The chemical activation of various precursors is effective for creating additional closed pores in hard carbons for sodium storage.However,the formation mechanism of closed pores under the influence of pore-forming ag...The chemical activation of various precursors is effective for creating additional closed pores in hard carbons for sodium storage.However,the formation mechanism of closed pores under the influence of pore-forming agents is not well understood.Herein,an effective chemical activation followed by a high-temperature self-healing strategy is employed to generate interconnected closed pores in lignin-derived hard carbon(HCs).By systematic experimental design combined with electron paramagnetic res-onance spectroscopy,it can be found that the content of free radicals in the carbon matrix influences the closure of open pores at high temperatures.Excessively high activation temperature(>700 C)leads to a low free radical concentration,making it difficult to achieve self-healing of open pores at high tempera-tures.By activation at 700°C,a balance between pore making and self-healing is achieved in the final hard carbon.A large number of free radicals triggers rapid growth and aggregation of carbon microcrys-tals,blocking pre-formed open micropores and creating additional interconnected closed pores in as-obtained hard carbons.As a result,the optimized carbon anode(LK-700-1300)delivers a high reversible capacity of 330.8 mA h g^(-1) at 0.03 A g^(-1),which is an increase of 86 mA h g^(-1) compared to the pristine lignin-derived carbon anode(L-700-1300),and exhibits a good rate performance(202.1 mA h g^(-1) at 1 A g^(-1)).This work provides a universal and effective guidance for tuning closed pores of hard carbons from otherprecursors.展开更多
Biochar is a well-known material for pollutant removal owing to its low cost and rich surface functionality. A kind of highly active substance, called environmentally persistent free radicals(EPFRs), can be produced i...Biochar is a well-known material for pollutant removal owing to its low cost and rich surface functionality. A kind of highly active substance, called environmentally persistent free radicals(EPFRs), can be produced in the preparation process of biochar, playing an important role in the removal of pollutants.In this study, sludge-derived biochars(SBC_(120) and SBC_(270)) were prepared by the hydrothermal carbonization under two temperatures(120℃ and 270℃) to investigate their removal abilities of Cr(Ⅵ). The maximum removal amounts of Cr(Ⅵ) by SBC_(120) and SBC_(270) were 16.58 and 22.93 mg·g^(-1), respectively. It was further revealed that the appearance of Cr(Ⅲ), as a result of EPFRs on sludge-derived biochar(SBC) transferred electrons to Cr(Ⅵ) in neutral solutions. That is to say, oxygen-centered(O-centered) EPFRs on SBC_(120) and carbon-centered(C-centered) EPFRs on SBC_(270) all could be used as electron donors to Cr(Ⅵ) to make it become Cr(Ⅲ). This study not only provides a theoretical basis for the mechanism of pollutants removal by sludge-derived biochar but also offers a new perspective on the direct effect of EPFRs on pollutants.展开更多
The observation on biophoton emission, free radical and toxicity of benzene to zebra fish and carp hepatic microsome has demonstrated that there is the corresponding relationship between them by means of 60 Coγ radio...The observation on biophoton emission, free radical and toxicity of benzene to zebra fish and carp hepatic microsome has demonstrated that there is the corresponding relationship between them by means of 60 Coγ radiolysis. Free radicals play a key role in this relationship. A common photon originates of two biosystems are the excited species including singlet and triplet molecules (1O2 and C=0) as well as hydrocyclohexadienyl radical.OH and so on. OH, to a certain extent, directly participates in photon emission and toxicity of benzene to aquatic biosystems.These are the conclusions, but these are also problems. With the solution of the latters,model established in this work could be expected that it will be favorable for the development of photon-toxicology.展开更多
Effects of entropy and free radical in life system are elucidated. The results indicate that living organism can maintain normal activities only if a suitable free radicals inside living organism can be guaranteed. Ex...Effects of entropy and free radical in life system are elucidated. The results indicate that living organism can maintain normal activities only if a suitable free radicals inside living organism can be guaranteed. Excessive free radical should be eliminated to reduce entropy in living organism. Some ways provided to eliminate excessive free radical, reduce entropy and keep health.展开更多
