Effects of landscape fragmentation of plantation forests on carbon storage in the Loess Plateau,China

Tree plantation and forest restoration are the major strategies for enhancing terrestrial carbon sequestration and mitigating climate change.The Grain for Green Project in China has positively impacted global carbon sequestration and the trend towards fragmentation of plantation forests.Limited studies have been conducted on changes in plantation biomass and stand structure caused by fragmentation,and the effect of fragmentation on the carbon storage of plantation forests remains unclear.This study evaluated the differences between carbon storage and stand structure in black locust forests in fragmented and continuous landscape in the Ansai District,China and discussed the effects of ecological significance of four landscape indices on carbon storage and tree density.We used structural equation modelling to explore the direct and indirect effects of fragmentation,edge,abiotic factors,and stand structure on above-ground carbon storage.Diameter at breast height(DBH)in fragmented forests was 53.3%thicker,tree density was 40.9%lower,and carbon storage was 49.8%higher than those in continuous forests;for all given DBH>10 cm,the trees in fragmented forests were shorter than those in continuous forests.The patch area had a negative impact on carbon storage,i.e.,the higher the degree of fragmentation,the lower the density of the tree;and fragmentation and distance to edge(DTE)directly increased canopy coverage.However,canopy coverage directly decreased carbon storage,and fragmentation directly increased carbon storage and tree density.In non-commercial forests,fragmentation reduces the carbon storage potential of plantation,and the influence of patch area,edge,and patchy connection on plantation should be considered when follow-up trees are planted and for the plantation management.Thus,expanding the area of plantation patches,repairing the edges of complex-shaped patches,enhancing the connectivity of similar patches,and applying nutrients to plantation forests at regular intervals are recommended in fragmented areas of the Loess Plateau.

Progressive fragmentation of granular assemblies within rockslides: Insights from discrete-continuous numerical modeling

Rock fragmentation plays a critical role in rock avalanches,yet conventional approaches such as classical granular flow models or the bonded particle model have limitations in accurately characterizing the progressive disintegration and kinematics of multi-deformable rock blocks during rockslides.The present study proposes a discrete-continuous numerical model,based on a cohesive zone model,to explicitly incorporate the progressive fragmentation and intricate interparticle interactions inherent in rockslides.Breakable rock granular assemblies are released along an inclined plane and flow onto a horizontal plane.The numerical scenarios are established to incorporate variations in slope angle,initial height,friction coefficient,and particle number.The evolutions of fragmentation,kinematic,runout and depositional characteristics are quantitatively analyzed and compared with experimental and field data.A positive linear relationship between the equivalent friction coefficient and the apparent friction coefficient is identified.In general,the granular mass predominantly exhibits characteristics of a dense granular flow,with the Savage number exhibiting a decreasing trend as the volume of mass increases.The process of particle breakage gradually occurs in a bottom-up manner,leading to a significant increase in the angular velocities of the rock blocks with increasing depth.The simulation results reproduce the field observations of inverse grading and source stratigraphy preservation in the deposit.We propose a disintegration index that incorporates factors such as drop height,rock mass volume,and rock strength.Our findings demonstrate a consistent linear relationship between this index and the fragmentation degree in all tested scenarios.

Numerical and experimental investigation on hydraulic-electric rock fragmentation of heterogeneous granite

