Experimental study on the flow behaviour of water-sand mixtures in fractured rock specimens

The study of flow behaviour of water-sand mixtures in fractured rocks is of great necessity to understand the producing mechanism and prevention of water inrush and sand gushing accidents.A self-developed seepage test system is used in this paper to conduct laboratory experiments in order to study the influence of the particle size distribution,the void ratio,and the initial mass of Aeolian sand on the flow behavior.It is concluded that the water flow velocity is insensitive to the initial mass of the Aeolian sand but increases with the power exponent in the Talbot formula and the specimen height.The outflow of the Aeolian sand increases with the power exponent in the Talbot formula,the specimen height,and the initial mass of the Aeolian sand.Besides,the outflow of the Aeolian sand changes exponentially with the water flow velocity.Finally,it is found that the fractured specimen has a maximum sand filtration capacity beyond which the outflow of the Aeolian sand significantly increases with the initial mass of the Aeolian sand.

Comparative experimental investigation of chemical grouting into a fracture with flowing and static water

We present a series of experimental tests on chemical grouting into a fracture with flowing and static water,using a transparent fracture grouting experimental device.Variations of seepage pressure and grout propagation were compared in our investigation.The results show that flowing water results in drops of seepage pressure,development of penetration radii in the upstream side and drops of propagation area during the same period,compared with grouting in static water.The propagation area in static water is always round before grouts reach the joint boundaries.However,the propagation shape changes from round to an elliptic shape for grouting into a fracture with flowing water.A theoretical model for the grout penetration radius in a fracture considering flowing velocity was developed and validated by our experimental results.These results are helpful in improving understanding of fracture grouting mechanism and in guiding engineering practices.

Predicting the height of water-flow fractured zone during coal mining under the Xiaolangdi Reservoir

It is very important to determine the extent of the fractured zone through which water can flow before coal mining under the water bodies.This paper deals with methods to obtain information about overburden rock failure and the development of the fractured zone while coal mining in Xin'an Coal Mine.The risk of water inrush in this mine is great because 40%of the mining area is under the Xiaolangdi reservoir.Numerical simulations combined with geophysical methods were used in this paper to obtain the development law of the fractured zone under different mining conditions.The comprehensive geophysical method described in this paper has been demonstrated to accurately predict the height of the water-flow fractured zone.Results from the new model, which created from the results of numerical simulations and field measurements,were successfully used for making decisions in the Xin'an Coal Mine when mining under the Xiaolangdi Reservoir.Industrial scale experiments at the number 11201,14141 and 14191 working faces were safely carried out.These achievements provide a successful background for the evaluation and application of coal mining under large reservoirs.

Height prediction of water flowing fractured zones based on BP artificial neural network

Factures caused by deformation and destruction of bedrocks over coal seams can easily lead to water flooding(inrush)in mines,a threat to safety production.Fractures with high hydraulic conductivity are good watercourses as well as passages for inrush in mines and tunnels.An accurate height prediction of water flowing fractured zones is a key issue in today's mine water prevention and control.The theory of leveraging BP artificial neural network in height prediction of water flowing fractured zones is analysed and applied in Qianjiaying Mine as an example in this paper.Per the comparison with traditional calculation results,the BP artificial neural network better reflects the geological conditions of the research mine areas and produces more objective,accurate and reasonable results,which can be applied to predict the height of water flowing fractured zones.

Height Detection and Analysis of Water Flowing Fractured Zone of Coal Face

Taking 91105 working face as the research object, the observation method of water flowing fractured zone and the layout of mining holes were determined by analyzing the field geological structure. It was shown that the fractured zone height and the ratio given by the measured method were 52.33 and 12.46, respectively. By the numerical simulation method with the software of UDEC, the fractured zone height and the ratio were 42.5 and 10.12. By comparison of measured height data and UDEC numerical simulation, there were some differences between the measured height and the calculated results of UDEC numerical simulation method. The method of simulation can be used as the technical basis for the design of waterproof coal pillar in the future.