Objective To study the abnormal reactions of a series of free radicals and the oxidative damages induced by free radical abnormal reactions in the bodies of patients with chronic glomerulonephritis. Methods Eighty ...Objective To study the abnormal reactions of a series of free radicals and the oxidative damages induced by free radical abnormal reactions in the bodies of patients with chronic glomerulonephritis. Methods Eighty chronic glomerulonephritis patients (CGNP) and eighty healthy adult volunteers (HAV) were enrolled in a random control study, in which concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) in plasma, lipoperoxides (LPO) in plasma and in erythrocytes, and vitamin C (VC), vitamin E (VE) and beta-carotene (?CAR) in plasma as well as activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in erythrocytes were determined with spectrophotometric assays. Results Compared with the average values of the above biochemical parameters in the HAV group, the average values of NO in plasma, and LPO in plasma and erythrocytes in the CGNP group were significantly increased (P = 0.0001), while those of VC, VE and -CAR in plasma as well as those of SOD, CAT and GPX in erythrocytes in the CGNP group were significantly decreased (P = 0.0001). Pearson product-moment correlation analysis showed that with increase of the concentration of blood creatinine as well as prolongation of the course of disease in the CGNP, the concentrations of NO in plasma, and LPO in plasma and erythrocytes in the CGNP increased gradually, while the concentrations of VC, VE and ?CAR in plasma as well as the activities of SOD, CAT and GPX in erythrocytes in the CGNP decreased gradually (P = 0.002454 0.000001). The relative risk ratio (RR) of the above biochemical parameters reflecting oxidative damages in the bodies of CGNP ranged from 6.061 to 72.429. The reliability coefficient (alpha) that the above biochemical parameters were used to reflect the oxidative damages of the CGNP was 0.8137, standardized item alpha = 0.9728, Hotelling抯 T-Squared = 1135680.191, F = 53274.6478, P = 0.000001. Conclusions The findings in this study show that in the bodies of CGNP a series of free radical chain reactions result in severe pathological aggravation and induce oxidative damages in their bodies. Therefore, suitable dose of antioxidants should be supplemented to them so as to alleviate oxidative damages in their bodies.展开更多
Objective To investigate whether acute dipterex poisoning (ADP) may cause oxidative stress and free radical damage in the bodies of acute dipterex poisoning patients (ADPPs), and to explore the mechanisms by which ADP...Objective To investigate whether acute dipterex poisoning (ADP) may cause oxidative stress and free radical damage in the bodies of acute dipterex poisoning patients (ADPPs), and to explore the mechanisms by which ADP may cause oxidative stress and free radical damage. Methods Fifty ADPPs and fifty healthy adult volunteers (HAVs) whose ages, gender and others were matched with the ADPPs were enrolled in a randomized controlled study, in which concentrations of nitric oxide (NO), vitamin C (VC), vitamin E (VE) and P-carotene (P-CAR) in plasma as well as concentration of lipoperoxide (LPO), and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in erythrocytes were determined by spectrophotometric analytical methods. Results Compared with the average values of experimental parameters in the HAVs group, the average values of plasma NO and erythrocyte LPO in the ADPPs group were significantly increased (P<0.0001), while those of plasma VC, VE and P-CAR as well as erythrocyte SOD, CAT, GPX and AChE in the ADPPs group were significantly decreased (P<0.0001). Bivariate correlation analysis and partial correlation analysis suggested that when NO and LPO values were increased, and VC, VE, β-CAR, SOD, CAT and GPX values were decreased in the ADPPs, AChE value was decreased gradually in the ADPPs (P<0.001-0.0001). Reliability analysis of experimental parameters reflecting oxidative stress and free radical damage in the ADPPs showed that the reliability coefficient (8 items) alpha=0.6909, and the standardized item alpha=0.8574. Conclusion The findings in the present study suggest that ADP can cause oxidative stress and free radical damage, and inhibit markedly erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity in ADPPs.展开更多
A crude polysaccharide was extracted from Physalis alkekengi L. fruit. HPLC was used for the component analysis of the polysaccharide. The results indicate that Physalis alkekengi L. polysaccharide(PAP) was composed...A crude polysaccharide was extracted from Physalis alkekengi L. fruit. HPLC was used for the component analysis of the polysaccharide. The results indicate that Physalis alkekengi L. polysaccharide(PAP) was composed of rhamnose, xylose, arabinose, galactose, and glucose. Free radicals scavenging activity of PAP was studied through 3 free radicals scavenging tests. PAP exhibited high scavenging effects on OH and DPPH radicals, and both the scavenging rates were about 80%. The scavenging rate of O2^- radical was about 22%.展开更多
