Multiple damage zones around hydraulic fractures generated by high-frequency pulsating hydraulic fracturing

Pulsating hydraulic fracturing(PHF)is a promising fracturing method and can generate a dynamic periodic pressure.The periodic pressure can induce fatigue failure of rocks and decrease initiation pressure of fracture.If the frequency of periodic pressure exceeds 10 Hz,the distribution of pressure along the main fracture will be heterogeneous,which is much different from the one induced by the common fracturing method.In this study,the impact of this special spatial feature of pressure on hydraulic fracture is mainly investigated.A coupled numerical simulation model is first proposed and verified through experimental and theoretical solutions.The mechanism of secondary fracture initiation around the main fracture is then discovered.In addition,sensitivity studies are conducted to find out the application potential of this new method.The results show that(1)this coupled numerical simulation model is accurate.Through comparison with experimental and theoretical data,the average error of this coupled model is less than 1.01%.(2)Even if a reservoir has no natural fracture,this heterogeneous distribution pressure can also cause many secondary fractures around the main fracture.(3)The mechanism of secondary fracture initiation is that this heterogeneous distribution pressure causes tensile stress at many locations along the main fracture.(4)Through adjusting the stimulation parameters,the stimulation efficiency can be improved.The average and amplitude of pressure can increase possibility of secondary fracture initiation.The frequency of this periodic pressure can increase number of secondary fractures.Even 6 secondary fractures along a 100 m-length main fracture can be generated.(5)The influence magnitudes of stimulation parameters are larger than ones of geomechanical properties,therefore,this new fracturing method has a wide application potential.

The role of natural fracture activation in hydraulic fracturing for deep unconventional geo-energy reservoir stimulation

The presence of sealed or semi-sealed,multiscale natural fracture systems appears to be crucial for the successful stimulation of deep reservoirs.To explore the reaction of such systems to reservoir stimulation,a new numerical simulation approach for hydraulic stimulation has been developed,trying to establish a realistic model of the physics involved.Our new model successfully reproduces dynamic fracture activation,network generation,and overall reservoir permeability enhancement.Its outputs indicate that natural fractures facilitate stimulation far beyond the near-wellbore area,and can significantly improve the hydraulic conductivity of unconventional geo-energy reservoirs.According to our model,the fracture activation patterns are jointly determined by the occurrence of natural fractures and the in situ stress.High-density natural fractures,high-fluid pressure,and low effective stress environments promote the formation of complex fracture networks during stimulation.Multistage or multicluster fracturing treatments with an appropriate spacing also increase the stimulated reservoir area(SRA).The simulation scheme demonstrated in this work offers the possibility to elucidate the complex multiphysical couplings seen in the field through detailed site-specific modeling.

Practice and development suggestions of hydraulic fracturing technology in the Gulong shale oil reservoirs of Songliao Basin, NE China

This paper reviews the multiple rounds of upgrades of the hydraulic fracturing technology used in the Gulong shale oil reservoirs and gives suggestions about stimulation technology development in relation to the production performance of Gulong shale oil wells.Under the control of high-density bedding fractures,fracturing in the Gulong shale results in a complex fracture morphology,yet with highly suppressed fracture height and length.Hydraulic fracturing fails to generate artificial fractures with sufficient lengths and heights,which is a main restraint on the effective stimulation in the Gulong shale oil reservoirs.In this regard,the fracturing design shall follow the strategy of"controlling near-wellbore complex fractures and maximizing the extension of main fractures"Increasing the proportions of guar gum fracturing fluids,reducing perforation clusters within one fracturing stage,raising pump rates and appropriately exploiting stress interference are conducive to fracture propagation and lead to a considerably expanded stimulated reservoir volume(SRV).The upgraded main hydraulic fracturing technology is much more applicable to the Gulong shale oil reservoirs.It accelerates the oil production with a low flowback rate and lifts oil cut during the initial production of well groups,which both help to improve well production.It is suggested to optimize the hydraulic fracturing technology in six aspects,namely,suppressing propagation of near-wellbore microfractures,improving the pumping scheme of CO_(2),managing the perforating density,enhancing multi-proppant combination,reviewing well pattern/spacing,and discreetly applying fiber-assisted injection,so as to improve the SRv,the distal fracture complexity and the long-term fracture conductivity.

