Research on the Stability Control Strategy of Four-Wheel Independent Driving Electric Vehicle

In order to research stability of four-wheel independent driving (4WID) electric vehicle, a torque allocation method based on the tire longitudinal forces optimization distribution is adopted. There are two layers in the controller, which includes the upper layer and the lower layer. In the upper layer, according to the demand of the longitudinal force, PID controller is set up to calculate the additional yaw moment created by yaw rate and side-slip angle. In the lower layer, the additional yaw moment is distributed properly to each wheel limited by several constraints. Carsim is used to build up the vehicle model and MATLAB/Simulink is used to build up the control model and both of them are used to simulate jointly. The result of simulation shows that a torque allocation method based on the tire longitudinal forces optimization distribution can ensure the stability of the vehicle.

Study on simulation and scheduling algorithm of CAN control for independently driving electric vehicle

Safety-critical applications such as the independently driving systems of electric vehicle （EV） require a high degree of reliability. The controller area network （CAN） is used extensively in the control sectors. A new real-time and reliable scheduling algorithm based on time-triggered scheduler with a focus on the CAN-based distributed control systems for independently driving EV is exploited. A distributed control network model for a dual-wheel independendy driving EV is established. The timing and reliabili- ty analysis in the worst case with the algorithm is used to evaluate the predictability and dependability and the simulation based on the algorithm with CANoe software is designed. The results indicate the algorithm is more predicable and dependable.

Lessons Learned from Practical Independent Verification and Validation Based on IEEE 1012

IEEE 1012 [1] describes the SDLC phase activities for software independent verification and validation (IV & V) for nuclear power plant in truly general and conceptual manner, which requires the upward and/or downward tailoring on its interpretation for practical IV & V. It contains crucial and encompassing check points and guidelines to analyze the design integrity, without addressing the formalized and the specific criteria for IV & V activities confirming the technical integrity. It is necessary to list up the inspection viewpoint via interpretation of the standard that is practical review points checking design consistency. For fruitful IV & V of Control Element Driving Mechanism Control System (CEDMCS) software for Yonggwang Nuclear Power Plant unit 3 & 4, the specific viewpoints and approach are necessary based on the guidelines of IEEE 1012 to enhance the system quality by considering the level of implementation of the theoretical and the practical IV & V. Additionally IV & V guideline of IEEE 1012 does not specifically provide the concrete measure considering the system characteristics of CEDMCS. This paper provides the seven (7) characteristic criteria for CEDMCS IV & V, and by applying these viewpoints, the design analysis such as function, performance, interface and exception, backward and forward requirement traceability analysis has been conducted. The requirement, design, implementation, and test phase were only considered for IV & V in this project. This article also provides the translation of code to map theoretical verification and validation into practical verification and validation. This paper emphasizes the necessity of the intensive design inspection and walkthrough for requirement phase to resolve the design faults because the IV & V of early phase of SDLC obviously contributes to find out most of critical design inconsistency. Especially for test phase IV & V, it is strongly recommended to prepare the test plan document which is going to be the basis for the test coverage selection and test strategy. This test plan document should be based on the critical characteristics of function and performance of CEDMCS. Also to guarantee the independency of V & V organization participating in this project, and to acquire the full package of design details for IV & V, the systematic approach and efforts with an aspect of management is highlighted among the participants.

CEEMD-FastICA-CWT联合瞬态响应阶次的电驱总成噪声源识别

以某增程式电驱动总成为研究对象,提出基于联合算法的噪声分离识别模型。首先,采用互补集合经验模态分解(complementary ensemble empirical mode decomposition,CEEMD)联合快速独立分量分析(fast independent component analysis,FastICA)方法提取纯电模式稳态工况下单一通道噪声信号特征,利用复Morlet小波变换及FFT对各分量信号时频特性进行识别。其次,采用阶次分析法和声能叠加法对稳态分量信号对应的各瞬态响应阶次能量进行对比分析,并结合皮尔逊积矩相关系数(Pearson product moment correlation coefficient,PPMCC)相似性识别确定不同噪声激励源贡献度。结果表明:减速齿副啮合噪声对该增程式电驱总成纯电模式运行噪声整体贡献度最大。

分布式驱动车辆操纵稳定性控制综述

为研究分布式驱动车辆的驱动控制问题,从转向控制、独立驱动控制及2个系统联合控制等3个角度入手,分析了分布式驱动车辆操纵稳定性控制策略的研究进展。首先,基于转向控制技术对影响操纵稳定性的方面进行分类;其次,分析了分层式与集中式控制结构的特点;然后,分析了基于控制结构的操纵稳定性研究;最后,结合分布式驱动车辆操稳性改善的研究现状和技术进展,展望了未来的发展趋势。