气水两相下降流中泡状流与段塞流转换边界研究

针对塔河油田气水混注驱替“阁楼油”过程中泡状流与段塞流转换边界不清的问题,利用数值模拟方法对气水两相下降流中泡状流与段塞流进行了模拟分析。结果表明:在气相表观流速为0.01~1.00 m/s、液相表观流速为0.03~2.00 m/s、管径为76 mm的模拟条件下,管道中主要为泡状流和段塞流;与模拟结果相比,Barnea、Kokal、薛玉卿模型预测的转换边界偏小,Bhagwat和Yijun模型预测的转换边界偏大;随着气相表观流速增加,泡状流向段塞流转换时所需液量逐渐增大;在低液量条件下,越靠近管道中心,气泡数量越多,空隙率越大;随液量增加,单个小气泡体积减小,气泡在整个管道横截面上分布越均匀。基于漂移模型,考虑气泡群滑脱速度,建立了新的泡状流与段塞流转换边界模型,216组文献数据验证结果显示,新模型准确率为95.37%,准确度较高。建立的泡状流—段塞流转换边界模型,不仅可提高井筒压力、温度模型的计算精度,同时对塔河油田现场注入井井口参数优化、注入设备优选和提高“阁楼油”驱替效率有很好的理论指导意义。

碳酸盐岩缝洞型油藏流固耦合下的油水两相流动特征

为提高缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏采收率,探究其流固耦合下的油水两相流动特性,根据不同介质中的流体流动规律,建立了Stokes-Darcy两相流体流动模型;基于有效应力原理和广义胡克定律,建立了适用于缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏的油水两相Stokes-Darcy流固耦合数学模型;分别针对有无流固耦合的缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏,进行了宏观和细观的油水两相流体流动模拟。研究结果表明:油藏有无流固耦合作用,其油水两相流体流动特性在基质区差异较大,在溶洞内差异较小,注水速度对缝洞型碳酸盐岩油藏的油水流动影响较大。

考虑气水两相流动的页岩气井压裂-生产一体化数值模拟

基于位移不连续法和离散裂缝统一管网模型,采用顺序迭代数值模拟方法,构建了考虑气水两相流动的页岩气井压裂-生产一体化数值模型。模型考虑了天然裂缝、基质物性对压裂过程的影响,且直接将压裂后地层压力及含水饱和度分布用于后续焖井、生产模拟,可以更准确地实现压裂-生产一体化模拟。模拟结果表明:储层物性参数对裂缝扩展有较大影响,合理预测压裂结束后地层压力及储层流体分布是准确预测页岩气井产气量、产液量的关键;相较于常规方法,提出的模型同时考虑压裂对基质压力及含水饱和度的影响,可以更准确地模拟产水量、产气量。将建立的模型应用于实际页岩气压裂水平井的压裂-生产一体化模拟,模拟结果与实际生产数据吻合程度较好,验证了模型的准确性。

采动覆岩裂隙演化的光纤监测耦合性及分带表征

分布式光纤感测作为科学认识采动覆岩动态演变规律的重要工具,其监测数据的准确性主要取决于光纤-岩体的耦合关系。选择神东某矿作为研究对象,将分布式光纤感测技术应用于相似模拟实验,结合光纤-岩体耦合关系,探究采动覆岩垂直分带时空演化特征与光纤应变数据峰值点位置的内在联系。针对以往研究中光纤应变数据容易受光纤-岩体耦合关系影响,从而导致测试结果出现误差的问题,提出用岩体裂隙率表征光纤-岩体耦合关系的新方法。通过光纤-岩体耦合关系试验,得到光纤-岩体应变传递系数与岩体裂隙率之间呈线性函数关系,并采用二值化方法处理模型图像获取各区域裂隙变化量,分区域地计算出采动覆岩直埋光纤的应变传递系数,为进一步探究光纤应变数据峰值与采动覆岩垂直分带特征之间的关系提供了支撑。研究表明:光纤应变峰值点位置能用于关键层下方离层以及覆岩分带表征,利用构建的关键层下方离层及覆岩分带表征模型,结合峰值检测算法,得到关键层的位置分别为44、68、107 cm,以及垮落带、导水裂隙带发育高度分别为35、68 cm,算法识别结果与理论计算数值吻合,符合神东某矿的实际情况。

