Identification and evaluation of fault-fracture reservoirs in buried hills of the Lower Paleozoic, Chengdao area, China

The Bohai Bay Basin is a Meso-Cenozoic rifted basin where the Paleozoic buried hills with great hydrocarbon potentials are well developed. The reservoir space types are complex and diverse due to tectonic activities, making fracture distribution highly heterogeneous. Reservoir identification and mapping is challenging due to their large burial depth and poor resolution of seismic data. An integration of well-logging, seismic data interpretation and core observation is applied to identify three structural unit types in the study area, that is, fault breccia zone, fault cataclastic zone, and fault massive rock zone. A comprehensive well-logging identification template and a comprehensive discriminant function M for the reservoir are established based on the well-logging response characteristics. A M value greater than 0.12 indicates a fault breccia zone, that between 0.04 and 0.12 marks a fault cataclastic zone, and that in the range from 0.02 to 0.04 represents a fault massive rock zone. A seismic prediction method with multi-parameter fusion is proposed in the study. The large-scale fractures are mapped by coherence-clutter parameters, while small fractures are predicted via waveform indication inversion. The spatial distribution of “fault-fracture reservoirs” is precisely mapped by frequency fusion technology. It is found that the fault breccia zones usually occur close to the fault planes, while the fault cataclastic zones are slightly away from the fault planes. The hydrocarbon abundance of the breccia zones is greater than that of the fault cataclastic and fault massive rock zones.

Study of the Law about Water-Cut Variation for the Fractured Metamorphic Reservoir of Buried Hill with Bottom Water

Aiming at the complex flowing environment including the buried hill of Metamorphite, the active bottom water and the fracture at Budate Reservoir within Beir Depression of the Hailar Basin, combining the laboratory studies and based on analysis of its drive mechanism, field wells’ parameters were used to analyze the effects of different conditions of the fractured metamorphic reservoir with bottom water on its law of wa-ter-cut variation and the waterflooding efficiency. The results show that for the Budate buried hill reservoir with bottom water, the gravity should be taken into consideration to determine reasonable perforation ratio and production pressure difference. And because of the acid sensitivity of the buried hill reservoir, application of proper clay stabilizer will enhance the field oil recovery to a satisfactory extent.

Ultra-deep carbonate basement reservoirs formed by polyphase fracture-related karstification in the Offshore Bohai Bay Basin, China

The Palaeozoic carbonate basement of the Offshore Bohai Bay Basin (OBBB) presents considerable potential for hydrocarbon exploration. However, the multistage tectonism and complex superimposed palaeo-karstification in the area are unclear, which leads to a lack of understanding on the formation mechanism and distribution of the deep carbonate basement reservoirs. In this study, the occurrence of a fracture-vug network and its fillings in carbonate reservoirs were investigated based on borehole cores, thin sections, and image logs from the southwestern slope of the OBBB's Bozhong Sag. Then the diagenetic fluid properties of the carbonate matrix and fillings were analysed via the data of carbon, oxygen, and strontium isotopes, and major, rare elements from coring intervals. The results revealed that fracture-related karst reservoirs have lithologic selectivity inclined toward dolomite strata. The intersecting relationships, widths, and strikes of the fractures and the regional tectonic background indicate three structural fracture families: NW-, NNE-, and NNW- trending, related to the Indosinian, middle Yanshanian, and late Yanshanian orogeny, respectively. The Indosinian NW- and end-Mesozoic NNE-trending fractures produced by compressional tectonic stress mainly contributed to the formation of the basement reservoirs. The geochemistry of the calcite veins filling these fractures suggests two main types of diagenetic fluids. The fluid of autogenic recharge related to the earlier fills is karstification diffuse flow dominated by internal runoff from rainfall in the highland setting of the Indosinian thrusting orogenic belt. The other fluid of allogenic recharge related to the later fills is the main lateral freshwater flow dominated by external runoff from the catchment in the setting of the horst-lowland within the rifting basin, induced by the Yanshanian destruction of the North China Craton. Finally, the relationship between the three fracture families and two kinds of related fluids is revealed. This allows us to propose a model to understand the polyphase-superimposed fracture-related karst reservoir complexes within the deep carbonate basement of tilting fault blocks that neighbour the Bozhong hydrocarbon kitchen and predict the formation of potential plays with high accuracy.

