Cause Analysis and Countermeasure of Gypsum Rain in Coal-fired Power Plants

Focusing on the phenomenon of gypsum rain while wet desulphurization(WFGD) were adopted in coal fired power plant without GGH, the paper studied and put forward the solutions : (1) desulfurization facilities related equipment modification;(2) optimal operation of existing desulfurization facilities.

Sliding Mode Predictive Control of Main Steam Pressure in Coal-fired Power Plant Boiler

Since the combustion system of coal-fired boiler in thermal power plant is characterized as time varying, strongly coupled, and nonlinear, it is hard to achieve a satisfactory performance by the conventional proportional integral derivative (PID) control scheme. For the characteristics of the main steam pressure in coal-fired power plant boiler, the sliding mode control system with Smith predictive structure is proposed to look for performance and robustness improvement. First, internal model control (IMC) and Smith predictor (SP) is used to deal with the time delay, and sliding mode controller (SMCr) is designed to overcome the model mismatch. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed controller compared with conventional ones.

Mercury Emission From Coal-fired Power Plants in China

燃煤是最大的人为汞排放源之一，燃煤电厂的汞排放控制问题也越来越为人们所关注。该文将目前公布的中国电厂的汞排放数据进行筛选汇总，得到18个电厂的汞排放数据，通过对比和分析，总结出了符合我国燃煤电厂特点的一般性汞排放规律。结果表明：与美国煤种相比，我国的燃煤具有低氯、高灰的特性，这不利于汞的排放控制；循环流化床燃烧可能会因燃尽率的不同而较煤粉炉燃烧易获得较高的Hgp；空气污染控制设备的使用能够有效地减少汞排放，选择性催化还原＋静电除尘器／布袋除尘器＋石灰石-石膏湿法脱硫（SCR＋ESP／FF＋WFGD）组合的平均脱汞率可达71．48％；SCR的大规模应用可能会将汞大量转移到飞灰和脱硫石膏中，带来二次污染的问题。

Progress and prospects of innovative coal-fired power plants within the energy internet

The development of electrical engineering and electronic, communications, smart power grid, and ultra-high voltage transmission technologies have driven the energy system revolution to the next generation: the energy internet. Progressive penetration of intermittent renewable energy sources into the energy system has led to unprecedented challenges to the currently wide use of coal-fired power generation technologies. Here, the applications and prospects of advanced coal-fired power generation technologies are analyzed. These technologies can be summarized into three categories:(1) large-scale and higher parameters coal-fired power generation technologies, including 620/650/700 oC ultra-supercritical thermal power and double reheat ultra-supercritical coal-fired power generation technologies;(2) system innovation and specific, highefficiency thermal cycles, which consist of renewable energy-aided coal-fired power generation technologies, a supercritical CO_2 Brayton cycle for coal-fired power plants, large-scale air-cooling coal-fired power plant technologies, and innovative layouts for waste heat utilization and enhanced energy cascade utilization;(3) coal-fired power generation combined with poly-generation technologies, which are represented by integrated gasification combined cycle(IGCC) and integrated gasification fuel cell(IGFC) technologies. Concerning the existing coal-fired power units, which are responsible for peak shaving, possible strategies for enhancing flexibility and operational stability are discussed. Furthermore, future trends for coal-fired power plants coupled with cyber-physical system(CPS) technologies are introduced. The development of advanced, coal-fired power generation technologies demonstrates the progress of science and is suitable for the sustainable development of human society.

Optimization of an Existing Coal-fired Power Plant with CO²Capture

Nowadays, the worsening environmental issue caused by CO2 emission is greatly aggravated by human activity. Many CO2 reduction technologies are under fast development. Among these, monoethanolamine (MEA) based CO2 capture technology has been paid great attention. However, when connecting the CO2 capture process with a coal-fired power plant, the huge energy and efficiency penalty caused by CO2 capture has become a serious problem for its application. Thus, it is of great significance to reduce the related energy consumption. Based on an existing coal-fired power plant, this paper proposes a new way for the decarburized retrofitting of the coal-fired power plant, which helps to improve the overall efficiency of the power plant with less energy and efficiency penalty. The decarburized retrofitting scheme proposed will provide a new route for the CO2 capture process in China.

Development of Carbon Dioxide Capture Technologies in Coal-Fired Power Plants

With a particular reference to China Huaneng Group's practices in CO_2 capture, this article presents a brief ing on the current development of CO_2 capture technologies in coal-fired power plants both in China and abroad. Sooner or later, the integration of CO_2 capture and storage (CCS) facility with coal-fired power plant will be inevitably put on the agenda of developers.

