Aerodynamic Features of High-Speed Maglev Trains with Different Marshaling Lengths Running on a Viaduct under Crosswinds

The safety and stability of high-speed maglev trains traveling on viaducts in crosswinds critically depend on their aerodynamic characteristics.Therefore,this paper uses an improved delayed detached eddy simulation(IDDES)method to investigate the aerodynamic features of high-speed maglev trains with different marshaling lengths under crosswinds.The effects of marshaling lengths(varying from 3-car to 8-car groups)on the train’s aerodynamic performance,surface pressure,and the flow field surrounding the train were investigated using the three-dimensional unsteady compressible Navier-Stokes(N-S)equations.The results showed that the marshaling lengths had minimal influence on the aerodynamic performance of the head and middle cars.Conversely,the marshaling lengths are negatively correlated with the time-average side force coefficient(CS)and time-average lift force coefficient(Cl)of the tail car.Compared to the tail car of the 3-car groups,the CS and Cl fell by 27.77%and 18.29%,respectively,for the tail car of the 8-car groups.It is essential to pay more attention to the operational safety of the head car,as it exhibits the highest time average CS.Additionally,the mean pressure difference between the two sides of the tail car body increased with the marshaling lengths,and the side force direction on the tail car was opposite to that of the head and middle cars.Furthermore,the turbulent kinetic energy of the wake structure on the windward side quickly decreased as marshaling lengths increased.

A novel refined dynamic model of high-speed maglev train-bridge coupled system for random vibration and running safety assessment

Running safety assessment and tracking irregularity parametric sensitivity analysis of high-speed maglev train-bridge system are of great concern,especially need perfect refinement models in which all properties can be well characterized based on various stochastic excitations.A three-dimensional refined spatial random vibration analysis model of high-speed maglev train-bridge coupled system is established in this paper,in which multi-source uncertainty excitation can be considered simultaneously,and the probability density evolution method(PDEM)is adopted to reveal the system-specific uncertainty dynamic characteristic.The motion equation of the maglev vehicle model is composed of multi-rigid bodies with a total 210-degrees of freedom for each vehicle,and a refined electromagnetic force-air gap model is used to account for the interaction and coupling effect between the moving train and track beam bridges,which are directly established by using finite element method.The model is proven to be applicable by comparing with Monte Carlo simulation.By applying the proposed stochastic framework to the high maglev line,the random dynamic responses of maglev vehicles running on the bridges are studied for running safety and stability assessment.Moreover,the effects of track irregularity wavelength range under different amplitude and running speeds on the coupled system are investigated.The results show that the augmentation of train speed will move backward the sensitive wavelength interval,and track irregularity amplitude influences the response remarkably in the sensitive interval.

Disturbance rejection tube model predictive levitation control of maglev trains

Magnetic levitation control technology plays a significant role in maglev trains.Designing a controller for the levitation system is challenging due to the strong nonlinearity,open-loop instability,and the need for fast response and security.In this paper,we propose a Disturbance-Observe-based Tube Model Predictive Levitation Control(DO-TMPLC)scheme combined with a feedback linearization strategy for the levitation system.The proposed strategy incorporates state constraints and control input constraints,i.e.,the air gap,the vertical velocity,and the current applied to the coil.A feedback linearization strategy is used to cancel the nonlinearity of the tracking error system.Then,a disturbance observer is implemented to actively compensate for disturbances while a TMPLC controller is employed to alleviate the remaining disturbances.Furthermore,we analyze the recursive feasibility and input-to-state stability of the closed-loop system.The simulation results indicate the efficacy of the proposed control strategy.

Study on Dynamic Characteristics of Superconducting Electrodynamic Maglev Train

This study considers a superconducting electrodynamic maglev train of MLX01 type.The characteristics of the electromagnetic spring coefficient of a single bogie under different magnetomotive force(MF) of the superconducting coil and standard air gap(Sag) were explored.In view of the small electromagnetic damping,a passive damping control strategy and an active damping control strategy were designed to increase the electromagnetic damping force between the superconducting coil and ground coil.Combined with the coupling numerical model of a single bogie,the vibration characteristics of the bogie in different directions with different damping control strategies were studied when the Sag and MF were fixed.The results can provide important theoretical support for stable operation control of maglev trains.

