Mass Increase with Strong and Gravitational Potentials, and Mass Defect with Electromagnetic Potential

The proposal is “mass increases due to strong and gravitational potentials, while it decreases due to Electromagnetic potential”. This proposal explains the big difference in mass between hadrons (protons, neutrons, & mesons) and their components (quarks), mass difference between nucleus and its individual components (protons and neutrons), massless of gamma photons, abnormal masses of mesons and bosons, and the excess in galaxy masses (dark matter). Also, this proposal shows the exact relation between mass and energy: Strong Potential=−3.04mc2| Electric Potential |=−5.57×10−3mc2Gravitational Potential=−1.22×10−7mc2where m represents the excess in mass due to strong potential, or gravitational potential and represents the decrease in mass due to electromagnetic potential. Released energy here equals potential energy and doesn’t equal decrease in mass using the formula E = mc2. Released energy is transferred to heat, photons, kinetic energy… Finally, proposal will try to describe the relation between photon energy and mass of its components using the general equation of kinetic energy: Photon Energy=1/2mc2m is the sum of the individual masses of its components, while the total mass of photon is zero.

Observation about the Classical Electromagnetic Gauge Transformation and Its Quantum Correspondence

Using the Landau and symmetric gauges for the vector potential of a constant magnetic field and the quantum problem of a charged particle moving on a flat surface, we show the classical electromagnetic gauge transformation does not correspond to a one-dimensional unitary group transformation U(1) of the wave function for the quantum case. In addition, with the re-examination of the relation between the magnetic field B and its vector potential A, we found that, in order to have a consistent formulation of the dynamics of the charged particle with both expressions, we must have that B=∇×A if and only if B≠0.

BOUND STATES OF SCHRODINGER EQUATIONS WITH ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS AND VANISHING POTENTIALS

We study the bound states to nonlinear Schrodinger equations with electro magnetic fields ihδψ/δt=（h/i -A（x））^2ψ＋V（x）ψ-K（x）｜ψ｜^p-1ψ=0,on R＋ ×R^N. Let G（x）=[V（x）p＋1/p-1-N/2][K（x）]-2/p-1 and suppose that G（x） has k local minimum points. For h 〉 0 small, we find multi-bump bound states ~bh （x, t） ---- e-iE~/huh （X） with Uh concentrating at the local minimum points of G（x） simultaneously as h ~ O. The potentials V（x） and K（x） are allowed to be either compactly supported or unbounded at infinity.

The Potential-Vortex Theory of Electromagnetic Waves

An electromagnetic wave is a complex vortex and a potential process. This allows us to omit the Lorentz gauge, formulate a mathematically precise theory, and avoid physics discordances. The mechanism of distribution of complex waves in dielectric and electrical conductive environments was described.

Comparison of Excitation of Acoustic-Electromagnetic Wave in Piezoelecric Crystal and Crystal with Potential of Deformation

In this article, the comparison of excitation in high frequencies of acoustic-electromagnetic wave in piezoelecric crystal and crystal with potential of deformation GaAs is investigating. Possible mechanisms of coupling different hybrid waves are the piezoeffect and the deformation potential. As a model it is analyzing a film of crystal places between two symmetrical substrates with the other materials without an acoustic contact. This film includes 2D electron gas with a high negative differential conductivity and uniform initial distribution of electrons. The hybrid acoustic-electromagnetic wave and hybrid space charge wave interact. Amplification of space charge wave takes place due to negative differential conductivity in GaAs. This amplification of space charge waves is causing the amplification of acoustic-electromagnetic wave. It is to show that the symmetric modes, emerging as transverse ones, interact more effectively with the space charge waves. Another important result is the following: at the frequencies f ≈ 10 GHz, the excitation efficiency of acoustic-electromagnetic wave with transverse displacement due to piezoeffect is more effective, but at higher frequencies, the deformation potential is dominating.

Proper Understanding of the Nerve Impulses and the Action Potential

Neurologists define the transmission of nerve impulses across the membranes of the neural cells as a result of difference in the concentration of ions while they measured an electric potential, called as an action potential, which allows the propagation of such nerve impulses as electrical signals. Such measurements should guide them to a logical explanation of the nerve impulses as electric charges driven by the measured action potential. However, such logical conclusion, or explanation, is ignored due to a wrong definition of the flow of electric charges as a flow of electrons that cannot pass through neural networks. According to recent studies, electric charges are properly defined as electromagnetic (EM) waves whose energy is expressed as the product of its propagating electric potential times their entropy flow which is adhered to the flow of such energy. Such definition matches the logical conclusion of the nerve impulses as electric charges, as previously explained, and defines the entropy of the neural network, measured by Ammeters, in Watt or Joule/Volt. The measured entropy represents a neurodiagnostic property of the neural networks that measures its capacity to allow the flow of energy per unit action potential. Theoretical verification of the innovative definition of nerve impulses is presented by following an advanced entropy approach. A proper review of the machine records of the stimulating electric charges, used in the diagnosis of the neural networks, and the stimulated nerve impulses or stimulated responses, represents practical verifications of the innovative definitions of the electric charges and the nerve impulses. Comparing the functioning of the thermoelectric generators and the brain neurons, such neurons are defined as thermoelectric generators of the electric nerve impulses and their propagating, or action, potential.