基于微地震连续裂缝网络模型的SRV研究

在干热岩的开发和改造阶段,需要对储层进行水力压裂改造,储层改造体积(stimulated reservoir volume,SRV)是评价压裂效果的主要标准。微地震监测作为水力压裂的技术环节之一,可以对储层改造体积进行有效估算。本文探讨了基于微地震连续裂缝网络模型的SRV计算方法,以指导干热岩的水力压裂工作。首先,基于微震事件时空分布特征与多项震源参数进行连续裂缝网络建模;其次,提取裂缝网格长度,并选取适当的裂缝高度与裂缝宽度以计算储层改造体积;最后,选取某双井型干热岩微地震监测数据对该方法进行实际应用。实例应用结果表明,该方法可有效估算储层改造体积,为干热岩后续开发与改造提供依据。

Practice and knowledge of volumetric development of deep fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs in Tarim Basin, NW China

Different from the continental layered sandstone and fracture-pore carbonate reservoirs, the fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs in the Tarim Basin are mainly composed of fractured-vuggy bodies of different sizes and shapes. Based on years of study on the geological features, flow mechanisms, high-precision depiction and the recovery mode of fractured-vuggy bodies, the idea of “volumetric development” is proposed and put into practice. A “body by body” production methodology is established with respect to volumetric unit of fractures and vugs based on vuggy body’s spatial allocation and reserves. A variety of development wells, various technological methods, and multi-type injection media are used to develop this type of reservoirs in an all-around way. As a result, the resource and production structures of the Tahe oilfield are significantly improved and a highly efficient development is achieved.

Proppant transport in rough fractures of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs

A method to generate fractures with rough surfaces was proposed according to the fractal interpolation theory.Considering the particle-particle,particle-wall and particle-fluid interactions,a proppant-fracturing fluid two-phase flow model based on computational fluid dynamics(CFD)-discrete element method(DEM)coupling was established.The simulation results were verified with relevant experimental data.It was proved that the model can match transport and accumulation of proppants in rough fractures well.Several cases of numerical simulations were carried out.Compared with proppant transport in smooth flat fractures,bulge on the rough fracture wall affects transport and settlement of proppants significantly in proppant transportation in rough fractures.The higher the roughness of fracture,the faster the settlement of proppant particles near the fracture inlet,the shorter the horizontal transport distance,and the more likely to accumulate near the fracture inlet to form a sand plugging in a short time.Fracture wall roughness could control the migration path of fracturing fluid to a certain degree and change the path of proppant filling in the fracture.On the one hand,the rough wall bulge raises the proppant transport path and the proppants flow out of the fracture,reducing the proppant sweep area.On the other hand,the sand-carrying fluid is prone to change flow direction near the contact point of bulge,thus expanding the proppant sweep area.

基于储层甜点特征的致密砂砾岩油气藏压裂增产技术研究

中拐凸起南斜坡二叠系佳木河组二段储层为一套含浊沸石的致密砂砾岩。早期,在有利构造上钻探的直井产量均较低,2014年钻探该区第一口水平井用于提产,但因未能有效控制缝高,致深部水体锥进过快,长期试采效果差。近年来,地震地质综合研究发现,储层存在局部甜点。因下部并无隔层,压裂时需严格控制裂缝下延。通过对储层甜点特征进行梳理,综合评价了各断块甜点的优质程度,为试油段优选和新井的部署提供依据。为了实现控缝高压裂,提高单井产量和试采效果,开展人工隔层导流能力室内实验、完成人工隔层支撑剂粒径的优选,进行压裂数值模拟研究、确定了研究区形成有效厚度人工隔板的临界施工参数。研究认为,前置液阶段,改变液体黏度和排量、铺置有效人工隔层能够抑制水力裂缝向下扩展;携砂液阶段,加入一定浓度纤维,可进一步提升支撑剂对上部优质储层的支撑。这种组合控缝高工艺技术投入该区压裂实施后,有效控制了裂缝下延高度,甜点层段得到充分改造,试油及后续试采期间维持了较高油气产能,压裂提产效果明显。

