Effect of loading rates on crack propagating speed,fracture toughness and energy release rate using single-cleavage trapezoidal open specimen under impact loads

The former studies indicate that loading rates significantly affect dynamic behavior of brittle materials,for instance,the dynamic compressive and tensile strength increase with loading rates.However,there still are many unknown or partially unknown aspects.For example,whether loading rates have effect on crack dynamic propagating behavior(propagation toughness,velocity and arrest,etc).To further explore the effect of loading rates on crack dynamic responses,a large-size single-cleavage trapezoidal open(SCTO)specimen was proposed,and impacting tests using the SCTO specimen under drop plate impact were conducted.Crack propagation gauges(CPGs)were employed in measuring impact loads,crack propagation time and velocities.In order to verify the testing result,the corresponding numerical model was established using explicit dynamic software AUTODYN,and the simulation result is basically consistent with the experimental results.The ABAQUS software was used to calculate the dynamic SIFs.The universal function was calculated by fractal method.The experimental-numerical method was employed in determining initiation toughness and propagation toughness.The results indicate that crack propagating velocities,dynamic fracture toughness and energy release rates increase with loading rates;crack delayed initiation time decreases with loading rates.

Mixed-mode fracture behavior in deep shale reservoirs under different loading rates and temperatures

In the last years,shale gas has gradually substituted oil and coal as the main sources of energy in the world.Compared with shallow shale gas reservoirs,deep shale is characterized by low permeability,low porosity,strong heterogeneity,and strong anisotropy.In the process of multi-cluster fracturing of horizontal wells,the whole deformation process and destruction modes are significantly influenced by loading rates.In this investigation,the servo press was used to carry out semi-circular bend(SCB)mixedmode fracture experiments in deep shales(130,160,190℃)with prefabricated fractures under different loading rates(0.02,0.05,0.1,0.2 mm/min).The fracture propagation process was monitored using acoustic emission.The deformation characteristics,displacementeload curve,and acoustic emission parameters of shale under different loading rates were studied during the mixed-mode fracture propagation.Our results showed that during the deformation and fracture of the specimen,the acoustic emission energy and charge significantly increased near the stress peak,showing at this point the most intense acoustic emission activity.With the increase in loading rate,the fracture peak load of the deep shale specimen also increased.However,the maximum displacement decreased to different extents.With the increase in temperature,the effective fracture toughness of the deep shale gradually decreased.Also,the maximum displacement decreased.Under different loading rates,the deformation of the prefabricated cracks showed a nonlinear slow growthelinear growth trend.The slope of the linear growth stage increased with the increase in loading rate.In addition,as the loading rate increased,an increase in tension failure and a decrease in shear failure were observed.Moreover,the control chart showing the relationship between tension and the shear failure under different temperatures and loading rates was determined.

Effect of loading rate on fracture behaviors of shale under mode I loading

In this study,the effect of loading rate on shale fracture behaviors was investigated under dynamic and static loading conditions.Cracked straight through Brazilian disc(CSTBD)shale specimens were tested with a split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)setup and INSTRON1346 servo-testing machine under pure mode I loading conditions.During the test,the crack propagation process was recorded by high-speed(HS)camera,and the acoustic emission(AE)signal generated by the fracture was collected by acoustic emission(AE)system.At the same time,crack propagation gauge(CPG)was used to measure the crack propagation velocity of the specimen.The results show that the crack propagation velocity and fracture toughness of shale have a positive correlation with the loading rate.The relationship among the crack propagation velocity,the fracture toughness and the loading rate is established under the static loading condition.In addition,the characteristics of AE signals with different loading rates are analyzed.It is found that the AE signals generated by microcrack growth decrease with the increase of loading rates.Meanwhile,the turning point of cumulative counting moves forward as the loading rate increases,which shows that the AE signal generated by shale fracture at low loading rate mainly comes from the initiation and propagation of microcracks,while at high loading rate it mainly comes from the formation of macro large-scale cracks.The fracture mechanism that causes shale fracture toughness and crack propagation velocity to vary with loading rate is also discussed based on the analysis results of AE signals.