Yaxi Brand Lowvolt Frame-type Air Circuit Breaker

The Yaxi brand DW18 series tow-volt frame-type air circuit breakers are made by the Xian Yaxi Electric Appliance Company, using advanced technology. Their technical performance has reached the world advanced level and they have been designated by the State Science and Technology Commission as national key products.

Physical modeling of long-term dynamic characteristics of the subgrade for medium-low-speed maglevs

To investigate the dynamic characteristics and long-term dynamic stability of the new subgrade structure of medium-low-speed(MLS)maglevs,cyclic vibration tests were performed under natural and rainfall conditions,and the dynamic response of the subgrade structure was monitored.The dynamic response attenuation characteristics along the depth direction of the subgrade were compared,and the distribution characteristics of the dynamic stress on the surface of the subgrade along the longitudinal direction of the line were analyzed.The critical dynamic stress and cumulative deformation were used as indicators to evaluate the long-term dynamic stability of the subgrade.Results show that water has a certain effect on the dynamic characteristics of the subgrade,and the dynamic stress and acceleration increase with the water content.With the dowel steel structure set between the rail-bearing beams,stress concentration at the end of the loaded beam can be prevented,and the diffusion distance of the dynamic stress along the longitudinal direction increases.The dynamic stress measured in the subgrade bed range is less than 1/5 of the critical dynamic stress.The postconstruction settlement of the subgrade after similarity ratio conversion is 3.94 mm and 7.72 mm under natural and rainfall conditions,respectively,and both values are less than the 30 mm limit,indicating that the MLS maglev subgrade structure has good long-term dynamic stability.

Current status and reflection on the development of high-speed maglev transportation

Purpose–High-speed maglev technology can address the issues of adhesion,friction,vibration and highspeed current collection in traditional wheel-rail systems,making it an important direction for the future development of high-speed rail technology.Design/methodology/approach–This paper elaborates on the demand and significance of developing high-speed maglev technology worldwide and examines the current status and technological maturity of several major high-speed maglev systems globally.Findings–This paper summarizes the challenges in the development of high-speed maglev railways in China.Based on this analysis,it puts forward considerations for future research on high-speed maglev railways.Originality/value–This paper describes the development status and technical maturity of several major high-speed maglev systems in the world for the first time,summarizes the existing problems in the development of China’s high-speed maglev railway and on this basis,puts forward the thinking of the next research of China’s high-speed maglev railway.

A study on aerodynamic noise characteristics of a high-speed maglev train with a speed of 600 km/h

Purpose–This study aims to explore the formation mechanism of aerodynamic noise of a high-speed maglev train and understand the characteristics of dipole and quadrupole sound sources of the maglev train at different speed levels.Design/methodology/approach–Based on large eddy simulation(LES)method and Kirchhoff–Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings(K-FWH)equations,the characteristics of dipole and quadrupole sound sources of maglev trains at different speed levels were simulated and analyzed by constructing reasonable penetrable integral surface.Findings–The spatial disturbance resulting from the separation of the boundary layer in the streamlined area of the tail car is the source of aerodynamic sound of the maglev train.The dipole sources of the train are mainly distributed around the radio terminals of the head and tail cars of the maglev train,the bottom of the arms of the streamlined parts of the head and tail cars and the nose tip area of the streamlined part of the tail car,and the quadrupole sources are mainly distributed in the wake area.When the train runs at three speed levels of 400,500 and 600 km$h1,respectively,the radiated energy of quadrupole source is 62.4%,63.3%and 71.7%,respectively,which exceeds that of dipole sources.Originality/value–This study can help understand the aerodynamic noise characteristics generated by the high-speed maglev train and provide a reference for the optimization design of its aerodynamic shape.