Hydraulic-electric rock fragmentation(HERF)plays a significant role in improving the efficiency of high voltage pulse rock breaking.However,the underlying mechanism of HERF remains unclear.In this study,considering the heterogeneity of the rock,microscopic thermodynamic properties,and shockwave time domain waveforms,based on the shockwave model,digital imaging technology and the discrete element method,the cyclic loading numerical simulations of HERF is achieved by coupling electrical,thermal,and solid mechanics under different formation temperatures,confining pressure,initial peak voltage,electrode bit diameter,and loading times.Meanwhile,the HERF discharge system is conducive to the laboratory experiments with various electrical parameters and the resulting broken pits are numerically reconstructed to obtain the geometric parameters.The results show that,the completely broken area consists of powdery rock debris.In the pre-broken zone,the mineral cementation of the rock determines the transition of type CⅠcracks to type CⅡand type CⅢcracks.Furthermore,the peak pressure of the shockwave increased with initial peak voltage but decreased with electrode bit diameter,while the wave front time reduced.Moreover,increasing well depth,formation temperature and confining pressure augment and inhibit HERF,but once confining pressure surpassed the threshold of 60 MPa for 152.40,215.90,and 228.60 mm electrode bits,and 40 MPa for 309.88 mm electrode bits,HERF is promoted.Additionally,for the same kind of rock,the volume and width of the broken pit increase with higher initial peak voltage and rock fissures will promote HERF.Eventually,the electrode drill bit with a 215.90 mm diameter is more suitable for drilling pink granite.This research contributes to a better microscopic understanding of HERF and provides valuable insights for electrode bit selection,as well as the optimization of circuit parameters for HERF technology.

A possible probe to neutron-skin thickness by fragment parallel momentum distribution in projectile fragmentation reactions

Neutron-skin thickness is a key parameter for a neutron-rich nucleus;however,it is difficult to determine.In the framework of the Lanzhou Quantum Molecular Dynamics(LQMD)model,a possible probe for the neutron-skin thickness(δ_(np))of neutron-rich ^(48)Ca was studied in the 140A MeV ^(48)Ca+^(9)Be projectile fragmentation reaction based on the parallel momentum distribution(p∥)of the residual fragments.A Fermi-type density distribution was employed to initiate the neutron density distributions in the LQMD simulations.A combined Gaussian function with different width parameters for the left side(Γ_(L))and the right side(Γ_(R))in the distribution was used to describe the p∥of the residual fragments.Taking neutron-rich sulfur isotopes as examples,Γ_(L) shows a sensitive correlation withδ_(np) of ^(48)Ca,and is proposed as a probe for determining the neutron skin thickness of the projectile nucleus.

The relationship between DNA fragmentation and the intensity of morphologically abnormal human spermatozoa

Objective:To determine the relationship between teratozoospermia and sperm DNA fragmentation(SDF)in the human ejaculate.Methods:This retrospective study included 100 normozoospermic men as a control cohort(abnormal forms>14%),210 patients with a high level of abnormal forms(≤4%)and 65 patients presenting with a moderate level of abnormal forms(>4%to≤14%)based on the World Health Organization definitions.Sperm morphology was assessed using bright field microscopy.Sperm DNA fragmentation was assessed using the sperm chromatin dispersion assay.Non-parametric analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between abnormal sperm morphology and sperm DNA fragmentation;receiver operating characteristic(ROC)analyses were conducted to assess sensitivity and specificity of this relationship.Results:A correlation analysis revealed that the higher the proportion of abnormal spermatozoa in the ejaculate,the higher the level of SDF(Spearman's Rho=-0.230;P<0.001).Significant differences in the proportion of SDF were found when all cohorts were compared(P<0.001);these significant differences were also retained when the different cohorts were compared pairwise.ROC analysis showed a moderate but significant predictive value for SDF to differentiate patients with different levels of teratozoospemia.Conclusions:Although analysis of a more continuous range of values for teratozoospermia would help further clarify any causal relationship with SDF,there is clearly a synergistic or coincident affiliation between these variables that needs to be acknowledged by the clinician when interpreting the spermiogram.

Edge computing oriented virtual optical network mapping scheme based on fragmentation prediction

As edge computing services soar,the problem of resource fragmentation situation is greatly worsened in elastic optical networks(EON).Aimed to solve this problem,this article proposes the fragmentation prediction model that makes full use of the gate recurrent unit(GRU)algorithm.Based on the fragmentation prediction model,one virtual optical network mapping scheme is presented for edge computing driven EON.With the minimum of fragmentation degree all over the whole EON,the virtual network mapping can be successively conducted.Test results show that the proposed approach can reduce blocking rate,and the supporting ability for virtual optical network services is greatly improved.

