The ＂Production＂ of Accounting Information Between Regulatory and Free Market Approach： An （Eternally） Open Issue

Accounting information has gained utmost importance over the years, and it now plays a vital role in our society. Indeed, the trends of a global economy, especially one relying on a capital market-based financial system, are greatly influenced by reliable accounting information. However, it is sometimes difficult to assess the ＂reliability＂ of such information, given the clear differences in the needs and goals of its different users. In this respect, the possible ways to guarantee the appropriateness of the accounting information provided to users doubtlessly deserve a careful investigation. The second half of the 1970s can be considered as the starting point of a debate, within the Anglo-Saxon accounting literature, concerning the most effective methods to provide users with accounting data effectively meeting their very specific needs. In this context, two antithetical schools of thought developed： （1） free market approach; and （2） regulatory approach. Although it is possible to state that accounting regulation has now become a concrete reality both inside and outside the Anglo-Saxon accounting context, after more than halfa century, its efficacy is still an open issue.

Notions of Free Market and Social Welfare in Islamic Economics

Trading and business in Islam has been identified as the second best profession after agriculture and Prophet Muhammad （PBUH） himself has been engaged in trading. The Islamic theory of market aims to provide optimization of returns and satisfaction for all stakeholders. It also seeks to make ＂free market＂ an instrument of promoting equity and social justice for the welfare of society. It combines tenants from the free market model as well as those in command market economy. Islamic economics identifies certain functional parameters for the efficient functioning of the market to achieve the optimization of returns and social welfare like absence of middle men, prohibition of hoarding, mode of finance free from interest and usury, taxation and other wealth redistribution instruments like Zakat and Khums, asset-based and risk-sharing partnerships and stakes, etc.. It essentially creates conditions for proper functioning of a competitive market as an instrument of economic progress and social equity. In Islamic economics, the role accorded to the state is to ensure that institutions are set up and vigilance officers are appointed which create the specified condition for the proper and fair functioning of the market and hence preventing what is identified as ＂market failure＂. The role of the state is to improve the functioning of the market as opposed to that of systematic intervention. This paper tries to examine the Islamic notions of ＂free market＂ in the traditional sources like Qur＇an, Hadees, the early texts of Islamic Jurisprudence, and contemporary writings on Islamic economic system and to make a comparative analysis with theories of market in capitalist and socialist frameworks. The paper will examine the extent to which Islamic notions of free market offer an alternative model to resolve the problems of growth, inequity, and risk management.

The Role of the Constitutional Right to Freedom to Contract,Free Markets,and Cybersecurity

This paper reviews the right to the freedom of contract and its effect on American business.Reading this paper is worth your time because:(1)you will become aware of the how freedom of contract came into existence;(2)you will gain knowledge about the nexus between the freedom of contract and free markets;(3)and given the premise that in these tough economic times,where the government has gained much power,one principle that cannot be compromised,if we are to remain a free market system is the freedom of contract.The need to understand the many perspectives and applications of this crucial right of our society is urgent,especially in challenging economic circumstances.The right gives the U.S.a huge advantage over the rest of the world.

A Free Market Economy Model for Resource Management in Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper presents a free market economy model that can be used to facilitate fully distributed autonomous control of resources in massive heterogeneous wireless sensor networks (WSNs). In the future, it is expected that WSNs will exist as part of the global Internet of Things (IoT), and different WSNs can work together in a massive network of heterogeneous WSNs in order to solve common problems. Control of valuable processing, sensing and communication resources, determining which nodes will remain awake during specific time periods in order to provide sensing services, and determining which nodes will forward other nodes’ packets are difficult problems that must be dealt with. It is proposed that just as the free market economy model enables the global human society to function reasonably well when individuals simply attempt to trade money and services in order to maximize their individual profits, and a similar model and mechanism should enable a massive network of heterogeneous WSNs to function well in a fully distributed autonomous manner. The main contributions of this paper are the introduction of the free market economy model for use with WSNs, the formal definition of a maximum profit price problem for multihop packet relaying, and the proposal of a distributed genetic algorithm for the solution of the maximum profit price problem. Simulation results show that the proposed distributed solution produces results that are 70% - 80% similar to a pareto optimal solution for this problem.

