国2022年在碳达峰碳中和顶层设计下,制定的推动非化石能源发展的系列重大政策,并对2023年我国新能源市场发展和政策趋势进行了展望。

中国润滑油生态足迹测算及影响因素研究

润滑油生态足迹指用于吸收润滑油燃烧所排放CO_(2)的森林和草地的面积。重新修订化石能源地定义,基于碳循环的视角测算了中国润滑油生态足迹并采用偏最小二乘回归模型研究影响润滑油生态足迹的主要驱动因子。结果显示:2014-2019年中国润滑油生态足迹逐年递增;影响润滑油生态足迹的主要驱动因子是民用汽车保有量和第二产业国内生产总值(GDP),两者分别每增加1%,对应的润滑油生态足迹分别增长15.11%和15.08%;其次是原油加工量、城镇居民家庭人均可支配收入、城镇居民家庭人均消费支出和人均交通通信消费支出,四者分别每增长1%,润滑油生态足迹均增长14%左右;影响最小的是燃油价格,其每增长1%,润滑油生态足迹增加11.82%。

湖北省能源消耗的碳排放现状及峰值预测

湖北省正处在工业化和城镇化的加速发展时期,其重化工产业的特点十分突出,在短时间内很难改变以化石能源为主体的能源结构,碳排放量也会继续快速增加。分析了湖北省碳排放现状并通过碳排放系数法估算湖北省2001-2019年碳排放量,在此基础上使用STIRPAT模型,运用岭回归并结合情景分析法预测湖北省“碳达峰”时间与碳排放量峰值。结果表明:随着湖北省经济的高速增长,湖北省CO_(2)的排放量也保持较高增速;煤炭的消耗仍然是湖北省CO_(2)排放量较大的主要因素;在低、中、高三种情景模式下,湖北省碳排放峰值介于1.8亿~1.9亿t。湖北省能源消耗碳排放峰值出现时间介于2030-2035年。