MPC-based Torque Distribution for Planar Motion of Four-wheel Independently Driven Electric Vehicles:Considering Motor Models and Iron Losses

The most critical obstacle for four-wheel independently driven electric vehicles(4WID-EVs)is the driving range.Being the actuators of 4WID-EVs,motors account for its major power consumption.In this sense,by properly distributing torques to minimize the power consumption,the driving range of 4WID-EV can be effectively improved.This paper proposes a model predictive control(MPC)-based torque distribution scheme,which minimizes the power consumption of 4WID-EVs while guaranteeing its tracking performance of planar motions.By incorporating the motor model considering iron losses,the optimal torque distribution can be achieved without an additional torque controller.Also,for this reason,the proposed control scheme is computationally efficient,since the power consumption term to be optimized,which is expressed as the product of the motor voltages and currents,is much simpler than that derived from the efficiency map.With reasonable simplification and linearization,the MPC problem is converted to a quadratic programming problem,which can be solved efficiently.The simulation results in MATLAB and CarSim co-simulation environments demonstrate that the proposed scheme effectively reduces power consumption with guaranteed tracking performance.

Research on Vehicle Control Technology Using Four-Wheel Independent Steering System

The enhancement of vehicle handling stability and maneuverability through active and independent rear wheels control is presented. Firstly, the configuration of four-wheel independent steering prototype vehide is introduced briefly. Then the concrete overall design of the electronic controllers of four wheel independent steering system （4WIS） is formulated in details. Under the control strategy of zero sideslip angle at mass center, the mathematical model of 4WIS is established to deduce the equations of separated rear wheel steering angles. According to these equations, simulation analysis for 4WIS vehicle performances is finished to show that 4WIS vehicle can improve the maneuverability greatly at low speed and increase the handling stability at high speed. Finally, the road test of 4WIS vehide has performed to verify the correctness of simulation and show that compared with the conventional four wheel steering （4WS） vehicle, the 4WIS vehicle not only improves the kinematical harmony but also decreases steering resistance and lighten abrasion of tires.

Estimation of Vehicle Speed Based on Wheel Speeds from ASR System in Four-Wheel Drive Vehicles

Three major methods currently in the use of determining vehicle speed based on wheel speeds, the minimum wheel speed, minimum wheel speed corrected by slope method and the Kalman filter method, are analyzed, with merits and defects of each approach stated. Through simulations, the Kalman filter method based on minimum wheel speed shows improved accuracy, in addition to better adaptivity to vehicle reference speed. It also can be used to acceleration ship regulation （ASR） in part-time four-wheel drive vehicles.

Design and Dynamics Analysis of Anti-skid Braking System for Aircraft with Four-wheel Bogie Landing Gears

In asymmetric conditions,the movement and loads of left/right wheels or front/back wheels of the aircraft with multi-wheel or four-wheel bogie landing gears are inconsistent.There are few open literatures related to anti-skid braking system for multi-wheels due to technology blockade.In China,the research on multi-channel control and non-equilibrium regulation has just started,and the design of multi-channel control system for anti-skid braking,the simulation of asymmetry taxiing under braking are not studied.In this paper,a dynamics model of ground movement for aircraft with four-wheel bogie landing gears is established for braking simulation, considering the six-degree-of-freedom aircraft body and the movement of bogies and wheels.A multi-channel anti-skid braking system is designed for the wheels of the main landing gears with four-wheel bogies.The eight wheels on left and right landing gears are divided into four groups,and each group is controlled via one channel.The cross protection and self-locked protection modules are added between different channels.A multi-channel anti-skid braking system with slip-ratio control or with slip-velocity control is established separately.Based on the aircraft dynamics model,aircraft braking to stop with anti-skid control on dry runway and on wet runway are simulated.The simulation results demonstrate that in asymmetric conditions,added with cross protection and self-locked protection modules,the slip-ratio-controlled braking system can automatically regulate brake torque to avoid deep slipping and correct aircraft course.The proposed research has reference value for improving brake control effect on wet runway.

Track Tension Analysis of Four-Wheel Drive Tracked Vehicles

The distribution of track tension on track link is complex when the tracked vehicles run at a high speed.A multi-drive track link structure,which changes the traditional induction wheel into the driving wheel was proposed.The mathematical model of the system was established and the distribution of track tension was studied.The combined simulation model of RecurDyn and Simulink of the structure with multi-drive track was established.The simulation results show that our proposed structure has more uniform tension distribution than traditional structures,especially under the high speed condition.The maximum tension can be reduced by 28 kN-36 kN and the transmission efficiency can be improved by10%-16% under high speed condition with this new structure.