The Turkish Economy in the Period between 1990 and 2000 in the Light of the Open Economy Policies of the 1980s Developments

The structure of the economy seems to have been reshaped for the post-1980 period with the decisions of January 24,1980 and the structural changes that followed.In the 1980s,which can be called the transition process to a Free-Market Economy and an open economy,on the one hand,the privatization of state institutions and the determination of the prices of goods and services in free market conditions were tried to be ensured in order to withdraw the state from economic life,on the other hand,it was tried to grant freedom to foreign trade and capital movements.While these two main issues were being realized,the import substitution industrialization strategy was abandoned and the export-led growth model was started to be implemented.The last step of this process of opening up and liberalization was realized with the decision numbered 32 in 1989.While the change in the economic structure was achieved through domestic borrowing in the 1980s,with the liberalization of capital movements in the 1990s,it was seen that economic growth and development were tried to be achieved with hot money inflows rather than foreign direct investments.This orientation made the economy more open to crises,and for the first time there was a crisis in the form of the 1994 economic crisis,which was understood to be caused by hot money.The 1994 economic crisis could only be overcome by giving government guarantees to bank deposits and issuing high-interest Treasury Bills.Even the new banking regulations could not prevent the emergence of similar new economic crises in the following years.Because,we can say that the economic crisis experienced in the 2000s brought about a political transformation along with creating great economic problems.

统筹视角下的《海南跨境服务贸易负面清单》:问题及完善

《海南跨境服务贸易负面清单》的制定和实施是贯彻和落实习近平总书记关于统筹国内法治与涉外法治论述的重要体现。在统筹视角下,该清单既呈现对标国际高标准经贸规则的开放性,又反映海南自由贸易港先行先试高水平开放我国跨境服务市场的试验性。在此意义上,现有文本注重开放和安全两个维度,但仍存在诸多可以改进的空间:一方面,该清单在形式上与国际经贸协定负面清单的格式编排不同,服务分类也不同于通用标准;另一方面,该清单“说明”部分的兜底条款存在过多不确定性,且模式四规制范围不清,可能削弱清单实际内容的可预见性,从而引起跨境服务提供者的关切并影响该清单的实际效果。在改进该清单文本和据此完善其他区域及全国版跨境服务贸易负面清单的过程中,宜在留有防范风险必要空间的基础上,对现有清单的格式、分类标准及兜底条款进行重新设计和安排,充分实现国内法治和涉外法治的统筹协调,并为我国加入CPTPP奠定服务市场高水平开放的良好基础。

电商直播背景下海南香蕉品牌营销策略研究

随着互联网经济高速发展而诞生的“电商直播”无疑为农产品的推广销售与品牌建设带来了诸多机遇,但同时也带来了挑战。海南香蕉如何站在“电商直播”的经济新风口中,借助电商直播提高销量、扩大知名度,实现品牌化发展是值得深思的。通过对当前电商直播背景下海南香蕉品牌营销的现状及问题进行分析,提出相应的优化策略,促进海南香蕉品牌的发展与提升。

市场化改革对散养肉羊养殖成本效率的影响研究

文章利用2011—2022年全国肉羊主产省份面板数据,实证考察市场化改革能否提升散养肉羊养殖成本效率。结果表明,市场化改革对散养肉羊养殖成本效率产生显著的正向影响,说明市场化改革可提升散养肉羊养殖成本效率。门槛效应检验显示,市场化改革对散养肉羊养殖成本效率呈现边际递增的非线性影响。异质性检验表明,相比于中西部地区,东部地区市场化改革对散养肉羊养殖成本效率的影响效应最强。因此,文章探讨分类推进农村要素市场化配置改革,因地制宜增强市场化改革的协同性,以期推动散养肉羊养殖高质量发展。