多频率组合波形阵风场模拟与测量研究

基于数值模拟方法选取设定FL-51风洞阵风发生器的装置参数,如发生器叶片的数量、展长、弦长及间距等。发生器采用液压摆动缸独立驱动形式,可模拟正弦波、三角波及随机波等多种波形的多频率组合运动,同时能够减少安装传动件,并提升发生器性能。通过阵风场校测结果表明:叶片能够实现摆动频率为0 Hz~15 Hz,在校测范围内发生器产生的正弦流场较均匀;在来流风速40 m/s、叶片摆动频率为10 Hz、摆角为15°时,最大阵风幅值为8.5 m/s。地面测试与流场校测结果表明:该文所提出的阵风场模拟技术可以实现低速风洞多频率多波形组合运动,为风洞试验提供复杂的阵风流场。

无人船载监控系统的设计与开发

为了满足无人船实时通信和远程操控需要,综合利用计算机、传感器及无线通信等技术,设计一种无人船载监控系统,实现了对无人船的实时监测、控制与实时通信。设计一种双驱动独立控制方案,实现了无人船遥控器控制与计算机控制的相互分离,可提高无人船运行操控的安全性与可靠性。提出采用插件式软件架构,将易变动的功能模块以插件的方式动态加载至系统框架中,加快了开发速度,降低了系统的耦合程度,提高了系统的可扩展性,并利用插件动态加载与卸载方法,实现了插件功能的动态加载与在线升级,提高了系统应对任务多样化的能力。

床椅一体化机器人设计与实现

针对床椅机器人在室内狭小空间灵活行走的问题,研制一款四轮独立驱动转向的床椅一体化机器人。根据室内狭小空间的转向需求,确定了底盘总体布局方案和主要技术参数。对重要部件进行了理论计算、有限元分析,对驱动轮支架进行了应力及形变分析;在ADAMS软件中建立了床椅机器人的动力学仿真模型,进行了稳定性分析。仿真结果表明,驱动轮支架的强度和刚度均满足设计要求,床椅机器人的各项指标符合国家相关标准的规定。样机试验进一步验证了仿真分析的结果,确认了床椅一体化机器人的稳定性、越障性能和在室内狭小空间的转向性能。

四轮独立电驱动越野车驱动力优化控制

为了充分利用四轮独立电驱动越野车各轮转矩独立可控的优势,提高越野车的牵引力和越野能力,提出了一种驱动转矩协调控制策略.根据越野车前后轴载荷预分配驱动电动机转矩,利用基于车轮滑转率-路面附着系数的极值寻求算法实现路面最优滑转率估计.采用比例-积分-微分(proportional-integral-differential, PID)控制-滑模控制(sliding mode control, SMC)和基于状态的驱动力再分配方法实现各轮驱动转矩的协调分配,抑制越野车在恶劣路面条件下的车轮打滑.通过CarSim/MATLAB联合仿真以及硬件在环(hardware-in-the-loop, HIL)测试,进行了爬陡坡、单一附着路面、对开路面及连续起伏路面工况的试验验证.结果表明:提出的控制策略能根据实际工况分配驱动轮的转矩,降低驱动轮滑转率,实现整车驱动力的优化.

复杂地形六轮独立驱动与转向机器人轨迹跟踪与避障控制

为研究六轮移动机器人在复杂地形的运动控制方法,针对六轮独立驱动与转向机器人复杂地形轨迹跟踪问题,提出一种预测控制和动态补偿的控制方法。基于非完整约束的线性六轮移动机器人运动学模型,以模型预测控制算法为基础,引入比例-积分-微分补偿控制器,抑制动态滞后引起的跟踪误差,设计速度与转向角动态反馈补偿,以应对地形扰动对轨迹跟踪的影响。分析机器人运动过程中障碍物的避碰问题,设计可求解避障轨迹的避障规划器,通过轨迹跟踪系统对局部避障轨迹进行跟踪控制,实现机器人的轨迹跟踪和自动避碰。对轨迹跟踪算法和避障算法进行仿真实验。实验结果表明:在典型工况下,机器人可完成凹形斜坡、凸形斜坡和凹凸地形正弦型轨迹跟踪控制和静态与动态障碍物避碰,验证了新方法的有效性。