Autonomous Tracking Control for Four-Wheel Independent Steering Robot Based on Improved Pure Pursuit

Autonomous tracking control is one of the fundamental challenges in the field of robotic autonomous navigation,especially for future intelligent robots.In this paper,an improved pure pursuit control method is proposed for the path tracking control problem of a four-wheel independent steering robot.Based on the analysis of the four-wheel independent steering model,the kinematic model and the steering geometry model of the robot are established.Then the path tracking control is realized by considering the correlation between the look-ahead distance and the velocity,as well as the lateral error between the robot and the reference path.The experimental results demonstrate that the improved pure pursuit control method has the advantages of small steady-state error,fast response and strong robustness,which can effectively improve the accuracy of path tracking.

Research on the Variable Steering Ratio of Four-Wheel-Steering Vehicle

The steering characteristic of a four-wheel-steering vehicle is numerically simulated for in-depth research of the handling stability of four-wheel steering. The research results show that the deteriorating tendency of the steering stability due to the increase of the vehicle speed is improved obviously in the case of four-wheel steering. The approach of variable steering ratio is discussed. The use of the variable steering ratio can not only raise the steering stability of vechicles at high vehicle speed, but also reduce the dicomfort and steering burden of drivers; and hence is helpful for the subjective evaluation of four-wheel steering vehicles.

Obstacle-circumventing adaptive control of a four-wheeled mobile robot subjected to motion uncertainties

To achieve the collision-free trajectory tracking of the four-wheeled mobile robot(FMR),existing methods resolve the tracking control and obstacle avoidance separately.Guaranteeing the synergistic robustness and smooth navigation of mobile robots subjected to motion uncertainties in a dynamic environment using this non-cooperative processing method is difficult.To address this challenge,this paper proposes an obstacle-circumventing adaptive control(OCAC)framework.Specifically,a novel anti-disturbance terminal slide mode control with adaptive gains is formulated,incorporating specified control laws for different stages.This formulation guarantees rapid convergence and simultaneous chattering elimination.By introducing sub-target points,a new sub-target dynamic tracking regression obstacle avoidance strategy is presented to transfer the obstacle avoidance problem into a dynamic tracking one,thereby reducing the burden of local path searching while ensuring system stability during obstacle circumvention.Comparative experiments demonstrate that the proposed OCAC method can strengthen the convergence and obstacle avoidance efficiency of the concerned FMR system.

线控主动四轮转向汽车控制策略研究

目的针对线控四轮转向汽车横向稳定性不足及控制鲁棒性差等问题,提出一种主动转向反馈控制策略。方法使用Simulink搭建线控转向系统转向执行机构动力学模型,将MATLAB/Simulink与Carsim联合仿真,建立线控四轮转向整车模型;基于二自由度模型分析横摆角速度和质心侧偏角对汽车稳定性的影响,推导理想的横摆角速度和质心侧偏角;以横摆角速度增益恒定为依据设计理想传动比,得到期望前轮转角,以横摆角速度误差为控制量设计模糊控制器得到附加前轮转角对期望转角实时修正,实现前轮主动转向;针对横摆角速度和质心侧偏角与理想值之间的误差,加权得到稳定性控制目标;设计自适应积分滑模反馈控制策略输出后轮转角,对理想值进行跟踪,实现后轮主动转向。结果仿真实验结果表明:所搭建的线控转向系统能够准确反映汽车动力学特性。相比无控制的机械前轮转向汽车与横摆反馈控制的四轮转向汽车,线控主动四轮转向汽车在双移线工况下将质心侧偏角控制在0值附近波动,横摆角速度跟踪误差控制在1.149 deg/s以内;在角阶跃工况下将质心侧偏角稳态值控制在0.065 deg,横摆角速度稳态值误差为0.074 deg/s。结论线控主动四轮转向控制策略在双移线和角阶跃工况下控制效果显著,鲁棒性能好,能有效提高汽车的操纵稳定性和主动安全性。

基于变前视距离的四轮同步转向农机改进纯跟踪控制

路径跟踪控制是提高自主导航系统控制精度的关键。针对在复杂农田作业环境下转弯时纯跟踪算法跟踪精度不高的问题,本文提出了一种基于改进纯追踪模型的四轮同步转向农机路径跟踪控制算法。建立了基于四轮同步转向农机的运动学模型和纯跟踪模型,在此基础上考虑航向误差得到改进纯跟踪模型,进行RTK定位坐标修正,根据量化误差的评价函数搜索前视区域最优目标点,得到最优前视距离。本文算法能实时确定四轮同步转向农机改进纯跟踪模型中的前视距离,使航向误差和横向误差最小化,实现目标点的自适应优化。仿真结果表明,本文方法转弯时平均绝对横向误差减至0.035 m,平均绝对航向误差减至0.212°;水田实验结果表明,当四轮同步转向农机作业速度为3.6 km/h时,四轮转向农机轨迹跟踪平均绝对横向误差减至0.109 m,平均绝对航向误差减至2.799°,转弯跟踪精度显著提高。