超导钉扎高速磁浮车-轨耦合动力学建模与仿真

为探究超导钉扎磁浮车辆高速运行动态特性,建立车-轨耦合空间模型,开展不同车速下的动力学仿真。结合有限元方法获得磁轨关系数学模型;基于牛顿-欧拉法建立车辆模型,引入截短梁描述建立永磁轨道模型;以磁轨关系为纽带获得超导钉扎磁浮车-轨空间耦合动力学模型;利用Matlab对模型进行仿真,分析轨道振动、电机法向力和轨道不平顺等对超导钉扎磁浮车辆-轨道系统动态响应的影响。结果表明:磁浮车辆系统的振动受轨道不平顺和车速的影响较大,受轨道振动的影响可忽略不计;在速度为620 km/h时,车体、悬浮架的最大振动加速度分别保持在0.5、8 m/s^(2)以下,具有较好的乘坐舒适性。建立的模型可为超导钉扎磁浮交通线路设计与参数优化等研究提供帮助。

基于虚拟激励法的磁浮车桥耦合系统随机振动分析

为探讨随机轨道不平顺作用下中低速磁浮列车和桥梁的动力响应,将虚拟激励法引入磁浮车桥振动分析中,提出中低速磁浮车辆-悬浮控制系统-桥梁耦合系统随机振动分析方法.将中低速磁浮列车简化为弹簧阻尼器连接的多刚体,悬浮系统中电流使用比例-微分(PD)控制方法进行主动控制,采用有限元方法对桥梁进行建模,将随机轨道不平顺转换为一系列简谐波构成的虚拟激励;编制中低速磁浮车桥动力系统随机振动分析程序,自动生成系统随机振动方程,利用分离迭代方法对磁浮车辆控制方程和桥梁动力方程进行求解计算.研究结果表明:虚拟激励法能够高效计算中低速磁浮车桥系统随机动力响应,其计算效率约为蒙特卡洛方法的1/11,基于虚拟激励法能够获得中低速磁浮车桥动力系统均值、标准差和时变功率谱密度等统计结果.

高速磁浮列车搭接结构悬浮系统仿真分析

为模拟高速磁浮列车悬浮系统运动过程并分析不同条件下的系统响应,本文围绕悬浮系统建模、控制器设计和仿真分析展开研究.首先,介绍以搭接结构为基本单元的高速磁浮列车悬浮系统的基本结构与工作原理,通过机理分析方法构建理想情况下的悬浮系统数学模型;然后,对悬浮系统模型进行合理简化,并针对简化模型设计标称控制器;最后,仿真验证了标称控制器的控制效果,并对比分析仿真和实验条件下永磁电磁混合悬浮系统的起浮降落过程.研究结果表明:仿真得到的悬浮间隙、悬浮电流等物理量的变化情况与实际系统的变化趋势吻合,稳态时误差小于5%.

常导高速磁浮工程试验线初期建设长度研究

研究目的:我国常导高速磁浮已具备推进工程化试验和示范运营线建设的条件,需要建设工程试验线对高速磁浮关键技术进行验证。本文从常导高速磁浮工程试验线初期试验需求入手,工程试验线建设初期不考虑乘坐舒适性,尽量采用较大的加减速度,在满足初期达速试验需求的前提下减少初期试验线建设长度,节省试验线初期工程投资。研究结论:(1)高速磁浮工程试验线主要是确认时速600 km时的各种性能及实用化目标的有关试验;(2)工程试验线初期建设长度需满足列车加减速运行最小距离及一定匀速运行距离要求,在国产时速600 km常导高速磁浮列车参数一定的情况下,加减速度主要取决于牵引变流器的额定电压及最大电流,通过供电系统匹配性仿真计算,车辆越轻,定子分段长度越短,可提供的车辆加速度越大,工程试验线初期建设长度越短;(3)本研究结论可为常导高速磁浮工程试验线的建设提供参考。

中低速磁浮梁轨一体轨道梁钢混接头试验研究

针对中低速磁浮分离式轨道梁建筑高度较大、无法考虑F轨刚度贡献等问题,提出了一种开孔钢板式梁轨一体轨道梁结构,并针对其钢-混结合部的静力性能开展足尺模型试验和有限元仿真计算分析.首先,介绍了梁轨一体轨道梁工程背景以及钢-混结合部的结构特征;其次,设计了钢-混结合部静载模型试验,测试F轨、钢连接件和混凝土等构件在各级荷载下的应力和位移;最后,建立了钢-混结合部实体有限元模型,并结合试验数据分析了钢-混结合部的受力性能、传力机理以及设计参数影响.研究结果表明:1)在1.50倍设计荷载内,钢-混结合部基本处于弹性状态,连接件承载力满足设计要求;荷载继续增大时,F轨的荷载-应力曲线表现出一定的非线性;5.47倍设计荷载下,混凝土梁体发生开裂破坏.2)F轨内外磁极位移均较小,钢-混结合部刚度较大;F轨内外磁极位移差在设计荷载下满足设计限值;1.58倍设计荷载下内外磁极位移差达到0.54 mm,开始超过位移差限值;表明钢混结合部刚度的富裕量小于强度,钢连接件应以刚度控制设计.3)在正常运营状态,磁浮列车荷载主要由钢连件的钢板承压传递,焊钉与开孔钢板传力比例较小;钢连接件中开孔直径、贯穿钢筋直径对传力影响较小,钢连接件腹板厚度增加使得钢混结合部处传力更加平顺.