The Electromagnetic Operator of Mass

Studying the source of particle properties is the most important goal for scientists, so it was necessary to use the means available to us, which is physical logic to study these properties. In this paper, you will examine how the type of coordinates in which electromagnetic fields are distributed can have a role in detecting particle properties, specifically using the Riemann-Silberstein vector. Because electromagnetism it deals with electric and magnetic fields together for any electromagnetic sentence, and when we study it according to multiple coordinates and study its derivation by changing coordinates, we discover how the electromagnetic sentences are transformed from one particle to another.

Electromagnetic nature of the nuclear forces and a toroid model of nucleons in atomic nuclei

In this paper we consider nucleons as tori, rotating with a constant angular velocity around the straight line passing through their mass centre (geometric centre) and perpendicular to their plane of rotation. We theoretically determine the corresponding potential energy and the force of interaction between pairs of nucleons, using our precise analytical formulas for the electrostatic interaction between two spheres with arbitrary radii and charges, which we derive using experimentally obtained results for the radii and the masses of the nucleons. From the values for binding energy found through our method, it follows that nuclear forces are electromagnetic in nature. In terms of magnitude of the force of interaction between proton and neutron, we obtain that Coulomb's forces are short-range. Our toroid model explains the experimental results not only for binding energy, but also for the radius, magnetic moment and the spin of the nuclei of atoms.

Effect of 935-MHz Phone-simulating Electromagnetic Radiation on Endometrial Glandular Cells during Mouse Embryo Implantation

This study examined the impact of 935MHz phone-simulating electromagnetic radiation on embryo implantation of pregnant mice.Each 7-week-old Kunming (KM) female white mouse was set up with a KM male mouse in a single cage for mating overnight after induction of ovulation.In the first three days of pregnancy,the pregnant mice was exposed to electromagnetic radiation at low-intensity (150 μW/cm2,ranging from 130 to 200 μW/cm2,for 2-or 4-h exposure every day),mid-intensity (570 μW/cm2,ranging from 400 to 700 μW/cm2,for 2-or 4-h exposure every day) or high-intensity (1400 μW/cm2,ranging from 1200 to 1500 μW/cm2,for 2-or 4-h exposure every day),respectively.On the day 4 after gestation (known as the window of murine embryo implantation),the endometrium was collected and the suspension of endometrial glandular cells was made.Laser scanning microscopy was employed to detect the mitochondrial membrane potential and intracellular calcium ion concentration.In high-intensity,2-and 4-h groups,mitochondrial membrane potential of endometrial glandular cells was significantly lower than that in the normal control group (P<0.05).The calcium ion concentration was increased in low-intensity 2-h group but decreased in high-intensity 4-h group as compared with the normal control group (P<0.05).However,no significant difference was found in mitochondrial membrane potential of endometrial glandular cells between low-or mid-intensity groups and the normal control group,indicating stronger intensity of the electromagnetic radiation and longer length of the radiation are required to inflict a remarkable functional and structural damage to mitochondrial membrane.Our data demonstrated that electromagnetic radiation with a 935-MHz phone for 4 h conspicuously decreased mitochondrial membrane potential and lowered the calcium ion concentration of endometrial glandular cells.It is suggested that high-intensity electromagnetic radiation is very likely to induce the death of embryonic cells and decrease the chance of their implantation,thereby posing a high risk to pregnancy.

Electromagnetic Radiation Reaction and Stability of the Hydrogen-Like Atoms

Based on a suitable linear combination of the physical and un-physical electromagnetic potentials, the radiation reaction potentials have been calculated. Through the near zone expansion of the potentials, it has been shown that in either of the relativistic and non-relativistic cases the outgoing (radiated) energy of the electrons orbiting the nucleus is substituted by incoming (electromagnetic radiation reaction) energy. This means that energy is conserved and the classical hydrogen-like atoms are stable.