The flue dust emission of the coal fired power plants in Zhejiang Province attains target

According to statistics, the average dust collection efficiency of flue gas emission in the large and medium- sized power plants in Zhejiang Province at present has attained higher than 97% which surpasses the 95% standard as stipulated by the Ministry of Electric Power. The dust collection efficiency of the Beilungang Power Plant has already attained 99.92%. In recent years, Zhejiang Electric Power Corporation has stipulated that all the newly constructed generating units shall be equipped with high efficiency electrostatic precipitator (ESP) while the existing power plants shall speed up their renovation work for their dust collectors. In combination with the fourth stage project of the Taizhou Power Plant, the improvement work of the dust

COMPARATIVE RESEARCH ON THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FLYASH FROM COAL REFUSE-FIRED AND COAL-FIRED POWER PLANTS

The physical,chemical and mineral facies properties of the flyash from Xiezhuang Coal Refuse Fired Power Plant have been studied by means of naked eyes,microscope,chemical composition analysis and XRD analysis,and compared with that of the flyash from Taian Coal Fired Power Plant.The result shows that the flyash from coal refuse fired power plant is of better quality in making construction items,for being brighter in color,fine and high activity.Some ways of comprehensive utilization of the ash have been suggested in this paper.

Analysis on the Durability of Hybrid Polymer Composites for Power FGD System

The corrosion condition of flue gas desulfurization (FGD) equipment for the coal-fired power plant was defined as the strong corrosion grade. The lining system of hybrid polymer composite was used in internal cylinder of steel chimney, and a corrosion-resistant and heat-resistant protective layer was formed on the metal surface. The corrosion-resistant and ageing-resistant properties of hybrid polymer composite prepared at low temperature after four years of practical use were investigated by differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and measurement of gravimetric variation, contact angle, abrasion resistance, bonding strength and tensile strength. The properties of hybrid polymer composites prepared at 25℃ and –15℃ were comparatively analyzed in the paper.

The state-of-the-art of steel technology used for chinese power plants and its future

The development and construction of Ultra Super Critical(USC) fossil fired power plants and advanced nuclear power plants are the most important and effective issue to improve national electricity structure in China and to fulfill the national emission aim which had been proposed and promised.Further, steel technology is one of the most imperative fundamentals to ensure the development and construction of USC fossil fired power plants and advanced nuclear power plants.This paper briefly introduced the state-of-the -art and achievement of steel technology used for USC fossil fired power plants and advanced nuclear power plants in China so far.Meanwhile,the authors also analyzed and discussed the potential research and development plans of the important steel technology in China in the near future.

Valuing Health Effects of Natural Radionuclides Releases from Yatagan Power Plant

The objective of this paper is the valuation of radiological health effects of Yatagan Power Plant. To this aim the radiation dose calculations are carried out for the population living within 80 km radius of the plant. The average of the maximum measured specific isotopes 238U, 232Th and 226Ra in the flying ash samples are considered as radioactive sources. Based on the dose calculations, first the stochastic health effects and then monetary health effects are estimated. The estimated total collective dose and economic value of the pre-dicted health effects are 0.3098 man Sv/y and 14791 US$/y respectively. The results obtained from the dose calculations are lower than the limits of International Commission of Radiation Protection (ICRP) and it does not pose any risk for public health. Monetary value of health risks is also negligible in comparison to the av-erage yearly sales revenue of the plant which is 250 million US$.