五位姿参数下车载永磁体与永磁轨道之间的磁力特性研究

永磁磁浮交通系统利用车载永磁体和永磁轨道间的磁斥力实现悬浮,理解并掌握永磁体磁力与其空间位姿参数的关系对磁浮车辆走行部及轨道结构设计具有重要意义.参考兴国县永磁磁浮交通系统,建立车载永磁体和永磁轨道的三维磁场有限元模型;计算不同悬浮间隙、横向偏移、点头角、侧滚角和摇头角条件下车载永磁体受到的磁力,重点分析车载永磁体悬浮力和横向力随5个位姿参数的变化规律及其相关程度.结果表明:车载永磁体的磁力主要受悬浮间隙和横向偏移量的影响,受摇头角的影响较大,受点头角和侧滚角的影响很小;在设定的参数变化范围内,悬浮力最小值和最大值与额定悬浮力之比分别约为0.75和1.16,横向力最大值达到额定悬浮力的50.42%;车载永磁体横向力的方向与其横向偏移方向一致,摇头力矩与其摇头方向相同,需要为永磁悬浮系统设置导向装置,防止车载永磁体横向晃动和偏航运行.

基于遗传算法的悬浮电磁铁磁热耦合参数优化

中低速磁浮列车依靠悬浮电磁铁产生电磁吸力,实现悬浮和导向,针对悬浮电磁铁结构参数设计问题,提出一种基于磁热耦合仿真的方法对悬浮电磁铁进行优化研究。通过对电磁铁结构分析,提出对悬浮电磁铁进行内扣和外扣两种方式,并分别建立三维有限元参数化计算模型,分析其主要发热源和热流量计算方法。在电磁铁温升不超过设定值的情况下,以提升悬浮电磁铁的浮重比为目标,采用遗传算法对结构参数进行寻优求解。仿真试验结果表明,在保证悬浮力达到要求的情况下,所提方法对电磁铁进行内扣操作后,其质量减少43%,进行外扣操作后,电磁铁质量减少58%,并且电磁铁的稳态温升没有超过设定值。所提出的设计方案更加符合实际,为后续设计提供一定的参考依据。

基于等效刚度阻尼系统的中低速磁浮列车与大跨度桥梁耦合振动响应分析

针对中低速磁浮列车与大跨度连续梁桥的耦合动力响应问题,本文基于等效刚度阻尼系统建立多编组磁浮列车模型;基于国内在建磁浮专线连续梁桥(35m+55m+35m),采用ANSYS中实体单元建立全桥模型.并将两个独立系统在SIMPACK进行车桥耦合,设定车重参数分别为空载、定员和超载,且列车按单线和双线工况运行,计算耦合系统的动力响应.结果表明,本文建立的列车模型受到轨道激励时,磁浮间隙在额定范围内浮动,即等效刚度阻尼系统有良好的控制效果;车辆磁浮间隙的变化量、车体竖向加速度与车重成反比,而磁浮力与车重成正比;在计算工况下,桥梁主跨及边跨的竖向位移均满足设计要求的限值,双线列车超载运行桥梁跨中最大位移仅为4.503mm.说明连续梁桥具有较大的刚度,能满足磁浮车辆安全运行的要求;对比列车单双线运行,主跨跨中的竖向位移最大值后者达到前者两倍,而边跨位移的最大值后者仅比前者增大70%,表明双线列车对开运行对桥梁的动力响应存在增大效应.相关研究成果对磁浮线路建设有一定参考意义.