The Impacts and Causes of Land Fragmentation on Farm Productivity: Case Review of East African Countries

This report provides an overall assessment of land fragmentation problems in East Africa. Many parts of East Africa have become highly fragmented, putting development systems and activities in these areas at risk of complete collapse. Land fragmentation occurs when land gets converted for agriculture, industrialization, or urbanization, invaded by non-local plants, or enclosed for individual use and by subdividing farmlands into subsequent smaller units called parcels with varying average farm sizes. Fragmentation results from inappropriate agricultural development processes and ineffective land use planning that fails to recognize how farmland is used, and the importance of its interconnected areas. Insecurity of tenure and resource rights are key factors in making this possible. Land fragmentation is one of the key reasons why the ability of most resources in East Africa becomes scarcer, and those remaining become “privatized” by more powerful community members—keen to maintain their access to them. Such individualistic attitudes are new and disadvantage the poorest even further by affecting the traditional customary safety nets and agricultural outputs. Neither the government nor customary governance systems effectively protect resource access for the poorest. This review summary report identifies the key causes, measures, and implications, government interventions, and the common remedies to land fragmentation problems in the East African Countries of Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, and Tanzania including neighboring Ethiopia, and the Sudan. The findings indicated from 2005 to 2015, the population kept increasing for all the named countries in East Africa with Rwanda and Uganda having a substantial increase in population density. The study review further explores the trend in the performance of agriculture by average farm sizes within the intervals of five years by highlighting their strong linkages and found that the average farm size has declined drastically, especially for Kenya. This can only mean that small farms kept becoming smaller and smaller and that there were more small-scale farmers. The results further depicted that the major and commonly cultivated food crops among the East African countries include maize, sorghum, rice, cassava, sweet potatoes, bananas, Irish potatoes, beans, peas, etc., with maize yields (Mt/ha) in 2003 for Uganda being the highest (1.79 Mt/ha) and the lowest in Rwanda (0.77 Mt/ha) respectively. Therefore, from the review results, recommendations are being made as to how the negative impacts of land fragmentation on agricultural productivity can be reduced or mitigated. One way is by community sensitization and awareness about the importance of land consolidation and its proposition on farm productivity.

Stress wave analysis of high-voltage pulse discharge rock fragmentation based on plasma channel impedance model

High-voltage pulse discharge(HVPD)rock fragmentation controls a plasma channel forming inside the rock by adjusting the electrical parameters,electrode type,etc.In this work,an HVPD rock fragmentation test platform was built and the test waveforms were measured.Considering the effects of temperature,channel expansion and electromagnetic radiation,the impedance model of the plasma channel in the rock was established.The parameters and initial values of the model were determined by an iterative computational process.The model calculation results can reasonably characterize the development of the plasma channel in the rock and estimate the shock wave characteristics.Based on the plasma channel impedance model,the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of the radial stress and tangential stress in the rock were calculated,and the rock fragmentation effect of the HVPD was analyzed.

Rock characteristics and dynamic fragmentation process of the 2018 Daanshan rockslide in Beijing,China