四轮转向干预下电动助力转向控制策略研究

四轮转向(4WS)车辆相较于前轮转向(FWS)车辆具有更高的灵活性,其后轮转向在提高车辆操稳性的同时转向阻力矩也发生变化,使得原电动助力转向系统助力策略与四轮转向车辆不匹配,对行车安全产生影响.本文以线性二自由度车辆模型为基础,对比分析了前轮转向车辆与四轮转向车辆的转向特性,提出电动助力转向修正控制策略.仿真结果表明,角阶跃工况下,有助力修正的四轮转向车辆,驾驶员操纵方向盘力矩与驾驶前轮转向车辆基本一致,既保证了四轮转向车辆低速时的操纵轻便性,也兼顾了高速时的操纵稳定性.

考虑道路识别的四驱电动汽车再生制动策略

为了充分利用路面附着条件分配再生制动力,提高制动能量回收率,根据双电动机四驱结构电动汽车复合制动系统的特点,对其制动能量回收控制策略进行了研究.分析了驱动轮与地面附着特性,设计了道路识别器来计算每个轮胎与当前路面之间的峰值附着系数,并使用模糊控制策略确定每个车轮与8种道路的滑移率和附着利用率的相似输入.根据双电动机外部特性的制动力分配关系,提出了使更多制动能量回馈给电池的策略.结果表明:制动强度为0.3时,能量回收率为65.55%,具有较高的回收效率.

四轮独立电驱动越野车驱动力优化控制

为了充分利用四轮独立电驱动越野车各轮转矩独立可控的优势,提高越野车的牵引力和越野能力,提出了一种驱动转矩协调控制策略.根据越野车前后轴载荷预分配驱动电动机转矩,利用基于车轮滑转率-路面附着系数的极值寻求算法实现路面最优滑转率估计.采用比例-积分-微分(proportional-integral-differential, PID)控制-滑模控制(sliding mode control, SMC)和基于状态的驱动力再分配方法实现各轮驱动转矩的协调分配,抑制越野车在恶劣路面条件下的车轮打滑.通过CarSim/MATLAB联合仿真以及硬件在环(hardware-in-the-loop, HIL)测试,进行了爬陡坡、单一附着路面、对开路面及连续起伏路面工况的试验验证.结果表明:提出的控制策略能根据实际工况分配驱动轮的转矩,降低驱动轮滑转率,实现整车驱动力的优化.

产教融合背景下基于“四轮驱动”机制的高职建筑设计类课程教学创新与实践

根据高职人才的创新创业能力培养要求,结合建筑设计专业的特点,针对传统课程项目化教学模式的不足,提出构建高职院校“建筑设计”课程项目“意识引动”“平台助动”“教学推动”“研赛带动”的“四轮驱动”教学机制;深化产教融合,以培养学生创新创业能力为目标,以“双师型”建筑设计大师创新创业工作室为平台,针对学生个性化需求,进行分学期阶段、分阶段项目、分项目任务、分任务内容的分类培养,使“建筑设计”课程项目教学实现“产、教、学、研、赛、创”相互融合,为高职建筑设计类课程项目教学模式的创新与实践提供参考。

考虑稳定性的4WD/4WS无人车路径跟踪控制策略研究

根据分布式四轮驱动/转向的无人车单轮独可控的特点,提出一种考虑稳定性的路径跟踪控制策略,以提升无人车在高速、低附着工况下的车辆稳定性:具体通过预瞄-跟随理论搭建路径跟踪控制器,实现对无人车规划路径的实时跟踪;并通过滑模控制理论对后轮转角和直接横摆力矩进行集成控制,考虑前后轴荷及路面附着系数实现转矩分配,提高车身稳定性。仿真结果表明:相对于未考虑稳定性的路径跟踪控制策略,考虑稳定性的路径跟踪策略在高速双移线工况下,平均横向跟踪误差下降5.2%,质心侧偏角峰值下降57.4%,横摆角速度峰值下降23%;在低附着山路工况下,平均横向跟踪误差下降9.1%,质心侧偏角峰值下降54.3%,横摆角速度峰值下降1.4%,车辆能够保持良好的跟踪能力和行驶稳定性。