Electromagnetic Fields and Calcium Signaling by the Voltage Dependent Anion Channel

Electromagnetic fields (EMFs) can interact with biological tissues exerting positive as well as negative effects on cell viability, but the underlying sensing and signaling mechanisms are largely unknown. So far in excitable cells EMF exposure was postulated to cause Ca2+ influx through voltage-dependent Ca channels (VDCC) leading to cell activation and an antioxidant response. Upon further activation oxidative stress causing DNA damage or cell death may follow. Here we report collected evidence from literature that voltage dependent anion channels (VDAC) located not only in the outer microsomal membrane but also in the cytoplasmic membrane convert to Ca2+ conducting channels of varying capacities upon subtle changes of the applied EMF even in non-excitable cells like erythrocytes. Thus, VDAC can be targeted by external EMF in both types of membranes to release Ca2+ into the cytosol. The role of frequency, pulse modulation or polarization remains to be investigated in suitable cellular models. VDACs are associated with several other proteins, among which the 18 kDa translocator (TSPO) is of specific interest since it was characterized as the central benzodiazepine receptor in neurons. Exhibiting structural similarities with magnetoreceptors we propose that TSPO could sense the magnetic component of the EMF and thus together with VDAC could trigger physiological as well as pathological cellular responses. Pulsed EMFs in the frequency range of the brain-wave communication network may explain psychic disturbances of electromagnetic hypersensitive persons. An important support is provided from human psychology that states deficits like insomnia, anxiety or depression can be treated with diazepines that indicates apparent connections between the TSPO/VDAC complex and organismic responses to EMF.

Investigation of Geology and Hydro-geophysical Features Using Electromagnetic and Vertical Sounding Methods for Abu Zabad Area,Western Kordofan State,Sudan

The geology and hydro-geophysical features can aid in identifying borehole location.The study aims to investigate groundwater aquifers and best location of boreholes in the crystalline basement area of Abu Zabad near El Obeid Southwest,Sudan.The study area is underlain by two aquifers formations from Precambrian age.The oldest units of basement complex of area under investigation consist of metamorphic rocks including gneiss,schist,and quartzite.The geophysical methods electromagnetic(EM)and vertical electrical sounding(VES)surveys showed that best aquifers yield for construction of boreholes are in weathering and fractures formation.The EM results revealed that structural features are significant for groundwater potential and interpretation of the VES data also revealed four geo-electric layers,but generally two distinct lithologic layers,which include Superficial deposit and bedrock-basement respectively.The curves generated from the data revealed H curve and HK curve,and thickness of these layers varies from 15 m to 50 m in the area.The aquifer thickness range from 20 m to 30 m.The study concludes that these techniques are suitable for identifying borehole location in the basement rock in Abu Zabad Area Sudan.

Electromagnetic Theory of the Nuclear Interaction

After one century of nuclear physics, its underlying fundamental laws remain a puzzle. Rutherford scattering is well known to be electric at low kinetic energy. Nobody noticed that the Rutherford scattering formula works also at high kinetic energy, needing only to replace the repulsive electric -2 exponent by the also repulsive magnetic -6 exponent. A proton attracts a not so neutral neutron as amber attracts dust. The nucleons have magnetic moments that interact as magnets, equilibrating statically the electric attraction between a proton and a not so neutral neutron. In this paper, the electromagnetic potential energies of the deuteron 2H and the α particle 4He have been calculated statically, using only electromagnetic fundamental laws and constants. Nuclear scattering and binding energy are both electromagnetic.

温度影响下的开槽盘式磁力耦合器调速特性

针对温度影响下盘式磁力耦合器调速问题,以一台6对极16槽的开槽盘式磁力耦合器为研究对象,基于矢量磁位法,结合修正三维端部效应的卡特系数并考虑温度对永磁体剩磁的影响,依据磁力耦合器轴向介质不同与导体盘轭铁和铜导体交替排列的结构,推导出其整体的电磁转矩公式。再分别建立恒转矩负载、二次方率负载和恒功率负载工况下的调速关系解析模型。通过有限元模拟分析,确定了不同温度、不同气隙下的开槽盘式磁力耦合器在3种不同负载工况下的调速范围与调速特性。最后,搭建试验平台进行调速性能试验,将不同负载工况下磁力耦合器电磁转矩与输出转速的理论、仿真、实验值三者进行对比,结果表明理论模型有较高的准确性,为开槽型磁力耦合器在调速系统中的智能调控提供了理论依据。

三轴环板式永磁齿轮气隙磁场及转矩计算

利用标量磁位法获得了三轴环板式永磁齿轮(Triple-shaft Ring-plate Magnet Gear,TRMG)的气隙磁场数理模型,根据磁场叠加原理建立了内、外永磁圈间气隙磁场及其相应的电磁转矩模型;由于所有计算均基于TRMG的平面磁场建立,因此,所建模型与二维有限元结果间具有较高的准确度(误差≤5%);其计算速度远快于三维有限元法,且与二维及三维有限元分析具有较好的吻合度与趋势性,验证了所建模型的准确性,可适用于三轴以上的多轴环板式永磁齿轮的磁场分析与结构动力学计算。