This study investigated the failure mechanism associated with the rock mass structure and the dynamic fragmentation process of blocky rocks of the 2018 Daanshan rockslide that occurred on 11 August,2018.It was found that the initially collapsed rock of this rockslide was partitioned along the unconformity and strata interfaces.We analyzed how the unique rock mass structure,coupled with the road cut and the antecedent rainfall,jointly resulted in its failure.Based on the rock types and geological structures,the initial stratified configuration of a discrete element model was setup to reveal the influences of the local structure.The numerical model was divided into three parts.Part 1 is the basalt of the Nandaling Formation,the normal and shear stiffnesses of the basalt particles are set as 80 MPa and 40 MPa.Parts 2 and 3 are the sandstones interbedded with mudstone and sandstone of the Shihezi Formation,and the normal and shear stiffnesses of these parts were set as 6 MPa and 10 MPa,respectively.The dynamic process of the rockslide,particularly the rock fragmentation process,was numerically analyzed using a 3D discrete element method.The numerical results were compared with real-time videos and field investigations.The results show that the rock fragmentation and the final deposition range match well with the real disaster phenomenon,and the calculation accuracy of the rockslide reaches 82.41%.Moreover,a parameter sensitivity analysis was conducted,and classical uniform models under different bonding forces were established;the stratified model can better restore the true state of the fragmentation,movement,and deposition processes of rockslides.Therefore,for complicated rocks with significant differences in lithology,clarifying the rock mass stratigraphy is essential for an accurate reconstruction of the dynamic process of rockslides.

Structural characterization and mass spectrometry fragmentation signatures of macrocyclic alkanes isolated from a Sydney Basin torbanite,Australia

Individual hydrocarbons identified to be macrocyclic alkanes in a torbanite from the Sydney Basin(Australia)were successfully isolated from its extracts using preparative gas chromatography and analyzed by NMR.Saturated cyclic structures were confirmed by single peaks in the NMR~1H and~(13)C spectra indicating single forms of H and C atoms exist in these biomarker molecules.This is consistent with the methylene unit in a ring system assignment of the macrocyclic alkanes and accounts for a formula of(CH2)n.The unusual molecular structures of these compounds are consistent with those that were identified from previous GC retention index data and co-injection with a standard supports the previous research.The mass spectral fragmentation behaviors of representative cyclic alkanes were further investigated by comparing them with the mass spectra of isolated individual macrocyclic alkanes.The characteristic fragment ions in the macrocyclic alkanes of(M–28)+and base peaks of m/z 97,111,125,etc.,can be assigned as being generated by simple a-/i-cleavage and hydrogen rearrangement.These fragmentation pathways combined with retention indices should assist in differentiating these compounds from monounsaturated alkenes and alkylated monocyclics having similar mass spectral characteristics in other geological samples.

Fragmentation process of soil aggregates under concentrated water flow in red soil hilly region with different land use patterns

The hilly area of red soil in the central subtropical region of China has a long history of severe soil erosion due to its abundance of water,heat,and intense agricultural and forestry activities.The Sandshale red soil area is hot and rainy,the local land utilization rate and replanting index are high,and the soil easily weathers and erodes,resulting in infertile and sandy soils,extensive soil erosion and large erosion,with far-reaching impacts.In this study,the stability of soil aggregates was studied by the wet sieving method and Le Bissonais(LB)method in six land use patterns in the Sandshale red soil area,including natural forest(NF),Pinus massoniana(PM),Eucalyptus urophylla×E.grandis(EU),orchard(OR),wasteland(WL)and arable land(AL).The transport damage characteristics of the soil aggregates under concentrated water flow were analyzed by using the soil aggregates to simulate the soil surface roughness in the field using a steel scouring flume with a variable slope.The results showed that:(1)the total soil porosity of the natural forest was the highest,with 56.51%in A layer,which was 4.99%higher than the B layer,and the organic matter content ranged from 10.69 to 29.94 g.kg-1 and was highest in NF and lowest in AL;(2)the maximum mean weight diameter(MWD)obtained by the wet sieving method was 4.81 mm for natural forest,and the MWD was the lowest in OR and AL at 2.45-2.77mm.The MWD measured by the LB method was also highest in NF and lowest in AL.The contents of Fed and Ald have a strong correlation with the stability parameters of soil aggregates;(3)the Wr/Wi results for the six land use patterns were NF>PM>EU>WL>OR>AL;the NF had the strongest soil aggregate stability,followed by WL,PM and EU,and AL and OR had the weakest;the stability of soil aggregates gradually weakened as the soil depth increased.Comprehensive analysis shows that forest land has high soil stability and obvious advantages in soil erosion resistance.Strengthening the construction of artificial forests can be an important means to reduce soil erosion in red soil hilly region.