Experimental Study on Phase Characteristics of CO2 Injection in BZ13-2 Strong Volatile Oil Reservoir in Bohai Sea Buried Hills

BZ13-2 oil field is a deep submerged strongly volatile reservoir in Bohai Sea. This oil reservoir has the characteristics of high gas oil ratio and small difference in formation pressure and saturation point pressure. It usually adopts gas injection development to avoid crude oil degassing and fast decreasing production capacity. However, the phase characteristics and miscibility mechanism of this high-temperature and high-pressure fluid after gas injection are not clear. Therefore, it is necessary to study the feasibility of CO2 injection to improve oil recovery in near critical volatile oil reservoirs through CO2 injection experiments. In the early stage of the depletion experiment, the content of heavy components in the remaining oil increased significantly, so the depletion method is not conducive to the development of such reservoirs. With the increase of CO2 injection, the volumetric expansion coefficient of formation crude oil increases significantly, while the saturation pressure and formation crude oil viscosity remain basically unchanged. The minimum miscible pressure experiment shows that CO2 injection under formation pressure conditions can achieve multiphase miscibility. Based on experimental research results, the BZ13-2 oilfield is suitable for early gas injection development and can significantly improve recovery.

3D Physical Simulation of Water Flooding Characteristics of Buried Hill Reservoir with Different Fracture Systems

In order to understand the water-flooding characteristics of different fracture systems in metamorphic rock buried hill reservoirs and the mechanism of improving water-flooding development effect, a three-dimensional physical model of fractured reservoirs is established according to the similarity criterion based on the prototype of metamorphic buried hill reservoirs in JZ Oilfield in Bohai Bay Basin. Combined with the fractured reservoir characteristics of JZ Oilfield, the water displacement characteristics of the top-bottom staggered injection-production well pattern in different fracture network mode and different fracture development degree of buried hill reservoir are studied. The experimental results show that: 1) the more serious the fracture system irregularity is, the shorter the water-free oil production period is and the lower the water-free oil recovery is. After water breakthrough of production wells, the water cut rises faster, and the effect of water flooding development is worse;2) under the condition of non-uniform fracture development, the development effect of the bottom fracture undeveloped is better than that of the middle fracture undeveloped. Water injection wells are deployed in areas with relatively few fractures, while oil wells are deployed in fractured areas with higher oil recovery and better development effect.

Research and Application of Water Flooding Timing and Method for Blocky Bottom Water Fractured Buried Hill Reservoir

Oilfield A is a fractured buried hill reservoir in Bohai bay of China. In order to solve the difficult problem of water flooding timing and method in oilfield. Considering the characteristics of the buried hill fractures with stress sensitivity and strong heterogeneity, the ECLIPSE software was used in the research, and a three-dimensional injection-production numerical model for horizontal wells in buried hill reservoirs is established. According to the main research factors in water flooding, a series of water flooding schemes are designed, and the optimization of water flooding timing, oil recovery rate and water flooding mode in buried hill reservoirs were carried out. The results show that the optimum pressure level of fractured reservoir is about 70% of the original reservoir pressure. The optimal water flooding method is the conventional water flooding in the initial stage, when the water cut reaches 80%, it is converted into periodic water flooding. The oil recovery is the highest when the water injection period is 4 months. Field tests show that conventional water flooding is carried out in the initial stage of the oilfield A when the pressure is reduced to 70% of the original. Periodic water flooding is carried out when water cut is 80%. Good development results had been achieved in the 10 years since oilfield A was put into production. The average productivity of single well reached 300 m3/d in the initial stage, at present, the water cut is 60%, and the recovery degree is 18.5%, which is better than that of similar oilfields. This technology improves the water flooding effect of blocky bottom water fractured dual media reservoirs in metamorphic buried hills, and provides a reference for the development of similar reservoirs.