页岩气储层动用井地电磁监测特征分析

为满足我国高效低成本开发页岩气资源的战略需求,本文基于井地电磁监测理论,通过构建多组页岩气储层动用模型,采用有限单元法计算并分析了不同模型下地表电位异常分布特征,数值实验结果表明:①地表最大电位异常中心不与低阻体中心地表投影位置一一对应;②随着埋深加大,异常等值线发生变化,测区内低值带也发生变化,异常幅值整体逐渐减小;③不同电性特征的低阻体进入储层后引起地表电位异常响应特征不同,低阻体相对背景电阻率越小,地表异常幅值越高,对于电磁监测越有利;④地表电位异常特征受低阻体规模和位置变化影响显著,当低阻体规模较小时,异常等值线近似圆形,随着低阻体规模变大,电位异常幅值越高,等值线形态也发生变化。本文通过分析页岩气储层井地电磁监测地表纯电位异常分布特征,在一定程度上验证了井地电磁监测页岩气储层动用方法的可行性,为我国页岩气储层动用监测提供理论支撑。

基于轨道结构和电磁特性的电磁发射器电感梯度分析

根据Kerrisk推导得出的矩形轨道电感梯度计算数学模型,构建出轨道高度h、轨道宽度W和轨道间距s与电感梯度L'之间的四维函数变化关系,从而直观地表明了电感梯度随轨道结构参数变化的趋势。为了了解电感梯度的电磁特性变化机理,通过电磁物理量磁失势A推导得出轨道截面平均磁失势A与电感梯度之间的关系式,从而简化了电感梯度的电磁理论分析。物理概念清晰,易于理解与指导工程实践。同时又分别对不同轨道结构参数、不同轨道截面形式和交变电磁环境下,影响电感梯度的主要因素进行电磁特性变化理论分析与研究,从而了解了这些因素对电感梯度的影响。

The Magnetic Longitudinal (P-) Wave’s Propagation and Energy Models Underlying the Mechanisms of Its Capacity to Absorb Free Energy

The longitudinal wave term within Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction (Faraday’s law) underwent recovery to ensure its suitability for theoretical derivation of the equation governing longitudinal electromagnetic (LEM) waves. The revised Maxwell’s equations include the crucial parameters being the attenuation time constants of magnetic vortex potential and electric vortex potential generated by external electromagnetic field within the propagation medium. Specific expressions for them are obtained through theoretical analysis. Subsequently, a model for propagating magnetic P-wave generated by the superposition of a left-handed photo and a right-handed photon in a vacuum is formulated based on reevaluated total current law and revised Faraday’s law, covering wave equations, energy equation, as well as propagation mode involving mutual induction and conversion between scalar magnetic field and vortex electric field. Furthermore, through theoretical derivations centered around magnetic P-wave, evidence was presented regarding its ability to absorb huge free energy through the entangled interaction between zero-point vacuum energy field and the torsion field produced by the vortex electric field.

浅谈雷击电磁脉冲引发的雷击案例分析与对策

本文采用实地勘查、数据收集、资料整理、综合分析等方法,通过调取雷击事发时段闪电定位、预报气象服务、采集器蒸发量等数据资料,重点对孕灾环境、雷击电磁脉冲感应、地电位反击等因素进行分析,发现雷击电磁脉冲是引发此次雷击事故的原因,并有针对性地提出供电线、数据传输线的有效屏蔽以及合理设置汇流排等整改措施。

Mathematical Wave Functions and 3D Finite Element Modelling of the Electron and Positron

The wave/particle duality of particles in Physics is well known. Particles have properties that uniquely characterize them from one another, such as mass, charge and spin. Charged particles have associated Electric and Magnetic fields. Also, every moving particle has a De Broglie wavelength determined by its mass and velocity. This paper shows that all of these properties of a particle can be derived from a single wave function equation for that particle. Wave functions for the Electron and the Positron are presented and principles are provided that can be used to calculate the wave functions of all the fundamental particles in Physics. Fundamental particles such as electrons and positrons are considered to be point particles in the Standard Model of Physics and are not considered to have a structure. This paper demonstrates that they do indeed have structure and that this structure extends into the space around the particle’s center (in fact, they have infinite extent), but with rapidly diminishing energy density with the distance from that center. The particles are formed from Electromagnetic standing waves, which are stable solutions to the Schrödinger and Classical wave equations. This stable structure therefore accounts for both the wave and particle nature of these particles. In fact, all of their properties such as mass, spin and electric charge, can be accounted for from this structure. These particle properties appear to originate from a single point at the center of the wave function structure, in the same sort of way that the Shell theorem of gravity causes the gravity of a body to appear to all originate from a central point. This paper represents the first two fully characterized fundamental particles, with a complete description of their structure and properties, built up from the underlying Electromagnetic waves that comprise these and all fundamental particles.