自由市场的伦理限度:基于“有益品”的反思

自古典自由主义发展到新自由主义以来,自由市场以其“无形之手”的调节作用在资本主义国家备受推崇。自由市场对于一个国家的经济发展具有重要作用,但由于自身的局限性,必然需要规则和限制才能正常运作,并需要政府充任干预角色。自由市场与政府之间的关系在经济学上争议颇多,基于哲学—政治经济学视角的“有益品”概念或许能为自由市场与政府干预之间的关系提供解决路径,即政府干预本身是自由市场繁荣的必要条件。

Developments in the Turkish Economy During the Period Between 2000-2010 in the Light of the Free-market Economy Policies of the 1980s and 1990s

The structural changes that took place in the Turkish Economy following the January 24,1980 decisions and their aftermath.With the policies of opening up to the outside world and transition to a free market economy in the 1980s in the Turkish Economy,there were radical changes in the structure of the economy and the prices of all goods and services began to be determined by the market under market conditions.In the 1980s,which can be called the transition period to the Free Market Economy and open economy,efforts were made to privatize state institutions and determine the prices of goods and services under free market conditions in order to withdraw the state from economic life,while on the other hand,efforts were made to grant freedom to foreign trade.While these two main issues were being realized,the import substitution industrialization strategy was abandoned and the export-oriented growth model was started to be implemented.The last step of this opening up and liberalization process was realized with the decision number 32 in 1989.We can say that with the liberalization of capital movements in the 1990s,economic growth and development were tried to be achieved through hot money inflows rather than direct foreign investments.This trend made the economy more open to crises,and for the first time,a crisis occurred in the form of the 1994 economic crisis,which was understood to be caused by hot money.The 1994 economic crisis was tried to be overcome by providing state guarantees to bank deposits and applying high interest rates.Thus,it is noteworthy that high inflation was experienced in the period until the 2001 economic crisis.We can say that the financial crisis that occurred in 2001 as a result of the environment that occurred in the 1990s deepened and turned into an economic crisis,and the economic and political effects of this crisis were experienced.Although there have been many economic crises in the history of the Republic,this crisis is considered to be the most deeply effective.While the crisis was overcome with the stand by agreement made with the IMF and the announced Transition to a Strong Economy program,the economy started to grow rapidly with the ease of using foreign resources,and political stability seems to have enabled this economic growth process to continue uninterruptedly except 2009.There was also a decrease in inflation rates.

自贸区制度与资本结构动态调整

自贸区的设立通过制度创新为企业发展带来了新的机遇与挑战。基于2007—2019年A股上市公司的数据,本文首次研究了自贸区设立对企业资本结构动态调整的作用。研究发现,自由贸易试验区的设立显著提高了企业资本结构的调整速度,并且对非国有企业和负债不足的企业该效应更为显著。此外,机制研究表明,自贸区制度通过两个渠道影响资本结构调整:融资约束渠道和市场竞争渠道。进一步研究发现,自贸区设立降低了企业的债务融资成本,并促进了企业的债务和权益融资活动。本文使用工具变量法、倾向性得分匹配法、安慰剂检验、其他的资本结构测度和估计方法进行了一系列稳健性检验,发现研究结论依然成立。总之,本文从资本结构优化的视角评估了中国自贸区建设的微观效应。

北京市昌平区草莓种业发展现状、问题及对策

昌平区作为北京市草莓产业优势主产区,高度重视草莓种业的发展,将草莓种业与产业发展同步推进。本文从种苗市场规模、草莓品种引进及繁育情况、生产苗来源、种业技术创新、相关政策扶持等方面综述了昌平区草莓种业发展现状,针对发展中存在的脱毒苗使用率低、本地苗源占比有待提高、主栽品种特性缺乏统一标准、专业技术人员储备不足等问题,提出了提高脱毒苗使用率、加强种苗繁育技术创新、完善三级育苗技术体系、加大技术型人才引进与储备等对策建议,为促进北方地区草莓种业发展提供思路。