大型燃煤发电机组低碳技术进展

当前我国碳排放总量约110亿t,其中约40%的CO_(2)由燃煤机组产生,如何降低燃煤发电机组的碳排放是实现双碳目标的关键。针对燃煤发电机组大规模减碳技术,重点介绍低碳/零碳燃料替代技术(生物质、污泥、氢/氨等)和CCUS技术的研究进展:燃煤电厂耦合生物质包括直接耦合和间接耦合,但均受制于生物质原料供应和价格,生物质“种植—收割—转运—储存—预处理—燃烧”全链条控制掺烧模式可有效解决上述问题。660 MW机组掺烧试验表明,CO_(2)排放可减少77.25万t/a;市政污泥含水率高达80%,进入锅炉前需干化处理,目前蒸汽或烟气干化均存在投资运行成本高、干化后的污泥水分较大且有臭气等问题,导致掺烧比例一般低于8%。基于生物质热源的污泥炭化技术可直接在污水厂生产无臭污泥炭,热值达10.26 MJ/kg左右,电厂掺烧比例可提高至20%~30%;掺烧氢/氨燃料需解决大比例掺烧下氨逃逸和NOx排放问题,国内已开展皖能集团300 MW和国家能源集团600 MW氨煤掺烧实验,通过燃烧调控可在NOx排放略微增加的情况下实现较高的NH3燃烬率,但商业化推广还受制于氢/氨成本;燃烧前脱碳技术(IGCC电站)的商业化运行案例极为有限,由于高居不下的成本,国外多个示范项目均已停运,推动该技术商业化需解决建设成本、发电成本和设备可靠性等问题。燃烧中碳捕集包括富氧燃烧和化学链燃烧,由于空分、再循环等过程能耗,常压富氧发电效率比空气燃烧低8%~12%,从常压富氧到加压富氧可进一步提高净发电效率;我国已建成全球最大的4 MW化学链燃烧示范装置,该技术也有望应用于气化领域;燃烧后碳捕集目前以溶液吸收技术为主,固体吸附技术的再生能耗更低,但大规模商业化需要继续降低能耗和成本。

软测量技术赋能燃煤电厂碳排放计量的研究进展

火力发电企业作为我国能源结构的重要组成部分,长期以来是我国碳排放的主要来源,在我国和全球加速推动低碳经济发展的宏观环境下,火电企业积极响应国家“能耗双控”向“碳排放双控”转变的战略部署。在此背景下,精确计量燃煤电厂的碳排放量变得至关重要。在燃煤电厂碳计量中,烟气流量影响燃煤发电中在线监测法的精度,而燃煤消耗量、燃煤元素碳含量以及飞灰碳含量共同决定核算法的可靠性。目前,大多数燃煤发电企业只对流量和燃煤消耗量进行实时监测,在现场恶劣的环境中对燃煤元素碳含量以及飞灰碳含量进行短周期、高频次的直接监测需要花费较大的人力以及物力,流量监测设备也易受烟道环境影响。而软测量技术以其高效和低成本的特点,可为传统碳排放计量过程中关键参数的监测提供一种替代方法。鉴于此,首先阐述了软测量模型的建立过程,包含数据预处理、辅助变量选择、软测量模型建立以及模型校正。数据预处理能够确保数据质量,提高建模效率;辅助变量选择是从大量潜在的变量中筛选出对目标变量的辅助变量,进一步提高建模效率;软测量模型建立主要是基于机理建模和数据驱动建模,是实现目标变量预测的核心;模型校正通过实际的离线或在线数据,对模型进行进一步优化,提高模型的预测精度。其次,针对碳计量相关参数,分析了烟气流量、燃煤消耗量、燃煤元素碳含量和飞灰碳含量监测存在的问题,论述了软测量技术在上述碳计量关键参数的国内外研究进展和应用,评估了机理建模和数据驱动建模技术的有效性、准确性和实用性。其中,机理分析建模主要基于电厂锅炉进出口的能量平衡以及烟风质量守恒等原理,有着确定的数学物理关系式,具有高度可解释性和稳定性,但是建模过程复杂,预测精度较低;数据驱动建模主要是利用各种机器学习方法,基于电厂分布式控制系统(Distributed control system,DCS)丰富的运行数据,对碳计量关键参数进行“黑箱建模”,克服了机理分析建模复杂的过程分析,精度相对较高,但是建模过程不明确,且模型对于不同机组的泛化能力较差。最后,对于软测量技术在碳排放计量领域的发展应用进行了总结与展望。对电厂各参数之间的时序结构、电厂自身计算能力的限制以及机理分析融合数据驱动方法的发展提出相关建议,并对国外二氧化碳预测性排放系统结合软测量技术在国内外燃煤电厂的应用进行展望。

基于初始氨覆盖率寻优的燃煤电站SCR脱硝系统机理建模

随着新能源发电大规模并网,燃煤机组工况快速变化,选择性催化还原(SCR)反应器入口氮氧化物(NO_(x))浓度剧烈波动。传统PID控制已无法满足NO_(x)的超低排放标准,需要建立准确的模型对出口NO_(x)浓度进行预测,以实现快速准确的喷氨量控制。然而,在机理建模的过程中,氨覆盖率这一关键数据因无法测量而缺失,直接影响模型精度。为了解决氨覆盖率缺失的问题,提出了一种名为初始氨覆盖率寻优的方法。采用改进的粒子群优化(IPSO)方法,通过燃煤电厂运行数据对机理模型反应常数和初始氨覆盖率进行校准。结果表明:经过初始氨覆盖率寻优,机理模型预测的出口NO_(x)浓度精度得到了显著提升,典型工况下,测试集平均绝对百分比误差下降了17.1%。