The fracture network model of Shen 229 block buried hill:A case study from Liaohe Basin,China

High oil production from the Proterozoic formation of Shen 229 block in Damingtun Depression, Liaohe Basin, China, indicates the presence of natural fractured reservoir whose production potential is dominated by the structural fracture. A con- sistent structural model and good knowledge of the fracture systems are therefore of key importance in reducing risk in the de- velopment strategies. So data from cores and image logs have been collected to account for the basic characteristics of fracture, and then the analyzed results were integrated with the structural model in order to restrict the fracture network development during the structural evolvement. The structural evolution of the Proterozoic reservoir with time forms the basis for understanding the de- velopment of the 3D fracture system. Seismic interpretation and formation correlation were used to build a 3D geological model. The fault blocks that compose the Proterozoic formation reservoir were subsequently restored to their pre-deformation. From here, the structures were kinematically modeled to simulate the structural evolution of the reservoirs. At each time step, the dilatational and cumulative strain was calculated throughout the modelling history. The total strain which records the total spatial variation in the reservoir due to its structural history, together with core data, well data and the lithology distribution, was used to simulate geologically realistic discrete fracture networks. The benefit of this technique over traditional curvature analysis is that the structural evolution is taken into account, a factor that mostly dominates fracture formation.

Formation of the primary petroleum reservoir in Wumaying inner buried-hill of Huanghua Depression, Bohai Bay Basin, China

Well Yinggu 1 drilled on the tectonic belt of the Wumaying buried-hill in Huanghua Depression obtained non-H2S high-yield oil and gas flow from the Permian Lower Shihezi Formation sandstone. The oil and gas are derived from the Upper Paleozoic coal source rock, the petroleum reservoir is an inner buried-hill primary oil and gas accumulation, showing a good prospect of the Paleozoic inner buried-hill primary reservoir exploration. The formation and accumulation of the primary petroleum reservoir in the Wumaying inner buried-hill are discussed by studying the primary source conditions, the inner buried-hill reservoir-cap combinations and the hydrocarbon accumulation period. The primary petroleum reservoir has three preponderant characteristics of accumulation: secondary large-scale gas generation of coal source rock, multi reservoir-cap combinations and mainly late hydrocarbon charging, which formed the compound hydrocarbon accumulation of the above-source sandstone and under-source carbonate rock in the Paleozoic inner buried-hill. Along with the Mesozoic and Cenozoic tectonic activities, the formation of the primary reservoir in Wumaying inner buried-hill is characterized by "mixed oil and gas charge in local parts in early stage, adjustment accumulation due to structural high migration in middle stage, and large-scale natural gas charge and compound accumulation in late stage".

Division and identification of vertical reservoir units in Archaeozoic metamorphic buried hill of Bozhong Sag,Bohai Bay Basin,East China

Based on the data associated with cores,sidewall cores,casting thin sections,reservoir physical properties,conventional logging and imaging logging,the classification schemes of vertical reservoir units are proposed for the two types of Archaeozoic buried hills(exposed and covered ones)in the Bozhong Sag,Bohai Bay Basin.The geological characteristics and storage spaces of these reservoir units are described,and their identification markers in conventional and imaging log curves are established.The Archaeozoic metamorphic buried hills can be vertically classified into two primary reservoir units:weathering crust and inner buried hill.The weathering crust contains four secondary units,i.e.,the clay zone,weathered glutenite zone,leached zone,disaggregation zone;and the interiors contain two secondary units,i.e.,interior fracture zone and tight zone.In particular,the inner fracture zone was further divided into cataclasite belts and dense-fracture belts.It is proposed that the favorable reservoirs of exposed Archaeozoic metamorphic buried hills are mainly developed in four parts including weathered glutenite zone,leached zone,disintegration zone superposed with the cataclasite belt and the cataclasite belt of inner fracture zone,and are controlled by both weathering and tectonic actions.Favorable reservoirs in covered Archaeozoic metamorphic buried hills are mainly developed in the weathering crust superposed with the cataclasite belts and the cataclasite belts of inner fracture zone,and are mainly controlled by tectonic actions.