基于滑模协调控制的四轮独立电驱动车辆稳定性控制研究

针对四轮独立电驱动车辆动力学特性及驱动控制策略复杂等问题,提出了基于力矩分配系数法的驱动协同控制策略,并设计了驱动力矩滑模协调控制器,配合车辆失稳判断模块计算出车辆维持稳定所需的附加横摆力矩,同时利用载荷分配方法设计了驱动力矩最优分配控制器,基于载荷分配方法将驱动力矩分配至4个车轮,以维持车辆稳定行驶。为验证驱动协同控制策略的有效性,基于CarSim软件建立四轮独立电驱动车辆模型,并将提出的驱动协同控制策略和普通滑模控制策略进行仿真对比。结果表明:驱动协同控制策略使横摆角速度偏差降低了25%,质心侧偏角偏差降低了23%,能够满足车辆稳定性控制要求,同时降低了整车驱动力矩分配控制难度。

创新驱动政策赋能新质生产力发展——来自国家自主创新示范区的证据

将国家自主创新示范区政策视为创新驱动赋能的准自然实验,基于2004—2022年城市面板数据,采用渐进双重差分法评估国家自主创新示范区政策对城市新质生产力发展的影响效应。研究发现,以国家自主创新示范区为代表的创新驱动政策能够显著促进城市新质生产力发展。机制检验结果表明,创新驱动政策是技术创新的“助推器”、结构变迁的“奠基石”,而技术创新与结构变迁是促进城市新质生产力发展的重要抓手,以国家自主创新示范区为代表的创新驱动政策能够通过绿色技术创新和产业结构变迁赋能新质生产力发展。异质性分析结果表明,不同区域的国家自主创新示范区均有效赋能新质生产力发展,同时对“新料质”劳动对象的促进作用更显著,并且城市的新质生产力水平越高则政策赋能效果越好。拓展分析结果表明,创新驱动政策存在叠加效应,同时能有效赋能制造业企业创新实现“提质增量”。

Driver Model-Based Fault-Tolerant Control of Independent Driving Electric Vehicle Suffering Steering Failure

This paper presents a fault-tolerant control(FTC)strategy for a four-wheel independent driving electric vehicle suffering steering failure.The method is based on the functional redundancy of driving and braking actuators to recover the vehicle’s steering ability.A dynamic vehicle model is derived with the function of four-wheel driving.A sliding mode controller with a combined sliding surface is employed as a motion controller,allowing the desired vehicle motion to be tracked by the adaptive drivermodel.An extended Kalman filter-based state estimator is adopted to virtually measure the sideslip anglewhile considering the nonlinear tire force.A new allocation strategy,involving two distribution modes of coordination,is designed.In addition,a weight coefficient adjustment strategy is implemented in optimal mode based on the lateral load transfer,thus improving the steering performance.Simulations are conducted to verify the proposed FTC algorithm.The results demonstrate that steering failure can be effectively covered by the functional redundancy of the driving/braking actuators.

Simulation investigation of tractive energy conservation for a cornering rear-wheel-independent-drive electric vehicle through torque vectoring

Although electric vehicle fully exhibits its comparative merits of energy conservation and environmental friendliness, further improvement of its traction energy efficiency lacks comprehensive investigations in the past. In this paper, the effect of the torque vectoring on traction energy conservation during cornering for a rear-wheel-independent-drive electric vehicle is investigated.Firstly, turning resistance coefficient and energy conservation mechanism of torque vectoring are derived from the single track dynamic model. Next, an optimal torque vectoring control strategy based on genetic algorithm is proposed, with the consideration of the influence of the operation-point change of the in-wheel motors, to find out the best torque vectoring ratio offline. Finally,various simulation tests are conducted to validate the energy conservation effect after Simulink modelling. The results verify that though the optimization of the operating region of the motors is the main part for tractive energy conservation, the contribution of torque vectoring itself can reach up to 1.7% in some typical cases.

基于多胞体系统的FWID EV鲁棒加权增益调度轨迹跟踪控制

为了提高四轮独立驱动电动汽车(FWID EV)轨迹跟踪控制性能,针对车辆横向运动系统的不确定性与非线性问题,考虑转向执行机构的动态特性,提出了基于线性变参数(LPV)的鲁棒加权增益调度轨迹跟踪控制策略。首先利用凸分解技术将LPV系统转化为有限多胞顶点凸组合的多胞体系统,然后基于离线设计的每个多胞顶点控制器和线性组合在线计算任意时变参数对应的系统控制器参数,并利用MATLAB和CarSim进行联合仿真。结果表明:在加速变道场景下,所设计的控制器可以保证横向偏移误差不超过2 cm,横向偏移平均绝对误差不超过0.9 cm的较高跟踪精度及行驶稳定性和鲁棒性。