Objective:To explore the nature of deficiency in spleen-yin syndrome,which could provide scientific theoretical support and practical guidance for clinical Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)syndrome differentiation ...Objective:To explore the nature of deficiency in spleen-yin syndrome,which could provide scientific theoretical support and practical guidance for clinical Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)syndrome differentiation based on biology,and had a strong clinical significance.Methods:Serum Cu and Zn were detected by atomic absorption spectrophotometer,serum vitamin E by high performance liquid chromatography,serum vitamin C by 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine Colorimetry,total superoxide dismutase(SOD)and Cu and Zn- SOD by the xanthine oxidase method,and malondialdehyde(MDA)by the 2-thiobarbituric acid method(TBA).Total antioxidant capacity was detected by a colorimetry kit.Amylase Activity was detected by an automatic biochemical analyzer.Lysozyme was detected by lysozyme detection plate,the diameter of bacteriolysis circle was measured and the corresponding content of lysozyme was obtained from a table of standard curve values.Results: No significant difference in total SOD and Cu,Zn-SOD was found between deficiency in spleen-yin group and normal group.However,such factors in deficiency in kidney-yin group were significantly lower than the other groups(P〈0.05).The MDA content in both deficiency in spleen-yin group and deficiency in kidney-yin group were significantly higher than that of normal group(P〈0.05),while the total antioxidant capacity was significantly lower than normal group(P〈0.05).The vitamin E content in deficiency in kidney-yin group was significantly lower than that in the other two groups(P〈0.05).No significant difference in the contents of vitamin C,Cu and Zn were observed in these groups.The Zn/Cu level in deficiency in kidney-yin group and the vitamin E level in deficiency in spleen-yin group decreased,but with no significant difference.Amylase activity in unit time in cases with deficiency in spleen-yin was lower than and had significant differences with that in normal cases,and higher than that in cases with deficiency in kidney-yin.The sectional velocity of saliva and the ratio of lysozyme in normal case group were significantly higher than other two groups,while deficiency in the spleen-yin group was significantly higher than the deficiency in kidney-yin group.Conclusion:All the results indicated that the objective pathological mechanism between the deficiency in spleen-yin and deficiency in kidney-yin was different.展开更多
A group of experimental rats under free radical damage are given various amounts of a lipophilic vitamin C(ascorbyl-6-laurate, VC-12), and its parent compound, vitamin C, respectively. It has been found that the effec...A group of experimental rats under free radical damage are given various amounts of a lipophilic vitamin C(ascorbyl-6-laurate, VC-12), and its parent compound, vitamin C, respectively. It has been found that the effects of 1 12 mmol/kg VC-12 on decreasing triglyceride(TG), total cholesterol(TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and lipid peroxide(LPO), and increasing high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-c) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) are similar to those of 2 27 mmol/kg vitamin C. In addition, VC-12(1 12 mmol/kg) can increase the prostacycline(PGI 2) and decrease the thromboxane(TXA 2) even better than vitamin C(2 27 mmol/kg). The above facts demonstrate that the antioxidative activity of VC-12 is higher than twice that of vitamin C. So, ascorbyl-6-laurate may be a novel antioxidant drug against free radical damage.展开更多
Two new chiral ionic liquids, 1 -((-)-menthoxycarbonylmethylene)-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphateand 1-((-)-menthoxycarbonylmethylene)-3-hexadecylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, were designed an d prepared. Th...Two new chiral ionic liquids, 1 -((-)-menthoxycarbonylmethylene)-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphateand 1-((-)-menthoxycarbonylmethylene)-3-hexadecylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, were designed an d prepared. Theirchemical structures were characterized by ~1H-NMR. Reverse atom transfer radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate(MMA) in these two ionic liquids was carried out using AIBN/CuCl_2/bipy as the initiating system. The resultant well-definedpolymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was employed as a macroinitiator to induce the atom transfer radical polymerization ofmenthyl methacrylate (MnMA) in chlorobenzene, which yielded a PMMA-b-PMnMA diblock copolymer with narrow polydispersity.展开更多