Effect of loading rate on fracture characteristics of rock

The three-point bending experiments were applied to investigating effects of loading rates on fracture toughness of Huanglong limestone. The fracture toughness of Huanglong limestone was measured over a wide range of loading rates from 9 × 10-4 to 1.537 MPa.m1/2/s. According to the approximate relationship between static and dynamic fracture toughness of Huanglong limestone, relationship between the growth velocity of crack and dynamic fracture toughness was obtained. The main conclusions are summarized as follows. （1） When the loading rate is higher than 0.027 MPa-ml/2/s, the fracture toughness of Huanglong limestone increases markedly with increasing loading rate. However, when loading rate is lower than 0.027 MPa-ml/2/s, fracture toughness slightly increases with an increase in loading rate. （2） It is found from experimental results that fracture toughness is linearly proportional to the logarithmic expression of loading rate. （3） For Huanglong limestone, when the growth velocity of crack is lower than 100 m/s, the energy release rate slightly decreases with increasing the growth velocity of crack. However, when the growth velocity of crack is higher than 1 000 m/s, the energy release rate dramatically decreases with an increase in the crack growth velocity.

Effect of loading rates on the characteristics of thermal damage for mudstone under different temperatures

The uniaxial compression tests for mudstone specimens are carried out with four different loading rates from room temperature to 400℃ by using the Rock Mechanics Servo-controlled Testing System MTS810 and high temperature furnace MTS652.02.The mechanical properties of mudstone with various loading rates are studied under different temperature conditions.The results show that when temperature increases from room temperature to 400℃ and loading rate is less than 0.03 mm/s,the peak strength of mudstone specimen decreases as loading rate increases,while the various peak strengths show significant differences when loading rate exceeds 0.03 mm/s.At room temperature,the elastic modulus decreases at the first time and then increases with loading rate rising.When the temperature is between200 and 400℃,the elastic modulus presents a decreasing trend with increasing loading rate.With increasing the loading rate,the number of fragments in mudstone becomes larger and even the powder is observed in mudstone with higher loading rate.Under high loading rate,the failure mode of mudstone specimens under different temperatures is mainly conical damage.

Spalling characteristics of high-temperature treated granitic rock at different strain rates

The dynamic spalling characteristics of rock are important for stability analysis in rock engineering.This paper presented an experimental investigation on the dynamic spalling characteristics of granite with different temperatures and strain rates.A series of dynamic spalling tests with different impact velocities were conducted on thermally treated granite at different temperatures.The dynamic spalling strengths of granite with different temperatures and strain rates were determined.A model was proposed to correlate the dynamic spalling strength of granite,high temperature and strain rate.The results show that the spalling strength of granite decreases with increasing temperature.Moreover,the spalling strength of granite with a higher strain rate is larger than that with a lower strain rate.The proposed model can describe the relationship among dynamic spalling strength of granite,high temperature and strain rate.

INFLUENCE OF LOADING RATE AND SPECIMEN HEIGHT ON FLEXURAL STRENGTH OF Al_2O_3 AT HIGH TEMPERATURES

In this paper, the influence of loading rate and specimen height on flexural strength of Al2O3 at high temperatures has been studied by three-point bending method. The experimental results show that the flexural strength of Al2O3 decreases with increasing specimen height at room temperature, and it tends to stability when height increases to a certain degree (h=5mm in this paper), while the flexural strength of Al2O3 variates unapparently at high temperature with increasing height. There is a critical loading rate R . c. When loading rate R . is less than R . c, the flexural strength of Al2O3 increases with increasing loading rate and it drops sharply when loading rate is higher than R . c. The sensitivity of flexural strength to the loading rate decreases with elevating temperatures.

Dynamic behavior and fracture mode of TiAl intermetallics with different microstructures at elevated temperatures

Experimental studies were conducted on the tensile behaviors and fracture modes of TiAl（Ti-46.5Al-2Nb-2Cr） alloys with near gamma（NG） equiaxed and near lamellar（NL） microstructures over a temperature range from room temperature to 840 ℃ and a strain rate range of 0.001-1 350 s-1.The results indicate that the alloys are both temperature and strain rate dependent and they have a similar dependence.The dynamic strength is higher than the quasi-static strength but almost insensitive to high strain rate range of 320-1 350 s-1.The brittle-to-ductile transition temperature（BDTT） increases with increasing strain rates.NG TiAl yields obviously,while NL TiAl does not.Below BDTT,as the temperature increases,the fracture modes of the two alloys change from planar cleavage fracture to a mixture of transgranular and intergranular fractures,and finally to totally intergranular fracture.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF Ti_3SiC_2 AT HIGH TEMPERATURE