四轮独立驱动电动汽车轨迹跟踪及稳定性协调控制

针对紧急避障轨迹跟踪和车辆稳定性多目标控制问题,以四轮独立驱动智能电动汽车为研究对象,提出一种分层结构的轨迹跟踪及稳定性控制方法,上层控制器采用线性时变模型预测控制(LTV MPC)生成期望前轮转角和附加横摆力矩,并通过PID速度跟踪将车速变化考虑到模型预测优化求解中生成总需求转矩,下层控制器采用二次规划将上层计算的广义力最优分配给四个车轮。其中,预测模型为8自由度车辆模型,被控对象为14自由度车辆模型,并建立联合工况刷子轮胎模型。不同车速,路面附着条件以及有无稳定性控制的双移线工况仿真结果表明,所提控制方法具有较好的鲁棒性和轨迹跟踪性能,极限工况下在保证车辆稳定性的同时提高了轨迹跟踪精度。

轨道交通全自动驾驶车辆独立安全评估实施方案

全自动运行系统引入移动通信、人机交互等专业的前沿技术,是轨道交通主要发展目标之一。结合北京地铁11号线全自动运行工程建设经验,从工程安全和风险管理角度介绍了全自动驾驶车辆的独立安全评估实施方案,以确保11号线车辆设备满足安全及风险管理的要求,并为全自动运行系统其他设备的评估工作提供参考。

第二课堂活动对大学生学习内驱力培养的影响研究

军校学员面临多重压力,容易形成学习倦怠。第二课堂活动通过学术讲座、学科竞赛、社团活动、志愿服务等多样化学习活动促进学生综合素质养成。第二课堂活动与学习内驱力提升有直接关系,可以培养学习兴趣,养成自主学习习惯,积累实践经验,促进社交互动,提供成长见证。

4WID高地隙自走式电动喷雾机定速巡航控制方法

针对4WID高地隙自走式电动喷雾机在复杂工况下,面对来自外部道路坡度改变及内部药液喷洒带来整备质量下降,从而导致喷雾机行驶速度稳定性差、作业质量恶化等问题,在分析4WID高地隙自走式电动喷雾机结构与纵向动力学特性基础上,设计一种定速巡航分层控制算法。控制算法模型接收用户设定的期望行驶车速,经过算法计算后对纵向动力学系统模型输入加速度控制信号,实现喷雾机对期望车速的跟踪。搭建的纵向动力学系统结构主要包括5个部分:逆纵向动力学模型、加速与制动切换模型、转矩分配模型、电机模型和纵向动力学模型。通过对斜坡行驶状态下喷雾机的车身状态进行受力分析可获得其逆纵向动力学及纵向动力学模型;同时,为建立合理的四轮转矩分配策略,在喷雾机车身同时具有俯仰及侧倾的条件下进行分析,以各驱动轮的附着率作为分配依据,满足不同工况下各车轮的最佳驱动力矩,确保喷雾机动力的均衡性。模型定速巡航控制采用分层控制方法,通过建立上层PID控制及下层的模糊PID控制实现对喷雾机车速的有效跟踪,通过制定模糊控制规则,自动对下层控制器的PID参数进行整定,保证在各种复杂工况下喷雾机定速巡航系统的良好适应性。应用Matlab/Simulink建立控制模型,对控制系统进行仿真分析。试验结果表明,在典型工况下,设计的定速巡航控制系统能够有效地对喷雾机的速度进行控制。具体而言,在系统输入外部干扰及自重变化条件下,该控制系统的表现良好,超调量在2%以内,响应时间小于0.2 s,稳态误差趋于0,验证了所采用控制算法的准确性。

四轮独立驱动汽车偏转 差动协同转向路径跟踪

为改善四轮独立驱动汽车在不同车速与路面附着系数下的路径跟踪效果,提出了偏转差动协同转向控制策略。在二自由度动力学模型的基础上,建立多点预瞄与线性二次调节(LQR)结合的前轮偏转转向路径跟踪、滑模控制与四轮转矩优化分配结合的四轮差动转向路径跟踪,采用模糊控制对偏转转向与差动转向路径跟踪的权重进行自适应分配,建立包含路径跟踪层与转角、转矩分配控制层的偏转差动协同控制策略。利用Carsim与Simulink分别建立协同转向路径跟踪与LQR偏转转向路径跟踪联合仿真平台,取车速为54、72 km/h与路面附着系数为0.3、0.8的双移线工况进行仿真得出结论:相较于LQR偏转转向路径跟踪,协同转向路径跟踪在各工况下的横向跟踪精度与稳定性均有所提高。