培育壮大海南自贸港新质生产力助力建设全国统一大市场路径研究

海南自由贸易港作为制度、政策、区位层面上的国内国际双循环的交汇点,在加快建设高效规范、公平竞争、充分开放的全国统一大市场进程中优势突出。为此,完全可以充分发挥海南自贸港作用,提升其聚集力、辐射力和综合服务能力,以培育壮大具有海南特色的新质生产力,形成汇聚信息流、资金流、技术流、人才流、物资流的洼地,尽快将其打造成“一带一路”倡议支点和我国内陆地区通向太平洋、印度洋的重要门户,进而有效对接内外循环,助力建设全国统一大市场。

Study on Parameters of Consumer Preferences for Alternative Wheat Products (Gluten-Free Foods) in USA and India

Celiac Disease (CD) is an inherited, autoimmune disorder in which proteins from the grains wheat, rye and barley (collectively called gluten) damage the small intestine. The only treatment for CD is a strict, lifelong gluten-free diet. With a prevalence rate of about one in 100-133 people worldwide. Celiac disease is wide-spread across the globe. Unlike traditional allergies, which cause immediate reactions, gluten sensitivity is harder to pin down since it manifests gradually and in various forms like headaches, stomach cramps, bloating, anxiety, and depression. Due to complicated diagnosis procedure and lack of awareness, many cases are either misdiagnosed or not at all diagnosed in India and USA. In spite of high growth, gluten-free foods are facing problems to grain ground in Asian market, due to high price, lack of awareness about the products, large number of un-diagnosed cases and inefficient value chain for gluten-free products. One of the major issues in India and USA is very high prices of gluten-free foods as compared to regular food products. Globally, the market potential of gluten free products is estimated to be USD 4639.13 Million and USD 7594.43 Million in 2015 and 2020 respectively. The global gluten free food market is projected to grow with a CAGR between 9 percent and 10.2 percent during 2016-2022. The study on consumer preference of gluten-free foods would enable manufacturers of gluten-free foods to understand the current and evolving expectations of consumers and to design the products according. Study of two countries i.e., India and USA would enable manufacturers to understand the difference in choices and preferences related to gluten-free foods for both the nations. This study would help manufacturers of alternative wheat product to form the concrete marketing and product development strategy based on recent consumer behavior trends.

海南自贸港航煤市场展望及发展建议

航空运输是进出海南的重要交通方式,自贸港的建设和发展为海南的航煤市场打开了巨大的增长空间,预计到2025年和2030年,海南航煤需求量在低情景下将分别达到160万吨和300万吨,高情景下将分别达到200万吨和400万吨,比2020年分别翻一番和两番。与新加坡和中国香港两大国际自贸港比较,目前海南机场的航油供应体制落后,航煤供应来源和航煤加注主体单一,航煤价格偏高,海南现有航煤市场管理机制难以满足自贸港未来快速发展的需求。为提高海南自贸区航煤供应的可靠性和航油加注服务的价格竞争力,建议实行航煤管道公共化、航煤供应多元化,以助力海南建设国际航空枢纽港的要求。

EXISTENCE OF STOCHASTIC EQUILIBRIUM WITH INCOMPLETE FINANCIAL MARKETS

This paper analyzes the aritrage free security markets and the general equilibrium existence problem for a stochastic economy with incomplete financial markets. Information structure is given by an event tree. This paper restricts attention to purely financial securities. It is assume that trading takes place in the sequence of spot markets and futures markets for securities payable in units of account. Unlimited short selling in securities is allowed. Financial markets may be incomplete: some consumption streams may be impossible to obtain by any trading strategy. Securities may be individually precluded from trade at arbitrary states and dates. The security price process is arbitrage free the dividend process if and only if there exists a stochstic state price (present value) process: the present value of the security prices at every vertex is the present value of their dividend and capital values over the set of immediate successors; the current value of each security at every vertex is the present value of its future dividend stream over all succeeding vertices. The existence of such an equilibrium is proved under the following condition: continuous, weakly convex, strictly monotone and complete preferences, strictly positive endowments and dividends processes.