Creep and stress relaxation behavior, the elastic modulus and fracture toughness of machinable Ti3SiC2 at various temperatures from 20 to 1250℃ were investigated by means of three-point bending tests. The experiments were performed respectively at: (i) fixed stress and changed temperatures, and (ii) fixed temperature and changed stresses. A creep resistance parameter that represents the probability of creep deformation in a given condition was defined as a function of both applied stress and the threshold stress, varying in a range from 0 to 1. Elastic modulus at high temperatures was measured through comparing relative slopes of loading curves in cyclic loading curve. The fracture toughness measured by SENB method showed a stable value in the range of 25-1000℃, but over 1000℃, it declined abruptly from -6.7MPa·m1/2 to -2.0MPa·m1/2 at 1200℃.

A new methodology to obtain the fracture toughness of YAG transparent ceramics

A new methodology was proposed for testing the fracture toughness of YAG transparent ceramics depended on temperature. In our model, the fracture toughness, as a material-specific property, can be expressed as tensile strength treated as the physical property or a material constant. Using this method, a suitable size larger than the inherent defects of ceramic samples and the creation of atomically sharp pre-cracks on the surface of ceramic specimens were able to be ignored. Besides, the fracture of ceramic can be described as the equivalence between the release of elastic storage energy and surface energy associated with the new fracture surface. From thermodynamics theory, the system’s internal energy includes the kinetic energy of atomic motion and the potential energy between atoms in the system. Finally, the fracture toughness at different temperatures can also be calculated by this simple quantitative relationship. In order to confirm the validity of this model, the decreasing fracture toughness of YAG transparent ceramic with increasing temperature was predicted, and the result coincided with the experimental results.

The Effect of Loading Rates on Crack Dynamic Behavior Under Medium-Low Speed Impacts

Rock structures are often subjected to dynamic loads,such as blasts,impacts and earthquakes,and their loading rates differ largely.To investigate the effect of loading rates on the dynamic behavior of crack propagation,impact tests were conducted on large single-cleavage semicircle compression(LSCSC)specimens using a drop weight impact test system.Five types of rock materials were selected to prepare the LSCSC specimens,and crack propagation gauges were mounted along the crack propagation paths to measure crack initiation time and propagation speeds.Finite element models were established by using ABAQUS code,and the dynamic stress intensity factors(SIFs)were calculated.The curves of dynamic SIFs versus time were obtained,and the initiation toughness was determined by using these curves and the initiation time measured in the impact tests.The results show that loading rate has a significant effect on crack propagation behavior,and both the crack propagation speed and initiation toughness increase with the loading rate,whereas the delayed fracture time decreases with the increase in loading rate.

Application of split Hopkinson tension bar technique to the study of dynamic fracture properties of materials

A novel approach is proposed in determining dy- namic fracture toughness （DFT） of high strength steel, using the split Hopkinson tension bar （SHTB） apparatus, com- bined with a hybrid experimental-numerical method. The center-cracked tension specimen is connected between the bars with a specially designed fixture device. The fracture initiation time is measured by the strain gage method, and dynamic stress intensity factors （DSIF） are obtained with the aid of 3D finite element analysis （FEA）. In this approach, the dimensions of the specimen are not restricted by the connec- tion strength or the stress-state equilibrium conditions, and hence plane strain state can be attained conveniently at the crack tip. Through comparison between the obtained results and those in open publication, it is concluded that the ex- perimental data are valid, and the method proposed here is reliable. The validity of the obtained DFT is checked with the ASTM criteria, and fracture surfaces are examined at the end of paper.

Dynamic ModeⅡfracture behavior of rocks under hydrostatic pressure using the short core in compression(SCC)method

The shear failure of rocks under both a static triaxial stress and a dynamic disturbance is common in deep underground engineering and it is therefore essential for the design of underground engineering to quantitively estimate the dynamic ModeⅡfracture toughness KⅡCof rocks under a triaxial stress state.However,the method for determining the dynamic KⅡCof rocks under a triaxial stress has not been developed yet.With an optimal sample preparation,the short core in compression(SCC)method was designed and verified in this study to measure the dynamic KⅡCof Fangshan marble(FM)subjected to different hydrostatic pressures through a triaxial dynamic testing system.The formula for calculating the dynamic KⅡCof the rock SCC specimen under hydrostatic pressures was obtained by using the finite element method in combination with secondary cracks.The experimental results indicate that the failure mode of the rock SCC specimen under a hydrostatic pressure is the shear fracture and the KⅡCof FM increases as the loading rate.In addition,at a given loading rate the dynamic rock KⅡCis barely affected by hydrostatic pressures.Another important observation is that the dynamic fracture energy of FM enhances with loading rates and hydrostatic pressures.