Characteristics of Fluid Inclusions and Determination of Hydrocarbon Accumulation Period of Caofeidian 18-1/2Buried Hill Reservoirs in Bozhong Depression,Bohai Bay Basin

The study area Caofeidian 18-1/2 structure is located in the Shadongnan structural belt at the southeast subduction end of the Shaleitian salient in the western Bohai Sea. The characteristics of reservoirs and fluid inclusions from 13 core samples near the buried hills in the study area are studied,and regional geology and conditions for reservoir formation are analyzed to reveal the characteristics and the processes of reservoir formation. Phase I oil and gas inclusions are mainly developed,and the abundance of oil and gas inclusions in this period is high( GOI is about 15%). The homogenization temperature of the hydrocarbon-containing brine inclusions accompanying them is mainly 90-120 ℃ . The simulation results of burial history and thermal history show that the main charging period of oil and gas is the present Himalayan tectonic movement period since 8 Ma,and mainly through unconformities,faults,and drainage systems,they are migrated and accumulated into fault anticline traps of Dongying Formation mudstone( E_d).

乍得基岩注气井膨胀管悬挂二次完井技术

乍得油田潜山基岩油藏面临油井低压低产的问题,需要开展注气补充地层能量以提高油井产量,但裸眼开发井转投注气井后,出现上部层系出砂填埋储层的问题。为此,下入膨胀管悬挂器结合裸眼封隔器等组成的下部完井管柱,在乍得BX20井进行二次完井技术先导试验。现场试验结果表明:设计的二次完井管柱一次入井到位,整个作业周期为10 d,较传统二次完井平均施工作业周期减少7 d,节省修井作业费用超20万美元;该井完井后能够有效地封固和保护套管免受注气高压的破坏,有效解决裸眼注气井井筒完整性问题,试注气压力达到20 MPa,注气量达到2000 m^(3)/h。该完井工艺的成功实施解决了乍得油田注气井完井问题,对同类油田的开发具有先导示范作用。

珠江口盆地潜山储层地质力学及压裂参数优化研究

珠江口盆地珠一坳陷惠州27-1井区作为潜山油气储层,压裂层段厚度大、层数多、非均质性强、压裂改造难度大,对于人工裂缝的在潜山储层中的拓展延伸规律认识困难。针对此问题,首先建立动态参数测井解释模型,并与静态岩石力学数据协同校正,建立一维岩石力学剖面;结合深部成岩理论,建立三维地质力学模型,真实模拟研究区块成岩环境;最后基于三维地质力学模型,研究排量、液量、砂比、前置液占比、射孔层位厚度等参数对裂缝纵向和平面延伸规律的影响,优化压裂设计。结果表明:惠州27-1区块,杨氏模量平均值为45.47 GPa,最大水平主应力平均值为100.91 MPa,最小水平主应力平均值为80.98 MPa,泊松比平均值为0.30。排量6~7 m^(3)/min、液量600~700 m^(3)、砂比10%~15%、前置液比例50%~60%、射孔厚度8~11 m为最优施工参数,为现场施工提供指导意见。

济阳坳陷孤西潜山带构造演化及其对油气差异富集的控制

为明确济阳坳陷孤西潜山带油气差异富集特征,指导下步油气勘探方向优选,综合利用钻井及地震资料,在潜山地质特征分析的基础上,对潜山构造演化及其对油气差异富集的控制作用进行了研究。结果表明,印支期以来,孤西潜山带经历了晚三叠世挤压抬升剥蚀、早—中侏罗世弱挤压到截凸填凹、晚侏罗世挤压抬升剥蚀、早白垩世左行走滑拉张、晚白垩世挤压抬升剥蚀、古近纪右行走滑拉张高位潜山剥蚀等4期挤压、2期拉张、2期走滑、5期剥蚀的演化过程,并于新近纪整体沉降定型,在孤西潜山带形成高位潜山和低位潜山2类潜山,整体具有“NW向断层控带、NE(EW)向断层控山、垒堑相间”的构造格局。多期构造活动作用的叠加,导致2类潜山在源储对接关系、油藏类型和油气富集特征上具有明显差异,高位潜山斜坡带上古生界和中生界地层油藏最为富集,低位潜山各层系均可成藏,且以古生界构造油藏最为富集,同种类型的潜山由于成藏要素配置关系的不同,其油气富集特征也有所差异。埕中、埕东、孤岛等高位潜山斜坡带地层油藏,孤北、垦利等低位潜山下古生界风化壳油藏及内幕构造油藏和上古生界及中生界构造油藏是下步重点勘探目标。