Exploring effects of property variation on fragmentation of metal rings using a simple model

A simple finite element implementation of the Mott model for fragmentation of a thin walled ring has been implemented and used to explore the effect of local variations in fracture strain around the ring.The model has successfully reproduced the fragment size distributions previously reported,which follow a characteristic“Mott distribution”form,providing sufficient(1000)simulations are run.It has been shown that this form is retained even when there are large differences in the random distribution of fracture strains or a different choice of function used to describe the fracture strain scatter.In these cases,the strain rate has a much stronger effect than fracture strain distribution the on the average fragment size and fragment distribution.However,for cases where there are a small number of local defects that strongly reduce the fracture strain at certain locations around the ring,the predicted fragment size distribution develops a bimodal character.This is also the case for large but gradual variations in fracture strain with position around the ring.The results have implications for cases where a small number of large pre-existing defects exist,or processing has led to macrozones in the microstructure.The utility of a simple fast running model to study these cases is discussed.

Fragmentation and Wholeness in Virginia Woolf’s The Waves

Virginia Woolf’s seventh novel,The Waves,first published by the Hogarth Press in 1931,is widely regarded as her most experimental piece of writing.The complex and elusive structure of the work,the least representational among Woolf’s novels,challenges the reader’s assumptions about the inner and the outer world.In the absence of a substantial story,of a convincing plot and well-defined characters,the reader is called upon to search for a deeper coherence and more profound meanings.Indeed,in The Waves the modernist writer strives for a fresh way of expressing a vision of wholeness in a broken world.The present article attempts to reread Woolf’s self-conscious novel in the double perspective of separation and reunion,of dispersal and recomposition.A close reading of selected passages will show how the poetics of fragmentation and the poetics of wholeness coexist in Woolf’s narrative,pervading the imagery and the symbols of the text.In more than one sense,the dialectic between division and unity,fragmentation and wholeness can be identified as the structuring force of the novel;most tellingly,this textual dynamism is reflected in the oscillatory motion of the waves,continuously breaking and merging.

考虑循环荷载下颗粒破碎的宕渣路基渗透系数预测

本文旨在揭示循环荷载作用下中-强风化泥岩宕渣破碎行为与渗透特性的内在机理。利用PFC 6.03D进行循环三轴数值模拟,借助内置Fish语言监测不同循环加载次数下宕渣试样级配、破碎率、孔隙率的动态演化规律。通过对不同加载次数下的土体级配曲线形态的分析,给出一种能描述土类多种连续级配形态的负指数型级配表达式,并讨论了其普适性。以级配方程为枢纽,构建了综合考虑颗粒组构、孔隙特征影响的渗流路径的迂曲度模型。同时,以迂曲度为修正系数,对斯托克斯孔隙流渗透系数公式进行修正。由此实现了考虑循环荷载作用下颗粒破碎的中-强风化泥岩宕渣路基渗透系数预测。研究结果表明:位点深度加深,修正潜在破碎势Bp*明显降低,而修正相对破碎势Br*与位点深度并无明显关联,Br*变化趋势可分为迅速增长、缓慢增长、收敛3个阶段;孔隙率变化呈现类似规律。所提出的负指数级配方程对4种典型级配(凹形、S形、类直线形、凸形)均具有良好适用性。修正迂曲度略大于仅考虑单一颗粒形态的迂曲度,复杂的颗粒形态使得流域内流线更加曲折,引起整体迂曲度增大。渗透系数k敛随Br*增长呈抛物线状衰减,且位点越浅,k衰减愈明显;存在临界加载振次使各位点k值收敛。本研究可为中-强风化泥岩宕渣路基服役状态评估提供新思路。