基于滑模协调控制的四轮独立电驱动车辆稳定性控制研究

针对四轮独立电驱动车辆动力学特性及驱动控制策略复杂等问题,提出了基于力矩分配系数法的驱动协同控制策略,并设计了驱动力矩滑模协调控制器,配合车辆失稳判断模块计算出车辆维持稳定所需的附加横摆力矩,同时利用载荷分配方法设计了驱动力矩最优分配控制器,基于载荷分配方法将驱动力矩分配至4个车轮,以维持车辆稳定行驶。为验证驱动协同控制策略的有效性,基于CarSim软件建立四轮独立电驱动车辆模型,并将提出的驱动协同控制策略和普通滑模控制策略进行仿真对比。结果表明:驱动协同控制策略使横摆角速度偏差降低了25%,质心侧偏角偏差降低了23%,能够满足车辆稳定性控制要求,同时降低了整车驱动力矩分配控制难度。

基于KFESO的四轮主动转向积分滑模控制

为消除参数不确定和外部不确定扰动对四轮转向车辆操纵稳定性的影响,提出了一种基于卡尔曼扩张状态观测器的四轮主动转向非线性积分滑模控制(KFESO-ISMC)方法。首先设计了一种卡尔曼扩张状态观测器(KFESO),实现了车辆状态观测以及外部扰动估计,克服了传统卡尔曼滤波算法对模型参数精度的依赖的缺点。其次为降低外部扰动引起的车辆状态的跟踪误差,将KFESO观测的系统总扰动补偿到控制输入;并为实现全局鲁棒控制和抑制积分饱和现象,设计了四轮主动转向非线性积分滑模控制方法。最后,硬件在环试验结果表明:在存在内外部不确定扰动情况下,KFESO观测器具有较高的观测精度;在四轮主动转向操纵稳定性的控制方面,KFESOISMC方法相比LQR和ISMC方法具优良的抗扰性能。

基于多胞体系统的FWID EV鲁棒加权增益调度轨迹跟踪控制

为了提高四轮独立驱动电动汽车(FWID EV)轨迹跟踪控制性能,针对车辆横向运动系统的不确定性与非线性问题,考虑转向执行机构的动态特性,提出了基于线性变参数(LPV)的鲁棒加权增益调度轨迹跟踪控制策略。首先利用凸分解技术将LPV系统转化为有限多胞顶点凸组合的多胞体系统,然后基于离线设计的每个多胞顶点控制器和线性组合在线计算任意时变参数对应的系统控制器参数,并利用MATLAB和CarSim进行联合仿真。结果表明:在加速变道场景下,所设计的控制器可以保证横向偏移误差不超过2 cm,横向偏移平均绝对误差不超过0.9 cm的较高跟踪精度及行驶稳定性和鲁棒性。

摆臂式全向移动机器人双模式轨迹跟踪研究

为了提升室外轮式移动机器人全向机动能力,文中提出一种通过普通轮作为驱动的移动机器人,根据不同动力分配及摆腿转角实现四轮转向(4WS)、斜行和原地转向模式。基于斜行及4WS模式设计了双模式混合控制器,其中,斜行模式采用多点预瞄模糊补偿轨迹跟踪控制,4WS模式采用增量线性时变模型预测控制(ILTV-MPC)。通过试验样机的横、纵向跟踪性能试验得到双模式混合控制器所需的约束条件。采用Simulink∕CarSim联合仿真平台对控制器的有效性进行验证。采用混合控制器的移动机器人底盘在低曲率跟踪时较4WS模式均方根误差相差0.18%,且横摆角与横摆角速度维持不变。结果表明:混合控制器保证全轮转向机器人低曲率跟踪精度的同时提升了其横摆稳定性。

基于LADRC的四轮全向Mecanum轮机器人运动控制研究

近年来,移动机器人在巡检作业、智能电器、无人驾驶等领域的作用日益显现。全向移动机器人由于结构的特殊性和运动控制的复杂性,采用经典控制方法如比例积分微分控制、线性二次型调节控制等很难实现稳定的控制。针对全向移动机器人易受到外界扰动及其建模不精确的问题,进行四轮全向Mecanum轮机器人的运动控制系统设计。使用扩张状态观测器进行机器人总扰动的实时估计,完成LADRC控制器的设计。实验结果表明,相较于传统控制方法,基于LADRC的控制器能够更好地抑制外部干扰,减小运动误差,并提高机器人的运动精度和鲁棒性。