神府区块深部煤层气高效开发技术研究

【目的】深部煤层气是保障国家油气安全、实现碳达峰碳中和目标的重要接替资源之一,具有广阔的开发前景。但在不同地质条件下,深部煤层气开发技术的通用性较差,在某些区块成功应用的技术不能直接推广到其他区块。目前,新区块前期勘探开发时井型、井网部署还存在一定的盲目性。因此,需要研发针对神府区块深部煤层气高效开发的储层工程改造适配性技术。【方法】首先,以鄂尔多斯盆地神府区块79口生产井实际数据为基础,从产能、经济性2个方面对直井和水平井两种井型的开发效果进行比较;其次,以神府地区深部煤层地质条件为输入参数,对深部煤层水平井的合理井长进行模拟分析;最后,通过地质气藏、钻完井、工程和经济评价等多专业结合,以单位面积经济效益为优化目标,得出神府区块深部煤层气高效开发的储层工程改造具体工艺参数。【结果和结论】结果表明:神府区块深部煤层气高效开发的适合井型为水平井;可实现效益最大化时的水平井长度范围为800~1500 m;开发的最优井距为300 m、簇间距为15~20 m、半缝长为120 m,对应的压裂总液量应为(1.8~2.4)万m^(3),总砂量(0.25~0.35)万m^(3)。在上述研究的基础上,以“段内多簇+缩短簇间距+高排量大规模注入+变黏滑溜水造缝携砂+高强度加砂+全尺度裂缝支撑+等孔径限流射孔+造复杂缝网”为核心,建立了一套适合神府区块深部煤层储层改造工艺,实现了现阶段神府区块深部煤层气的高效开发,为现阶段国内其他盆地深部煤层气资源开发提供借鉴。

济阳页岩油开发“三元”储渗理论技术与实践

基于济阳坳陷页岩油储层上万米岩心资料与60余口水平井的开发实践,提出济阳页岩油“储元”、“缝元”、“压元”的“三元”储渗理论。“三元”协同支撑济阳页岩油的富集高产:“储元”控制页岩油的富集,咸化湖盆无机孔-缝及灰-泥优质纹层组构发育利于页岩油储集,高生烃能力、高游离烃含量为高产提供物质基础;“缝元”控制页岩油的渗流,天然裂缝为页岩油的运移和聚集提供渗流通道,压裂改造缝沟通天然裂缝形成复杂缝网,为高产提供渗流基础;“压元”控制页岩油的高产稳产,高地层压力为油气运聚提供原始动力,压裂增能可进一步提高岩石及流体弹性能,强化孔缝原油渗吸置换,减缓应力敏感性,为长期稳产提供能量基础。基于“三元”储渗理论,形成了以立体井网优化、立体均衡压裂、全周期优化调控为核心的立体开发技术,有效指导了现场生产实施,为济阳页岩油规模化效益开发提供技术支撑。

深层页岩气储层水力压裂裂缝扩展影响机理

现有中浅层页岩气压裂取得的认识难以解释深层页岩气储层压裂过程中水力裂缝扩展的影响机理。为了研究四川盆地深层页岩气储层水力压裂裂缝扩展机理,文中以泸州深层页岩气区LS1平台为研究对象,进行基于地质-工程一体化的水力压裂裂缝扩展数值模拟与分析。首先,根据泸州区块目标井区储层的地质概况,建立地质模型,明确地质力学属性;然后,基于微地震和蚂蚁体数据,建立符合真实储层构造特性的离散天然裂缝网络;在此基础上,根据现场实际施工数据,建立了基于DFN的水力压裂复杂裂缝扩展模型,并基于微地震监测结果对模型进行了验证;最后,还研究了4个单因素对储层改造体积的影响特点。研究结果对深层页岩气储层水力压裂复杂缝网研究有一定的指导作用。