“双碳”目标下燃煤电厂灵活性改造及政策建议

双碳目标下,以新能源为主的可再生能源将实现规模化发展,煤电将向基础保障性和系统调节性电源并重转型。推动燃煤电厂灵活性改造,是增加新能源消纳能力、推动新能源高质量发展的重要举措。本文系统介绍了中国的煤电现状及新定位,梳理了中国“三改联动”中煤电灵活性改造进展情况,评价了灵活性改造实施效果,聚焦影响煤电机组灵活性运行的主要技术问题,研究分析了灵活性改造典型技术路线及其经济性。借鉴欧美提升煤电灵活性的市场经验,从加强规划引导、完善支持政策、发挥市场作用、确保运行安全等方面提出了推进灵活性改造、促进煤电产业转型发展的政策建议。

大型直流冷却火电厂用水特征分析

直流冷却火电厂是我国工业用水大户,随着水资源短缺问题日益严重、节水要求日益提高,开展直流冷却火电厂用水特征分析研究,为节水改造提供技术支撑,愈发紧迫。文章以中山嘉明电厂为例,对其开展水平衡测试工作,确定电厂用水结构,推演用水参数及各系统用水指标,进行节水潜力分析并提出节水措施。分析结果显示,直流冷却是该类电厂主要的用水、退水环节,电厂用水指标满足相关定额要求,但在除盐水回用等方面仍有一定的节水潜力。测试及分析的开展为大型直流冷却火电行业节水改造、节水企业创建提供了一定的参考和借鉴。

全链条大型燃煤机组直接耦合生物质发电降碳技术

“双碳”背景下,开展生物质掺烧利用是大型燃煤机组实现降低CO_(2)排放最经济、可靠的技术手段之一。该文总结国内近15年大型燃煤机组耦合生物质发电技术路线,并对其痛点进行剖析。首次提出和设计全链条的生物质直接耦合发电模式,并在内蒙某电厂进行实施。充分利用电厂周边边际土地科学种植沙柳能源作物,改进并开发了机械化收割及生物质破碎压型工艺和装备,把控“种植-收割-转运-储存-预处理-燃烧”全链条每一个环节,保证生物质原料稳定及低成本供应。通过电厂试验数据验证,对生物质小比例掺烧(重量比例小于20%),推荐采用电厂零投资的“基于电厂现有制粉及燃烧设备的生物质耦合发电”技术路线;对于更大比例掺烧(重量比例大于20%),建议采用“新增生物质独立制粉及燃烧设备的生物质耦合发电”技术路线。

钙循环捕集CO_(2)小试和中试台架研究进展

燃煤电厂产生CO_(2)会加重温室效应,因此实现温室气体减排目标至关重要。碳捕集技术已被确定为降低电力部门碳排放的关键措施。胺洗涤等化学吸附剂和氧燃烧技术等成熟技术集成到发电厂时,效率损失很高(8.0%~12.5%),因此,为尽量减少效率损失和相关电力成本,需开发新的二氧化碳捕获技术。钙循环工艺是一项很有前途的技术,效率损失可降至7%。由于资金成本高,目前尚未开发出有商业规模的成本效益技术,而在设计和建造商业规模装置前,需深入了解各操作条件的系统行为,以优化工艺参数并评估可行性。概述了全球可用的小试试验台架和中试工厂测试设施,总结了测试设备的特性和操作条件及提取关键的试验结果,表明CaL工艺的可行性在1 kW th~1.9 MW th的实验室规模和中试规模设施中得到广泛研究。在这些CaL系统中,碳酸化炉的工作温度600~700℃,煅烧炉的工作温度800~1000℃。进入到碳酸化炉里CO_(2)均来自电厂,均可实现90%以上CO_(2)捕集效率。此外,调整操作设计参数,如CO_(2)入口浓度、碳酸化炉或煅烧炉温度等,将影响CO_(2)捕集效率。总之,这些结果为未来大规模台架的开发收集有价值的操作数据,这也将是在未来能源发展中扩大和部署这项技术的关键所在。