Dynamic notched semi-circle bend(NSCB) method for measuring fracture properties of rocks:Fundamentals and applications

Rocks are increasingly used in extreme environments characterised by high loading rates and high confining pressures.Thus the fracture properties of rocks under dynamic loading and confinements are critical in various rock mechanics and rock engineering problems.Due to the transient nature of dynamic loading,the dynamic fracture tests of rocks are much more challenging than their static counterparts.Understanding the dynamic fracture behaviour of geomaterials relies significantly on suitable and reliable dynamic fracture testing methods.One of such methods is the notched semi-circle bend(NSCB)test combined with the advanced split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)system,which has been recommended by the International Society for Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering(ISRM)as the standard method for the determination of dynamic fracture toughness.The dynamic NSCB-SHPB method can provide detailed insights into dynamic fracture properties including initiation fracture toughness,fracture energy,propagation fracture toughness and fracture velocity.This review aims to fully describe the detailed principles and state-of-the-art applications of dynamic NSCB-SHPB techniques.The history and principles of dynamic NSCB-SHPB tests for rocks are outlined,and then the applications of dynamic NSCB-SHPB method(including the measurements of initiation and propagation fracture toughnesses and the limiting fracture velocity,the size effect and the digital image correlation(DIC)experiments)are discussed.Further,other applications of dynamic NSCB-SHPB techniques(i.e.the thermal,moisture and anisotropy effects on the dynamic fracture properties of geomaterials,and dynamic fracture toughness of geomaterials under pre-loading and hydrostatic pressures)are presented.

上海地铁某车站空调系统高效制冷机房改造实测分析

地铁车站空调系统高效技术是当前轨道交通节能降碳的主要手段,针对上海某地铁车站制冷机房高效化改造的具体情况、改造效果、能效提升进行了详细的分析和研究。改造选择了磁悬浮冷水机组,应用了变频技术来优化水泵的运行,改造后空调季制冷机房平均能效比达到5.16,年节电量约为30万kWh,节能效果显著。通过对制冷机房运行数据进行对比分析得知,负载率的优化对冷水机组能效具有直接而显著的影响,通过调整冷机出水温度和优化水泵变频策略,能进一步提高制冷机房的能效,为地铁车站制冷机房高效化改造和能效提升提供参考和帮助。

高压储氢容器用高强度可焊接钢板Q690DR的研发

以ASME SA517 Gr.F为对标材料,设计高压储氢压力容器用可焊接高强度钢板Q690DR。通过优化化学成分、热处理工艺精准调控,可获得屈服强度不小于690 MPa,抗拉强度800~900 MPa,冲击性能良好的高强度可焊接Q690DR钢板。经系列抗氢性能评价试验,Q690DR具有良好的抗氢脆性能,较低的氢脆敏感性。对比10 MPa氢气与同压力的氮气环境下的慢拉伸试验结果,Q690DR的相对延伸率约为96.4%,相对断面收缩率约为97.0%,具有较低的氢脆敏感性。10 MPa氢气环境下Q690DR测得的断裂韧度K_(IH)约为305 MPa·m^(0.5)。整体看,工业试制的Q690DR钢板各项指标性能优良稳定,符合相关标准及用户技术条件,可以用于实际工程项目高压储氢容器的建造。