基于“扩缝串洞”理念的超深层小缝洞群碳酸盐岩储层改造数值模拟

随着四川盆地和塔里木盆地碳酸盐岩油气藏勘探开发逐渐迈向超深层领域,受地质条件影响,储层由大型缝洞向以厘米—毫米级小缝洞群转变,以往针对大型缝洞储层改造的酸压技术系列难以适应小缝洞群储层。为充分释放超深层小缝洞群碳酸盐岩储层的天然气产能潜力,基于小缝洞群碳酸盐岩储层特征,构建了多尺度离散缝洞方法,建立了考虑岩石变形、裂缝延伸、酸液流动反应、温度变化的热流固化多场耦合数值模型,最后提出了以多级转向扩面积、精准控黏串缝洞、定点生酸扩缝长为核心的“扩缝串洞”缝控改造理念,并对小缝洞群碳酸盐岩储层“扩缝串洞”缝控改造方式进行了优化分析。研究结果表明:①多级交替注入形成的黏性指进现象可以促进缝控改造面积的增加和裂缝非均匀刻蚀,从而提高改造后的产能,且缝控改造效果最佳;②酸液注入黏度比增加,缝控改造无因次产能指数呈现先增大后减小的规律,当黏度比超过30,缝控改造无因次产能指数开始迅速减小,缝控改造中酸液交替黏度比需控制在25~35区间;③酸液用量越大,缝控改造面积及改造后无因次产能指数越大,但对于一定地层参数和单井控制面积的缝控改造存在极限酸液用量,超过该酸液用量后缝控面积趋于极限值,而无因次产能指数仍随酸液用量的增加而稳定增大。结论认为,提高缝控改造面积和激活动用小缝洞群是小缝洞群碳酸盐岩储层提产的关键,该认识为超深层小缝洞群碳酸盐岩气藏的高效开发提供了理论指导。

大排列微地震实时监测技术在页岩油水力压裂中的应用

页岩油是重要的国家战略资源。在中国,以陆相页岩油为主,特别是济阳凹陷,页岩储层地质条件复杂,常用的裂缝识别技术包括蚂蚁体、相干体和曲率体等,无法满足精度要求,开采面临巨大挑战。为了加快页岩油的开发,在樊页1井组页岩油示范区开展基于大排列微地震实时监测,通过闭环优化过程进行施工参数迭代和技术方案优化。根据微地震震源参数,提出了计算储层改造体积和裂缝复杂性指数的新方法,用于定量评估储层改造波及范围和裂缝的复杂性。文中主要描述了在樊页1井组页岩油示范区开展的基于大排列微地震实时监测技术的地质工程一体化实践,所取得的认识和经验具有一定的借鉴价值。

中国海油低渗及非常规油气藏储层改造技术进展及展望

中国海上低渗及非常规油气开发存在产能低、投资大、操作费用高、收益较低及单井经济任务重等问题。经过技术攻关,中国海油形成了平台压裂、钻井船压裂和拖轮压裂等海上储层改造作业模式,研发出集海上低渗储层改造液体系、海上控水支撑剂技术、低渗储层压裂管柱设计和海上储层改造监测技术为一体的海上低渗储层改造技术,以及适用于陆上深煤层大规模压裂技术。本文综述了中国海上低渗油气储层改造技术及陆上深煤层大规模压裂技术研究进展,展望了未来储层改造重点发展方向,对推动中国海油低渗及非常规油气开发技术进步有重要指导意义。

四川盆地及周缘超深/特深探井酸压改造的实践与认识

同普通深探井相比,四川盆地及盆地周缘超深/特深探井酸压改造面临井深更深、温度和压力更高、流体和岩性更复杂的工作环境,施工摩阻偏大、排量偏小、规模偏小、酸液有效作用距离偏短,改造效果较差,工具可靠性差、改造施工一次成功率低、安全保障难度高,投入大、产量不理想,勘探进展较为缓慢。为此,应用国内外油气行业、制造业的最新研究成果,结合自身实际和经验教训开展技术攻关,用新型大通径高强度气密封入井管柱替代传统管柱,降阻提排量;用可同时激发的双向双金属密封替代双向单金属密封,实现密封能力可检验和长期保持稳定,以提高井口控制能力;用双向锚定胀封封隔器取代底端锚定旋转加压坐封封隔器,以降低酸压期间管柱伸缩引起胶筒移动和密封失效的概率,多套减振器串联可以降低爆轰力的不利影响;用“四阀一封”取代“两阀一封”备份阀件并串联使用,以提升可靠性;研发适应温度≥220℃、压力≥180 MPa的缓蚀、缓速工作液;将只相信两联作的理念改为两联作和三联作并重,形成了酸压工艺优选方法。现场应用进展顺利,安全保障能力、改造规模及压裂效果、施工一次成功率均显著提升,可为同类井酸压改造提供技术借鉴。