基于扰动补偿的磁悬浮转台分数阶滑模控制

针对存在非线性、耦合性和不确定性的磁悬浮转台的高精度运动控制问题,提出一种基于非线性干扰观测器的分数阶滑模控制方法以提高跟踪精度.首先,基于系统电磁力模型和动态解耦方法,构建六自由度磁悬浮转台系统动力学模型;其次,设计非线性干扰观测器,对包含系统误差、六自由度间耦合项和外界干扰的集总扰动进行估计,证明了估计误差有界且可调节到任意小;然后,在离散域提出了一种分数阶滑模面,采用分数幂函数替代传统符号函数来抑制抖振,引入分数阶微积分来减小跟踪误差;最后,设计有限时间收敛的分数阶滑模控制策略,并利用李雅普诺夫稳定性理论证明闭环系统稳定性.实验结果表明:与整数阶滑模控制方法相比,采用所提方法,2个水平自由度和绕竖直方向旋转自由度对三角波的跟踪误差均方根分别减小了12.8%、16.8%和23.7%,最大跟踪误差分别减小9.26%、13.00%和33.20%;跟踪圆形轨迹时,2个水平自由度的跟踪误差均方值分别减小6.39%和12.40%,最大跟踪误差分别减小9.90%和12.10%.

基于电磁铁复合线圈的磁浮车悬浮间隙检测方法

针对传统电涡流传感器体积大、无法直接测量真实电磁间隙等问题,提出了一种基于电磁铁复合线圈的磁浮车悬浮间隙检测方法。首先,分析了悬浮系统等效电磁间隙检测原理,针对电磁铁和F轨表面高频涡流对复合线圈磁场耦合作用建立了复合线圈等效阻抗模型。其次,通过有限元仿真优化了复合线圈激励频率和复合线圈间隙检测系统结构以提高检测灵敏度,设计了谐振检测电路和信号解调电路有效抑制了悬浮系统与间隙检测系统之间的串扰。最后,进行了静态性能测试和悬浮实验,校正后的线性度为0.4%,恒定间隙时静态输出最大波动峰峰值为89μm,悬浮系统能够在给定间隙、阶跃扰动和偏移扰动的不同工况下稳定悬浮。实验结果表明,间隙检测的响应速度和检测误差均满足系统要求。

中低速磁悬浮铁路路基轨道梁计算方法

研究目的:中低速磁悬浮铁路是一种新型交通运输系统,其路基-轨道梁结构对系统的安全性、运行稳定性和乘坐舒适性有重要影响。为简单合理确定车辆荷载作用下路基-轨道梁结构的挠度和内力以便为实际工程设计提供理论依据,基于Winkler弹性地基上的Timoshenko梁模型,建立中低速磁悬浮铁路路基轨道梁计算方法。研究结论:(1)通过拟静力法将车辆动力荷载转换为等效惯性力,结合梁体边界条件,采用Laplace变换方法,推导出了竖向集中荷载作用下轨道基础梁的挠度和内力的计算公式,并通过室内模型试验和现场测试进行了验证;(2)轨道基础梁的挠度和弯矩沿梁体长度均呈中间大、两端小的抛物线型分布模式,二者理论值与试验值的最大误差分别约为10%、5.6%;(3)梁体剪力沿长度呈跨中为零的线性分布,理论值与试验值最大误差约为5%;(4)本文所建立的计算方法可为中低速磁悬浮铁路路基轨道梁的实际工程设计提供参考。

中低速磁浮列车双线隧道交会时的气动特性研究

为探明速度140 km/h的中低速磁浮列车在双线隧道内交会时隧道壁面和车体表面压力变化情况,文章采用数值计算方法研究了车/隧不同参数对隧道壁面和车体表面气动性能的影响,并对比了不同编组长度的列车和不同隧道净空面积对列车车内压力的影响。研究结果表明,4车编组的磁浮列车在双线隧道中部交会时,隧道壁面测点的压力变化峰峰值与隧道净空面积的1.379次方成反比,车体表面压力测点的变化峰峰值与隧道净空面积的1.231次方成反比。当隧道净空面积为66.2m^(2)时,在气密性指数为0.5s条件下,8车编组列车在隧道内交会引起车内测点的3s压力变化值相较于4车编组列车增加102.2%,而在气密性指数为8s条件下该比例降低至50.4%。文章的研究结果可为中低速磁浮隧道工程建设提供参考依据。