强封堵防塌型水基钻井液体系室内制备及其应用

选取目标区块进行了储层水化行为特性分析,提出了一种强封堵防塌型高性能水基钻井液体系。优选了封堵剂、降滤失剂、抑制剂与润滑剂为关键处理剂,对其流变性、封堵性、抑制性、润滑性、抗温性以及井壁稳定性进行了实验评价,并进行了现场应用测试。结果显示:基浆、3.0%磺化沥青及5%碳酸钙三者组合可实现体系滤失量最低,3%SAP+6%PAH+0.5%HB降滤失效果最佳,6%PEG和5%FH6为抑制剂与润滑剂。配制的水基钻井液体系滤失量几乎为0,页岩滚动回收率为96.99%,可以很好地起到井壁防塌稳定的效用,综合性能与油基钻井液体系相差不大。现场应用测试过程中高温高压失水量低至3.9 mL,钻井固相质量分数仅为5.29%,极压润滑系数显著低于非测试井,验证了该水基钻井液体系的实用性。

深层页岩气井气水两相缝网参数反演方法

深层页岩气藏的开发离不开大规模的体积压裂技术,而缝网参数反演方法是压裂效果评价、产能动态分析的一种重要手段。现有的缝网参数反演方法忽略了支撑剂不均匀分布和气水两相渗流对深层页岩气藏开发的影响,导致参数反演误差较大,且难以区分“近井支撑裂缝”和“远井未支撑裂缝”对产能的贡献。针对这一问题,基于动态分析方法,建立了考虑多重非线性流动机理和未完全支撑裂缝的深层页岩储层气水两相缝网参数反演方法。反演方法建立过程中基于线性流模型假设,将压后的复杂裂缝网络等效为支撑裂缝区、压裂改造内区、未支撑裂缝区和压裂改造外区4个区域,采用变量替换、摄动变换、逐次替换等手段处理气体高压物性参数、超临界吸附、应力敏感、非达西渗流和气水两相渗流引起的非线性。利用数值模拟模型验证了本文方法的可靠性,并选取四川盆地4口深层页岩气井进行了应用分析。结果表明,建立的深层页岩气水两相缝网参数反演方法考虑了气液同产对产能预测和参数反演的影响,实现了支撑与未支撑裂缝半长和渗透率等参数的定量区分,为准确计算深层页岩气产量、评价压裂效果提供了理论指导。

Investigation of low water recovery based on gas-water two-phase low-velocity Non-Darcy flow model for hydraulically fractured horizontal wells in shale

Various mechanisms are employed to interpret the low water recovery during the shale-gas production period,such as extra-trapped water in the fracture network,water imbibition due to osmotic pressure and capillary pressure.These lead to the difficulty of water flow,which could be described by lowvelocity non-Darcy's law known as threshold pressure gradient(TPG).In this paper we firstly employ the low-velocity non-Darcy's law to describe the water flow and use Darcy flow accounting for slip flow and free molecular flow mechanisms to model gas flow in the shale formation.The sensitive study using numerical simulation shows that the proposed flow model could model the low fracturing liquid recovery and that large pseudo TPG leads to lower fracturing liquid recovery.Thus,the proposed model would give new insight to model the low water recovery in shale formations.

浅埋煤层综放开采导水裂隙发育特征及隔水层稳定性研究

针对我国西北浅埋煤层保水开采关键隔水层N2红土稳定性不足及水资源保护等问题,研究了陕北榆神矿区薄基岩厚土层典型工作面综放开采导水裂隙发育特征及其对N2红土隔水层稳定性的影响程度。结果表明:理论计算得到导水裂隙带发育高度为57.9~113.9 m,现场实测所得结果121.10~139.79 m;数值模拟分析不同工作面推进距离下导水裂隙带发育规律,当工作面走向长度达到170 m后,导水裂隙高度增长缓慢,最大值为96.5 m,煤层开采导水裂隙带贯穿基岩后基本发育至N2红土层底部;基于层次分析方法(AHP)构建N2红土层采动损害评价模型,明确了影响N2红土关键隔水层稳定性的主要因素,基于导水裂隙带发育高度、红土层厚度、红土层与主采煤层间距因素评价结果,并考虑红土层残余厚度进行保水开采结果评价,确定隔水层稳定判据,提出基于裂隙发育特征的隔水层稳定性评价方法。研究结果对于陕北煤田类似条件煤炭绿色开采及保水采煤具有重要参考意义。