Selemum (Se) and many of its compounds are among the most toxic of nutrients. Selenium toxicity was first described in range animals in the western United States in the 1930's which consumed' selenium accumula...Selemum (Se) and many of its compounds are among the most toxic of nutrients. Selenium toxicity was first described in range animals in the western United States in the 1930's which consumed' selenium accumulator' plants of the genus Astragalus, Xylorrhiza,Oonopsis, and Stanleya. Selenites and selenates from the soil accumulate in these plants primarily as methylated selenium compounds and plants evolve dimethyldiselenide and dimethyselenide.Dietary selenium, primarily as selenomethionine and selenocysteine for humans fulfill the dietary requirement for selenoenzymes and proteins. In humans and animals excessive dietary selenium may be toxic. In vitro, selenium compounds such as selenite, selenium dioxide and diselenides react with thiols, such as glutathione, producing superoxide and other reactive oxygen species. This catalytic reaction of selenium compounds with thiols likely accounts for selenium toxicity to cells ex vivo and in vivo where the major glutathione producing organ,the liver, is also the major target organ of selenium toxicity.Selenium enzymes and selenoethers that do not readily form a selenide (RSe-) anion and compounds such as Ebselen where selenium is sequestered, are not toxic. Methylation of selenium by both plants and animals serves to detoxify selenium by generating methylselenides. Alternatively, full reduction of Se to elemental selenium (Se0) as done by some bacteria and the formation of heavy metal selenides such as Ag2Se or Hg2Se, results in a non-catalytic nontoxic form of selenium.This catalytic prooxidant attribute of some selenium compounds appears to account for its toxicity when such activity exceeds plant and animal methylation reactions and antioxidant defenses. This prooxidant activity may also account for cellular apoptosis and may provide a useful pharmaceutical application for selenium compounds as antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and anticancer agents展开更多
Objective To investigate whether chronic childhood constipation (CCC) may cause oxidative stress and potential free radical damage to children, and to explore the mechanisms by which CCC may cause oxidative stress an...Objective To investigate whether chronic childhood constipation (CCC) may cause oxidative stress and potential free radical damage to children, and to explore the mechanisms by which CCC may cause oxidative stress and potential free radical damage to chronic constipation patients (CCPs). Methods Sixty CCPs and sixty healthy child volunteers (HCVs) whose ages, gender and others were matched for the CCPs were enrolled in a randomized controlled study, in which levels of vitamin C (VC) and vitamin E (VE) in plasma as well as activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in erythrocytes were determined by spectrophotometric analytical methods. Results Compared with average values of the above biochemical parameters in the HCVs group, the average values of VC and VE in plasma as well as those of SOD and CAT in erythrocytes in the CCPs group were significantly decreased (P<0.0001). Linear regression and bivariate correlation analysis showed that with prolonged course of the CCPs, the levels of VC and VE in plasma as well as the activities of SOD and CAT in erythrocytes in the CCPs were decreased gradually (P<0.0001). Conclusion The findings in the present study suggest that chronic childhood constipation causes oxidative stress and potential free radical damage to children with chronic constipation.展开更多
The protective effect and mechanism of diazepam on ischemia neurons during cerebral ischemia and reperfusion were studied. Sixty three Wistar rats were divided randomly into nine groups: control group , ischemia gro...The protective effect and mechanism of diazepam on ischemia neurons during cerebral ischemia and reperfusion were studied. Sixty three Wistar rats were divided randomly into nine groups: control group , ischemia groups including subgroups of is3h, is3 h/rep1 h, is3 h/rep2 h, is3 h/rep3 h, diazepam treated groups , including subgroups of is3 h, is3 h/rep1 h, is3 h/rep2 h, is3 h/rep3 h with Zea longa's animal model of middle cerebral artery occlusion. The comparison between the ischemia group and diazepam treated group showed that diazepam could obviously decrease the production of glutamate, asparate, MDA and increase the synthesis and release of GABA, SOD and GSH PX. It was concluded that diazepam exerted its protective effects on neurons through complex mechanisms of regulating the synthesis and release of excitotary/inhibitory amino acids and free radicals.展开更多