亚经济动力学原理——经济动力学与标准模型(Ⅲ)

亚经济动力学研究人们的经济冲动结构与市场行为的关系。以布尔巴基结构主义为哲学考量,以量子色动力学为概念化手段与模型化方法,构建了亚经济动力学理论。其中,我们讨论了自由市场的深层结构并分析了米塞斯在其人类学论证中的失误。亚经济动力学是市场动力学的心理学基础。在前言的引导下,本文共分六节:(一)自由市场与冲动味荷,论题包括:自由市场的命运,食物链与心理学,以及经济冲动的味荷;(二)经济冲动的性质,论题包括:冲动与反冲动的味与代,以及冲动束缚态与分数市场荷;(三)弗洛伊德色荷空间与自旋,论题包括:泡利不相容原理与色荷,以及弗洛伊德人格论;(四)意识与胶子;(五)规范变换与SU(3)对称群;以及(六)一般讨论。

中国自由贸易试验区设立对企业投资的影响研究

投资是拉动经济的三驾马车之一,自由贸易试验区(以下简称“自贸区”)作为改革“试验田”,鼓励区内企业充分利用国内国外两种资源、两个市场,激励企业投资。本文采用多期双重差分法评估自贸区设立对企业投资规模的政策效果。研究结果显示,自贸区政策能够扩大企业的投资规模,主要因其能够发挥投资激励效应和资本聚集效应,进而提高企业的实体投资水平。异质性检验结果显示:城市层级更高,自贸区政策对企业投资规模的促进效果更强;相比非国有企业,实施自贸区政策更能促进国有企业投资规模的提升。另外,自贸区的制度创新能够提高资本配置效率,缓解企业投资不足,且并未引发过度投资;自贸区的建设对要素流入与流出的促进作用能够通过溢出效应辐射至周边地区,但对产品的影响是虹吸而非溢出,在周边区域发挥了贸易转移效应而不是贸易创造效应。本文为全面评价中国自贸区建设的经济后果提供了新的研究视角,并从企业投资行为角度为实体投资的影响因素及其内在逻辑提供了新的经验证据。

自由市场的源流与批判——基于西方市场人类学的评述

自20世纪现代人类学诞生以来,人类学界有关市场的讨论集中表现为各类围绕“市场”书写的民族志研究,其问题意识包括对西方经济学中经典的“自由市场”预设及其理性不同程度的批判。尽管人们承认市场中多主体的存在,但当前有关“市场”的讨论依然更多被纳入西方主流的“自由市场”这一具有浓厚意识形态的经济学假设中,主要从经济学与管理学的宏观视角进行审视,而以波兰尼为代表的人类学者通过对西方社会内部的研究与分析,全面地反驳了这一自由主义概念,延续了经典人类学的三条支流对于市场的解读与解构。基于对西方市场概念以及市场人类学的理解,本文提供了更为丰富的市场解读,同时进一步梳理了市场与社会的关系,从而最终对“自由市场”的研究提供人类学的反思视角与批判工具。

海南自由贸易港法治化营商环境建设研究

在国内国际双循环的新发展格局下,推进海南自由贸易港法治化营商环境建设是实现更高水平开放的应有之义。海南自由贸易港法治化营商环境建设的基本要求是实现“四个有利于”,即有利于提升市场主体的满意度,有利于贸易投资自由化便利化,有利于提高海南自由贸易港国际化水平,有利于促进形成国内国际双循环重要交汇点。海南自由贸易港建设法治化营商环境的路径包括:立法层面,用好用足立法权,加强法治化营商环境的制度供给;执法层面,严格规范监管执法行为,切实保护市场主体合法权益;司法层面,推进严格司法,营造公平公正的司法环境;守法层面,营造全民守法的法治氛围,保障市场主体安心经营;主动对标国际高水平经贸规则,突出海南自由贸易港法治化营商环境特色。