高家堡井田二盘区导水裂隙带高度实测研究

为了查明煤层顶板导水裂隙发育规律,采用地面钻孔分段注水测试和钻孔窥视方法实测了高家堡井田204工作面和205工作面煤层顶板导水裂隙带发育高度。研究结果表明:(1)205工作面DT1钻孔位置煤层顶板导水裂隙带发育高度为327.75 m,裂采比25.81。(2)204工作面DT2钻孔位置煤层顶板导水裂隙带发育高度为197.85 m,裂采比35.33。(3)高家堡井田二盘区导水裂隙带实测结果丰富了黄陇煤田综放采煤覆岩破坏规律。

缓倾斜煤层综采工作面覆岩“两带”高度研究

随着矿井开采向深部发展,矿井水害风险逐渐增加,准确掌握工作面采空区覆岩“两带”即垮落带、导水裂隙带发育高度,对矿井顶板水害防治、合理留设防隔水煤(岩)柱意义较大。本文采用理论计算、UDEC数值模拟、压水测试3种方法,对青云煤矿020202综采工作面覆岩“两带”发育高度进行了研究,3种方法相互验证,最终得出该工作面垮落带最大高度为10.3 m,冒采比为4.12;导水裂隙带最大高度为41.6 m,裂采比为16.64,该结果可以为矿井的安全生产提供科学指导。

地质构造带大巷顶板淋水注浆封堵技术

以中六运输大巷断层影响范围内顶板淋水防治为工程背景,提出采用RSS化学浆液对顶板淋水区进行快速封堵,同时采用U型钢架棚+聚氨酯浆液强化围岩支护强度,避免围岩变形产生新的导水裂隙。结合现场条件,对具体采用的顶板淋水注浆封堵技术方案进行设计,并进行工程应用。现场应用后,中六运输大巷顶板淋水问题得到较好解决,巷道围岩变形控制在安全范围内,采用的技术方案可满足中六运输大巷后续安全使用需要。

高庄煤业隐蔽致灾地质因素分析及防治措施

煤矿隐蔽致灾地质因素具有隐蔽性、时变性、突发性等,探测和预防难度大。煤矿开采过程中的几大灾害事故,多数与隐蔽致灾地质因素紧密相关。通过开展煤矿隐蔽致灾地质因素普查,推动煤矿企业强化安全基础工作,提升安全保障能力,进一步减少事故总量,有效防范和遏制煤矿重特大灾害事故,为煤矿制定防灾措施和安全生产奠定基础。

深部开采巷道掘进过导水断层围岩控制技术研究

12201运输巷沿着深部区域的12^(#)煤层底板掘进,巷道掘进区域存在有DF6-1、DF6-3导水裂隙,虽进行超前处理,但在扰动影响下巷道仍会出现淋水情况,加之围岩破碎、岩体为软岩,制约巷道掘进过断层围岩支护工作。结合现场条件,提出通过加固围岩、封堵导水裂隙方式提高围岩自身承载能力,降低淋水对破碎围岩影响,现场应用后,12201运输巷过断层期间,围岩未有淋水情况出现,同时巷道顶底板、两帮变形量均较小,实现了巷道导水断层围岩变形有效控制。

综采一次采全高工作面导水裂隙带发育高度研究

本文以东坡矿东部区为工程背景,对工作面导水裂隙带发育高度进行研究分析。优化经验公式参数,建立导水裂缝带高度预测模型,通过搜集多个矿井数据,对工作面导水裂隙带影响因素进行PAST软件相关性统计分析,确定影响因素及其比值由重到轻分别为:采深(0.93)、关键层间距(0.82)、工作面斜长(0.68)和采高(0.35),并建立导水裂隙带解析式。通过与实测数据对比,确定预测模型绝对误差保持在4.40%以内,符合误差要求。

Forecasting water disaster for a coal mine under the Xiaolangdi reservoir

Xin’an coal mine, Henan Province, faces the risk of water inrush because 40% of the area of the coal mine is under the surface water of the Xiaolangdi reservoir. To forecast water disaster, an effective aquifuge and a limit of water infiltration were determined by rock-phase analysis and long term observations of surface water and groundwater. By field monitoring, as well as physical and numerical simulation experiments, we obtained data reflecting different heights of a water flow fractured zone (WFFZ) under different mining conditions, derived a formula to calculate this height and built a forecasting model with the aid of GIS. On the basis of these activities, the coal mine area was classified into three sub-areas with different potential of water inrush. In the end, our research results have been applied in and verified by industrial mining experiments at three working faces and we were able to present a successful example of coal mining under a large reservoir.