The flower of Butea monosperma(Lam.)(Fabaceae)has been used in traditional Indian medicine in the treatment of many ailments including liver disorders.To understand the pharmacological basis of its beneficial effects,...The flower of Butea monosperma(Lam.)(Fabaceae)has been used in traditional Indian medicine in the treatment of many ailments including liver disorders.To understand the pharmacological basis of its beneficial effects,the extracts of dried flowers in water,methanol,butanol,ethyl acetate and acetone were evaluated for free radical scavenging and pro-apoptotic activities in cell cultures(human hepatoma Huh-7 cell line and immortalized AML-12 mouse hepatocytes).Butrin and butein-the active constituents of flower extracts-were used as reference molecules.The levels of cell injury markers like lactate dehydrogenase,glutathione and lipid peroxidation and primary antioxidant enzymes glutathione S-transferase and catalase were also measured.The aqueous and butanolic extracts exhibited better 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging and cytotoxic activities in hepatoma cells than in immortalized hepatocytes.Interestingly,butein inhibited 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical better than butrin.The aqueous and butanolic extracts were further investigated for hepatoprotection against carbon tertrachloride-induced biochemical changes and cell death.Both extracts,just as butrin and butein,significantly reversed the cellular glutathione levels and lipid peroxidation,and glutathione–S-transferase activity.Lactate dehydrogenase leakage and cell death were also prevented.However,only butein revived the catalase activity.Thus,the butein content of Butea monosperma flower extracts is important for free radical scavenging activity,apoptotic cell death and protection against oxidative injury in hepatic cells.展开更多
Pyrolysis of cyclohexane was conducted with a plug flow tube reactor in the temperature range of 873-973 K. Based on the experimental data, the mechanism and kinetic model of cyclohexane pyrolysis reaction were propos...Pyrolysis of cyclohexane was conducted with a plug flow tube reactor in the temperature range of 873-973 K. Based on the experimental data, the mechanism and kinetic model of cyclohexane pyrolysis reaction were proposed. The kinetic analysis shows that overall conversion of cyclohexane is a first order reaction, of which the rate constant increased from 0.0086 to 0.0225 to 0.0623 s-1 with the increase of temperature from 873 to 923 to 973 K, and the apparent activation energy was determined to be 155.0±1.0 kJ mol-1. The mechanism suggests that the cyclohexane is consumed by four processes:the homolysis of C-C bond (Path I), the homolysis of C-H bond (Path II) in reaction chain initia- tion, the H-abstraction of various radicals from the feed molecules in reaction chain propagation (Path III), and the process associated with coke formation (Path IV). The reaction path probability (RPP) ratio of XPath I:XPath II : XPath III : XPath IV was 0.5420:0.0045:0.3897:0.0638 at 873 K, and 0.4336 : 0.0061 : 0.4885 : 0.0718 at 973 K, respectively.展开更多
The present study established a mouse model of cerebral infarction by middle cerebral artery occlusion, and monitored the effect of 25 tJg/kg leukemia inhibitory factor and (or) basic fibroblast growth factor admini...The present study established a mouse model of cerebral infarction by middle cerebral artery occlusion, and monitored the effect of 25 tJg/kg leukemia inhibitory factor and (or) basic fibroblast growth factor administration 2 hours after model establishment. Results showed that following administration, the number of endogenous neural stem cells in the infarct area significantly increased, malondialdehyde content in brain tissue homogenates significantly decreased, nitric oxide content, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity significantly elevated, and mouse motor function significantly improved as confirmed by the rotarod and bar grab tests. In particular, the effect of leukemia inhibitory factor in combination with basic fibroblast growth factor was the most significant. Results indicate that leukemia inhibitory factor and basic fibroblast growth factor can improve the microenvironment after cerebral infarction by altering free radical levels, improving the quantity of endogenous neural stem cells, and promoting neurological function of mice with cerebral infarction.展开更多