海上低渗潜山储层缝网压裂可行性评价方法

海上低渗潜山储层开发难度大、开发经济界限高,开发效果受压裂改造体积影响很大。采用地质工程一体化方法,在地质模型和力学模型的基础上,研究认为M潜山储层可以形成复杂人工缝网。为进一步提高裂缝复杂程度,建立了以储隔层应力差、隔层厚度、逼近角、水平应力差异系数为参数的缝网评价方法,并给出了最优值,认为储隔层应力差小于4MPa或隔层厚度小于7m时,可以实现人工裂缝穿层,实现裂缝复杂化。该研究对论证海上低渗潜山储层压裂能否形成复杂缝网,提高单井初产和累产具有很好的指导作用。

双封隔器在渤海油田潜山地层取样的应用

渤海油田潜山地层油气藏油质好、储量大,但由于埋藏深、岩性复杂、储集空间多样,勘探开发过程中储层有效性评价及流体性质评价难度大。钻井中途油气层测试仪(EFDT)是中海油田服务股份有限公司自研的一种模块化、泵抽式电缆地层测试仪,其双封隔器取样技术能够在非均质性强的地层成功坐封和取样,准确判断潜山地层是否存在油气,为正确认识储层特征和流体类型提供可靠依据,为确定潜山成藏模式的勘探决策提供重要参考。

Genetic mechanism of the granite buried-hill reservoir of the Penglai 9-1 oilfield in Bohai Sea

The Penglai 9-1 oilfield is the largest granite buried-hill oilfield in China presently,genesis and evolution of the granite buried-hill reservoir is complex.Based on geochemical,geophysical,experimental simulation and other methods,and combined with field geological observation,genetic mechanism of the granite buried-hill reservoir of the Penglai 9-1 oilfield and its hydrocarbon accumulation mode were well investigated.Results showed that the granite was formed by magmatic intrusion along deep faults under intraplate breakup of North China Plate,it was the product of magmatic activities of Yanshan tectonic episode of Circum-Pacific Tectonic Region,and the intrusion time was 160e170 Ma of the Jurassic.Formation of the granite buried-hill reservoir was mainly controlled by the epigenic karstification and tectonic reconstruction,the Yanshanian weathering and denudation controlled macroscopic development characteristics of the granite buried-hill reservoir,and faults and joints formed by Cenozoic tectonic movement promoted modification of the granite buried-hill reservoir.Laterally,thickness of the granite buried-hill reservoir had a positive correlation with fracture density.Vertically,the granite rocks could be divided into five zones:soil zone,sandy zone,broken zone,fracture zone and base rock zone.The upper-middle part(sandy zone,broken zone,fracture zone)of the granite buried hill was the highquality favorable reservoir zone and the main oil-bearing interval.

渤海海域BZ19-6区块变质岩潜山储层特征与优势岩性序列探讨

对渤海BZ19-6区块变质岩潜山数口钻井的铸体薄片、常规物性等数据展开综合分析,依据矿物组成和岩石结构、构造等建立该区块变质岩的岩性划分方案。研究结果表明:除黑云二长片麻岩、黑云斜长片麻岩和黑云钾长片麻岩外,其余变质岩的浅色矿物(石英、长石为主)含量均较高,暗色矿物(黑云母等)含量较低;有效储集空间主要为构造运动产生的未充填裂缝和斜长石的粒内溶孔;当石英含量为25%~35%(体积分数)、斜长石比率为0.4~0.6时,物性最好;碎裂岩、二长片麻岩、二长混合花岗岩、斜长混合花岗岩的浅色矿物含量高,孔隙度和渗透率高,是形成优势储层最有利的变质岩岩性。但是,各岩性之间的浅色矿物含量、物性、抗压强度等相差不显著,指示岩性确实起到基础作用,但是构造作用可能是有利储层形成最主要的控制因素之一。