基于最优SRV的页岩气水平井压裂簇间距优化设计

水平井分段分簇压裂时的簇间距大小对页岩气藏的压裂改造效果具有重要影响,过小的簇间距设计将导致分簇主裂缝之间的改造区重叠,降低压裂改造效率;而过大的簇间距设计则会在主裂缝之间产生未改造区,影响储层的动用程度。目前的簇间距优化设计主要基于静态模式下进行且以储层潜在改造区为目标,没有发展与实际压裂过程相吻合并以动态储层改造体积(SRV)为目标的簇间距设计方法。为此,考虑裂缝扩展、压裂液滤失和应力干扰相互耦合的作用机制,建立了分簇裂缝扩展下的动态SRV计算模型,以最优SRV为体积压裂设计的目标,对簇间距进行优化设计。在四川盆地涪陵地区焦石坝页岩气田开展了簇间距优化实例应用,验证了所建立方法的可靠性,分析了影响最优簇间距的关键地质工程参数,并针对该气田南、北不同区块不同地质特征,分别绘制了最优簇间距设计参考图版。结论认为,所建立的簇间距优化设计方法对改善目前分簇射孔的盲目性、指导页岩气藏体积压裂优化设计具有重要的作用和意义。

页岩气藏SRV区域气体扩散与渗流耦合模型

页岩气藏有效开发的前提是储层大规模整体压裂形成有效流动的复杂缝网系统,即所谓的SRV区域,而准确描述该区域气体的流动规律是页岩气井产能评价与开发动态预测的基础。SRV区域由各种大小不同的基岩块与裂缝网络组成,二者的流动规律完全不同,基岩以扩散为主,裂缝以渗流为主。根据页岩储层基岩和裂缝的孔隙度、渗透率参数与吸附、扩散及渗流特征,分别建立二者的物质平衡方程,推导SRV区域基岩与裂缝中气体扩散与渗流的连续性方程;根据体积一致性的原理,为了方便计算,将体积压裂后的立方体基岩块简化为球体,结合球体截面拟稳态流动特征假设,运用Fick扩散定律和基质与裂缝中气体的密度函数推导出了气体的窜流方程,连续性方程与窜流方程的有机耦合可以有效描述SRV区域气体复杂的输运规律。研究结果表明,基岩扩散能力和体积压裂形成的基岩块大小(即压裂规模),共同决定着页岩气井的产能大小及稳产时间。实例计算结果表明,四川盆地长宁—威远地区A井区基岩扩散能力弱,约为10^(-5) cm^2/s,基岩块体积较大,等效球体半径约6.2 m,降低了气体由基岩向裂缝的窜流能力,因而大大影响了该气井的产能。结论认为,增加体积压裂规模、提高SRV区域内缝网密度是页岩气藏高效开发的重要手段。

页岩储层SRV影响因素分析

为了计算页岩储层压裂改造体积,建立了与施工参数相关联的储层改造体积SRV(Stimulated Reservoir Volume)计算模型。应用该模型研究了弹性模量、泊松比、地应力差、储层厚度等因素对储层改造体积的影响,分析得知泊松比和水平主应力差存在临界值,分别为0.36 MPa和6 MPa,超过临界值后难于形成缝网。通过页岩储层实例分析得出储层改造体积随着压裂排量的增加而增大,施工排量存在一个最佳值10 m3/min;储层改造体积随着液量的增加而增大,增幅先增后减;增大施工压力可增大储层改造体积,但增幅不明显。该模型为页岩储层体积压裂施工参数优选和改造体积预测提供参考。