生物安全情报治理碎片化困境及破解路径:整体性治理理论视角

[目的/意义]生物安全为国家安全治理带来新挑战。情报作为维护国家安全的耳目、尖兵,发挥着战略性作用。全面贯彻落实总体国家安全观,维护国家生物安全,需要发挥情报的支撑作用,必须尽快完善生物安全情报治理体系。生物安全情报治理作为国家治理的一部分,同样面临碎片化困境。整体性治理理论是有效应对国家治理碎片化的利器,也有助于解决生物安全情报治理中存在的碎片化问题,从而在实践层面上有效提升生物安全情报治理效能。[方法/过程]通过剖析生物安全情报治理在治理主体碎片化、治理价值碎片化、治理信息碎片化上的困境,文章构建了整体性治理视角下生物安全情报治理的理论模型,探索破解生物安全情报治理碎片化困境的路径。[结果/结论]在生物安全情报治理中运用整体性治理理论,不仅有助于推进生物安全情报治理功能整合与治理效能提升,也有助于提高国家生物安全防御能力。

^(252)Cf自发裂变K X射线发射与动能-电荷关系

原子核裂变后多物理量间的关联测量是认识裂变过程直接有效的实验手段,然而由于初级裂变产物准确的电荷鉴别仍面临技术困难,电荷相关的多参数研究相对匮乏.为此,通过高分辨的低能高纯锗探测器和金硅面垒探测器开展了^(252)Cf自发裂变的裂变碎片K X射线和动能的符合测量.利用K X射线可以很好地鉴别电荷数Z=39—62的裂变碎片,电荷分辨ΔZ≈0.7,K X射线产额呈现强烈的电荷相关性.借助K X射线给出了碎片平均动能和平均总动能及其分布宽度随核电荷数的分布,轻碎片动能分布具有鲜明的奇偶效应,偶Z碎片的动能比奇Z碎片的高约0.48 MeV;平均总动能在Z=52—53处达到峰值,总动能分布宽度在Z=56附近呈现凹坑,这反映了形变壳结构对断点形状的显著影响.裂变碎片K X射线发射的信息及动能-电荷关系研究可为裂变独立产额测量和裂变理论模型的检验提供必要的参考数据.

从“碎片”到“整体”:老年健康治理的逻辑与实践

全球人口老龄化进程持续加剧。我国“健康老龄化”实践表明,“健康老龄化”是应对人口老龄化成本最低、效益最好的手段和途径。在推进和实现“健康老龄化”这一理想图景的过程中,老年健康治理的碎片化问题是时下迫切需要关注的一个重要议题。基于老年健康治理的主体碎片化、内容碎片化和过程碎片化问题,整体性治理思想对解决我国老年健康治理碎片化问题具有重要的借鉴意义。基于整体性治理视角,信息技术赋能的老年健康治理的优化应从如下三个方向展开:第一,深化合作,理顺老年健康治理的组织协调机制;第二,统一标准,完善老年健康治理的整合机制;第三,搭建沟通平台,重塑老年健康治理的信任机制。

超声振动在矿山煤岩致裂中的研究进展与展望

为了推动超声振动致裂煤岩体技术的发展,提高矿山煤层气增产及硬岩掘进的效率,回顾了超声波技术的发展历程,综述了超声振动在致裂煤岩体方面的应用现状与研究进展,明确了超声振动在煤岩致裂领域存在的关键阻碍性技术难题及发展趋势。(1)总结了传统技术在矿山煤层气增产和硬岩掘进领域存在的技术问题,介绍了超声波技术的独特优势及应用领域,阐述了超声波发生器和超声波换能器的发展阶段及相应性能;(2)归结了超声振动煤层气促解增渗装置及流程,分析了超声振动煤层气促解增产现状,阐明了超声空化效应、机械振动效应、热效应作用下煤层气降压、加速、位能及动能增加进而促进其解吸增渗的机制;(3)归纳了超声振动破岩装置及流程,阐述了超声振动破碎硬岩的进展,揭示了超声振动产生的机械振动效应与热效应作用下疲劳损伤、微裂纹亚临界扩展、矿物颗粒不均匀热膨胀或矿物相变、岩石物理力学特性劣化导致硬岩破碎的内在机理;(4)针对超声波发生器、换能器及超声振动在矿山致裂煤岩体中的局限度,对未来超声振动致裂煤岩体在现场高效应用的研究重点提出了4点建议:高性能防爆型超声波发生器和换能器的研发,超声振动促解增渗机理的深入分析及管线技术框架设计,多功能及多场耦合室内超声振动致裂煤岩体设备研制与试验,井下抗干扰超声振动设备的研发应用。