珠江口盆地深水区古潜山强风化淋滤带储层分布规律及其主控因素

珠江口盆地深水区古潜山钻井资料极少,严重制约了古潜山有利储层的预测和天然气勘探进程。为此,以该盆地白云凹陷东部古潜山为例,综合利用井资料和高精度三维地震数据,对该古潜山的强风化淋滤带储层分布进行了重点解剖,在明确其储层微观和测井响应特征的基础上,通过井—震标定,依托高精度三维地震数据揭示了古潜山强风化淋滤带储层的分布规律,并探讨其主控因素。研究结果表明:①古潜山强风化淋滤带储层具有低密度的测井响应特征,其内部斜长石和云母等矿物严重蚀变,斜长石内的裂缝因强烈的溶蚀改造变宽和不同程度弯曲;②古潜山强风化淋滤带储层在地震剖面上呈空白反射,且具有明显的垂向非均质性,分布在古潜山现今地貌西部的高点和东部的斜坡上;③在始新世早期及其之前,该区古潜山均位于古地貌高点,长期的强风化淋滤作用有效地促进了强风化淋滤带的形成,中—晚始新世,东强西弱的差异伸展导致西部强风化淋滤带仍处于地貌高点,而东部则由于断块旋转和岩浆底侵导致的抬升转变为现今的斜坡部位。结论认为,大气降水沿古潜山内幕断裂的差异渗流导致了差异风化,造就了古潜山强风化淋滤带储层的垂向非均质性;古地貌是主控古潜山强风化淋滤带储层东西差异分布的主要因素。

渤海湾盆地辽东湾地区辽西凸起中北段太古宇潜山成储规律及主控因素

渤海湾盆地是我国潜山油气资源勘探的重点地区之一,为了打开该区太古宇潜山勘探新局面,对辽东湾地区太古宇潜山成储规律及主控因素进行了研究。基于薄片、测井、地震等钻井资料,分析了辽西凸起中北段太古宇潜山岩石学特征、岩石展布特征、储层特征、构造演化和裂缝特征。研究表明,辽东湾地区辽西凸起太古宇潜山由片麻岩类、变质花岗岩类和碎裂岩类等组成,并以片麻岩为主;现今构造呈南高北低特征,北部地层保存相对完好,南部地层上部具剥蚀迹象,岩浆岩比例自北向南逐渐增高。该区太古宇变质岩以裂缝型储层为主,岩石中暗色矿物含量与岩石脆性呈反比关系;构造变形导致裂缝发育,太古宇潜山发育三组构造裂缝,即燕山早期受到NE向强剪切和SN向强挤压的应力方向发育NNE向剪裂缝和SN向张裂缝,喜马拉雅早期受到NW向强伸展和NE向弱剪切的应力方向发育NE向剪裂缝和北东向张裂缝,喜马拉雅晚期受到NE向强剪切和NW向弱伸展的应力方向发育EW向张裂缝及NE向和NW向共轭剪裂缝,区域构造差异活动程度控制了裂缝的有效性;燕山运动是变质岩储层主要造缝期,喜马拉雅期裂缝以方解石充填、半充填为主,后期经溶蚀可构成有效裂缝。

渤中19-6潜山裂缝储层高承压可解堵防漏堵漏体系优化与应用

渤中19-6等区块潜山储层裂缝发育,导致钻井过程中漏失频发。潜山层段顶部存在风化壳,裂缝极其发育,且多为微小—小裂缝,严重影响了钻井时效。通过分析渤中19-6等区块钻井液漏失密度、裂缝宽度和漏失工况,揭示了潜山裂缝漏失特征和机理;通过形貌分析及酸溶率、抗温性和承压能力测试,优选出GYD合金作为架桥材料、水镁石纤维作为铺网捕获的纤维材料、MDF粉末和PF-EZCARB粉末作为填充粉末,构建了潜山裂缝性高承压可解堵堵漏体系。室内测试评价结果表明,所优选的堵漏材料复配协同,对开度1.0 mm×0.5 mm楔形长裂缝封堵承压达10 MPa,强化了防漏堵漏体系的网络结构,提高了承压堵漏性能,酸溶解堵率为72.5%,实现了“堵而不死,易于解堵”,最大限度地满足了潜山储层的堵漏要求。本文构建的潜山裂缝性高承压可解堵堵漏体系已在渤中19-6区块深层探井中取得成功应用,可为渤海潜山储层安全高效钻井提供技术支持。