鄂尔多斯盆地页岩油水平井扇形井网地质工程一体化开发实践

多平台大范围规模布井是非常规资源高效动用的关键。由于黄土塬地貌特征和林缘区、水源区的限制,鄂尔多斯盆地庆城三叠系延长组长7页岩油的布井模式存在局限性。为进一步实现平台动用储量最大化,创新提出扇形井网布井方式。文章采用地质工程一体化方法,探究扇形井网不同布井方位对裂缝扩展和产能的影响,对扇形井网开展相应的裂缝间距和压裂次序优化,同时结合实际案例分析扇形井网下的压裂特征并对产能效果进行对比。研究结果表明,斜交水平井(水平段井轨迹与最小水平主应力夹角大于或等于15°)与常规水平井(水平段井轨迹与最小水平主应力夹角小于15°)相比,预测产能随偏转角度(布井方向与最小水平主应力方向的夹角)的增大而减小,当偏转角度大于45°时,产能差异进一步放大,同时模拟结果下的经济评价情况表明,当偏转角度为90°时,经济可行性最差,不建议布井;扇形井网模式下通过扩大裂缝间距和采用“从外到内”的压裂次序可以提高预测产能;斜交水平井裂缝首先沿垂直井筒方向延伸且震级较大,但在远场尺度下最大水平主应力方向仍然是裂缝扩展的主导因素;与常规水平井相比,斜交水平井储层改造体积小,但裂缝复杂程度高,缝网改造更充分;对比实际投产效果来看,斜交水平井累计产量低于常规水平井,但液面高度高且目前日产油量接近,存在一定开发潜力。

吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组层理页岩渗吸置换规律

为研究吉木萨尔凹陷二叠系芦草沟组层理页岩储集层压裂后渗吸期间原油的动用规律,采用岩心渗吸置换实验结合核磁共振技术,定量描述不同孔隙内原油的相对含量。采用吉木萨尔地区上甜点的岩心开展渗吸实验,研究重力作用、各向异性、重力分异和水力压裂裂缝宽度对渗吸置换影响,并进行定量表征。结果表明:层理页岩自发渗吸的过程中,重力作用在渗吸中起到了动力作用,顶部渗吸的采收率高于水平渗吸;各向异性对层理页岩渗吸的影响较大,压裂液进入平行于层理的渗吸置换量大,达到渗吸平衡的时间较垂直于层理短,平行于层理渗吸采收率高于垂直于层理;重力分异是指在岩心底部渗吸时,渗吸置换出原油而停留在岩层表面形成油膜,阻止压裂液继续进入基质,导致渗吸效果变差,底部渗吸采收率与顶部渗吸采收率相差14.12%;模拟水力压裂裂缝宽度为2 mm的条件下发生渗吸置换的液量有限,导致模拟裂缝内含水饱和度下降快,限制了渗吸的进一步进行。因此,裂缝的缝高方向应尽量穿过平行层理,增大裂缝宽度,增加裂缝改造体积。

超临界CO_(2)压裂液对页岩储层支撑剂悬浮性能的影响因素分析

超临界CO_(2)压裂液的极低表观黏度导致了低携砂悬砂、漏失严重和压裂效果弱等诸多缺陷。针对超临界CO_(2)的上述缺陷,设计并合成了一种能显著提高CO_(2)压裂液黏度的增稠剂,并探索了不同地质条件(储层温度和储层压力)和化学剂等因素对CO_(2)悬砂性能的影响,同时揭示了超临界CO_(2)压裂液的悬砂机理。研究结果表明:较高含量的增稠剂不仅能够增加压裂液黏度,同时也能改善CO_(2)压裂液对颗粒的悬砂能力,0.5%(质量分数)的增稠剂可使CO_(2)压裂液黏度增大至3.2mPa·s,静置20 s的砂砾沉降量为0.5 g,沉降量低于纯CO_(2)压裂液(其表观黏度为0.04 mPa·s)时的1.7 g。此外,储层压力的升高也有助于提升超临界CO_(2)对颗粒的悬砂性能,而升高储层温度会降低超临界CO_(2)压裂液黏度和悬砂能力,此现象主要归因于超临界CO_(2)压裂液体系中微观网格密度的变化。通过以上研究,可为页岩储层的高效开采和超临界CO_(2)的应用提供切实有效的途径和方案。