苏南水网地区水域景观破碎化时空演变特征及驱动因子研究——以吴江区为例

以苏州吴江区为对象,选取1990、2000、2010、2020年土地利用数据,利用Fragstats4.2对1990-2020年水域景观破碎化演化特征进行定量分析,并借助地理探测器模型探讨水域景观破碎化时空特征的驱动因子。结果表明:(1)从景观水平破碎化特征分析来看,研究期内吴江区水域景观破碎化程度先增大后减缓:1990-2000年水域景观受到人工建设干扰,空间分布离散;2000-2020年水域景观破碎化程度降低、整体空间格局趋向整合。从类型水平破碎化特征分析,河流、湖泊及内陆滩涂在1990-2000年破碎化程度日益加剧,斑块空间分布离散,2000-2020年水域斑块连接性逐渐增强;水库坑塘斑块类型分布在1990-2010年破碎程度降低,2010年后破碎化程度上升。(2)吴江区水域景观破碎化受到自然、社会等多元因素影响,各因子对水域景观破碎化时空分异的影响明显不同,且各驱动因子间存在显著交互增强效应,其中人类活动强度因子影响最为显著。研究结果可为探明水域景观破碎化形成机理提供思路,对苏南水网地区生态环境保护和可持续发展具有参考意义。

几种特殊火山碎屑岩的形成机制及研究意义

火山碎屑岩是火山物理学研究的最直接对象,也是鉴别碎屑化过程最重要的研究对象。一些特殊类型的火山碎屑岩及相关岩石往往可以反映出某些特征的火山岩浆作用过程,这正是甄别不同类型火山灾害发生概率的基本依据。火山灾害是与火山和火山喷发有关的灾害,它是人类在自然界面临的最重要的灾害类型之一。火山灾害与火山喷发类型直接相关,其中的爆破性火山喷发则可以形成最为致命的强烈火山灾害。爆破性火山喷发的直接产物是形成各式各样的火山碎屑岩,它们代表了喷发过程所带来的不同类型与强度的火山灾害。原生火山碎屑与次生碎屑反映了火山喷发期与喷发间歇期火山表面过程的差异,而岩浆喷发、射汽岩浆喷发和射汽喷发堆积物的鉴定则标志了现代火山学研究的系统性深化,它们是从事火山灾害研究的先导性工作。细粒空降火山灰在水盆地里保存的火山灰纹层因其良好的等时面与环境指示意义而受到人们的重视,与其伴生的岩石则可能需要区分层凝灰岩、沉凝灰岩、凝灰质泥岩等各种不同火山沉积作用类型。熔岩流动碎屑化产生的自碎角砾岩和熔岩流水下淬火形成的碎玻熔岩代表了与熔岩流直接相关的碎屑化,而不是与爆破性火山作用相关的碎屑化。通常把它们划归为原生火山作用碎屑,但其灾害意义却完全不同。不同类型的火山碎屑岩形成于不同的碎屑化机理与成岩方式,其中一些特定的火山碎屑岩更是代表了极为特殊的火山灾害类型与规模。对于隐爆角砾岩,尽管它是一种火山碎屑岩的岩石名称,但其实我们更关心它的资源经济学意义。