暴露于高温环境后的超高性能混凝土自愈合能力研究

超高性能混凝土(UHPC)以其优越的力学性能和耐久性能在工程建设中具有广阔的应用前景.然而,UHPC内部结构致密,耐高温性能不佳,在高温环境下暴露后其各方面性能会大幅度下降,限制了其在结构工程和地下施工中的应用,本研究旨在研究UHPC在暴露于高温环境后的自修复能力.UHPC采用水泥-粉煤灰-硅灰水泥基体和钢纤维设计制备,掺入聚丙烯纤维以增强耐高温性.通过模拟在地下环境中的暴露,评估了UHPC在高温暴露后的自愈合能力.自愈合能力是通过测量高温暴露前后和自愈合试验后的抗压强度、弯曲强度及裂纹宽度的变化来进行表征.自愈合试验对UHPC断裂韧性的影响通过裂口张开位移(CMOD)测试和数字图像相关方法(DIC)表征.研究发现,地下水环境的自愈合效应可以恢复UHPC的刚度、抗拉强度,以及高温后裂纹宽度的愈合.同时,由于钢纤维的腐蚀,抗压强度的恢复很小.本研究可为拓宽UHPC的应用领域提供坚实的基础.

电磁加载膨胀环试验技术的发展及应用

电磁加载膨胀环试验技术是实现高应变率拉伸加载的重要手段,可实现应变率10^(4)s^(−1)量级的一维拉伸加载.洛伦兹力作为一种体力均匀施加于膨胀环试样,避免了面力加载的波传播效应,且环形试样结构的特点避免了传统狗骨形试样末端夹持效应的影响,因此,电磁加载膨胀环试验技术被广泛应用于材料在高应变率下的拉伸力学行为研究.本文首先介绍了膨胀环试验技术的基本原理,回顾了膨胀环试验加载技术的发展历史以及应用于膨胀环试验的测试技术发展情况.然后对电磁加载膨胀环试验技术的应用进行了综述,梳理了该试验技术在材料动态力学性能、动态断(碎)裂行为、动态延性行为、高温绝热特性等方面的前沿研究进展.最后讨论了电磁加载膨胀环试验技术在固体力学领域的发展前景与方向.为从事材料动态力学行为试验技术领域的科研工作者提供较为系统的信息参考,同时为那些对电磁加载膨胀环试验技术感兴趣的青年科研人员提供本领域系统全面的知识.

万米井用超高强高韧套管的研制及组织表征

根据万米特深井超高温超高压工况需求,开展超高强高韧套管合金化技术和制造工艺研究,开发出具有良好韧性、高温强度、抗挤毁和抗延迟断裂性能的BG155V超高强高韧套管,批量试制的性能检测结果表明屈服强度达到1100 MPa以上,0℃横向夏比冲击功平均值达到名义屈服强度的10%。对套管不同服役温度下强度、低温韧性以及微观组织进行了分析,发现采用热轧后控制冷却工艺的管体晶粒度达到11级,通过细小的晶粒保证材料良好韧性和抗延迟断裂性能,提升了万米特深井油气资源开发用套管安全服役的可靠性。

高温水蒸气环境中TP439不锈钢的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性

目的 研究TP439不锈钢在高温水蒸气环境中的应力腐蚀开裂行为,并探讨水蒸气和温度对其应力腐蚀开裂敏感性的影响规律。方法 采用慢应变速率拉伸试验方法研究了TP439不锈钢在400~600℃水蒸气环境中的应力腐蚀开裂行为,利用SEM和EDS分析试样断口区域的形貌及元素分布。结果 同一应变速率(2×10^(-5) s^(-1))下,随着温度在400~600℃范围内升高,TP439不锈钢在空气和水蒸气环境中的屈服强度、抗拉强度和断裂能均逐渐降低,延伸率逐渐增大。400℃和500℃时,试样在水蒸气环境中的抗拉强度较空气环境中有所降低,而延伸率较空气环境中增大。600℃时试样在水蒸气环境中的力学性能较空气环境中无明显差别。试样在400、500、600℃水蒸气环境中的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性指数分别为0.7%、1.2%和-2.8%,应力腐蚀开裂敏感性较低。试样在400~600℃水蒸气环境中的断口均呈现韧性断裂特征,断口形貌整体由韧窝和微孔组成,颈缩现象显著,断口附近未发现二次裂纹。温度在400~600℃范围内升高时,断口的韧窝特征更加明显,颈缩程度逐渐增大,600℃时断口侧面的氧化膜表面Cr含量明显降低,主要由Fe的氧化物形成。结论 水蒸气对TP439不锈钢的应力腐蚀开裂行为起促进作用。基于应力腐蚀开裂敏感性指数和断口的分析,在应变速率为2×10^(-5) s^(-1)的400~600℃水蒸气环境中,TP439不锈钢的应力腐蚀开裂敏感性较低。