Geothermometer is one of the most useful methods to reconstruct the thermal history of sedimentary basins. This paper introduces the application of free radicals concentration of organic matter as a thermal indicator ...Geothermometer is one of the most useful methods to reconstruct the thermal history of sedimentary basins. This paper introduces the application of free radicals concentration of organic matter as a thermal indicator in the thermal history reconstruction of carbonate succession, based on anhydrous thermal simulation results of type I and H1 kerogen. A series of free radicals data are obtained under thermal simulation of different heating temperatures and times, and quantitative modds between free radical concentration (Ng) of organic matter and time-temperature index (TTI) for types I and type H1 kerogen are also obtained. This Ng.TTI relation was used to model the Ordovician thermal gradients of Well TZ12 in the Tarim Basin. The modeling result is corresponding to the results obtained by apatite fission track data and published data. This new method of thermal history reconstruction will be benefit to the hydrocarbon generation and accumulation study and resource assessment of carbonate succession.展开更多
The formation of·CCl3 radicals in liver nuclei was suggested by spin trapping of them with N-t-butyl-α-phenylnitrone followed by GC/MS detection of the resulting adduct. Comparison of its formation in microsomal...The formation of·CCl3 radicals in liver nuclei was suggested by spin trapping of them with N-t-butyl-α-phenylnitrone followed by GC/MS detection of the resulting adduct. Comparison of its formation in microsomal biotransformation of CCl4 was made. In aerobic nuclear activation mixtures containing NADPH and CCl4, significant decrease in the arachidonic acid content of nuclear lipids was observed (27. 8%, compared to control), the intensity of this decrease was lower than that occurring in the corresponding microsomal incubation mixtures (29.1%). Significant decreases in arachidonic acid content of nuclear and endoplasmic reticulum lipids were also observed in animals at 6 hours of poisoning with the haloalkane. During aerobic nuclear metabolism of CCl4 or CBrCl3, cholesterol oxidation products were detected: a ketocholesterol, an epoxide like structure and 7-ketocholesterol. Nuclear protein carbonyl formation was not promoted during nuclear CCl4 biotransformation. NADPH by itself may lead to protein carbonyl formation during prolonged periods of incubation. CBrCl3 in contrast, led to decreased protein carbonyl formation. No increase in nuclear protein carbonyl formation was observed in CCl4 intoxicated animals during periods of time between 1 to 6 hours after treatment. The results indicate that during nuclear biotransformation of CCl4 or CBrCl3 reactive free radicals, PUFA degradation, reactive aldehydes and cholesterol oxidation products are formed, nearby DNA and regulatory proteins.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (22379157,22179139)the Key Research and Development (R&D) Projects of Shanxi Province(202102040201003)+1 种基金the Research Program of Shanxi Province(202203021211203)the ICC CAS (SCJC-XCL-2023-10 and SCJC-XCL-2023-13)
文摘The chemical activation of various precursors is effective for creating additional closed pores in hard carbons for sodium storage.However,the formation mechanism of closed pores under the influence of pore-forming agents is not well understood.Herein,an effective chemical activation followed by a high-temperature self-healing strategy is employed to generate interconnected closed pores in lignin-derived hard carbon(HCs).By systematic experimental design combined with electron paramagnetic res-onance spectroscopy,it can be found that the content of free radicals in the carbon matrix influences the closure of open pores at high temperatures.Excessively high activation temperature(>700 C)leads to a low free radical concentration,making it difficult to achieve self-healing of open pores at high tempera-tures.By activation at 700°C,a balance between pore making and self-healing is achieved in the final hard carbon.A large number of free radicals triggers rapid growth and aggregation of carbon microcrys-tals,blocking pre-formed open micropores and creating additional interconnected closed pores in as-obtained hard carbons.As a result,the optimized carbon anode(LK-700-1300)delivers a high reversible capacity of 330.8 mA h g^(-1) at 0.03 A g^(-1),which is an increase of 86 mA h g^(-1) compared to the pristine lignin-derived carbon anode(L-700-1300),and exhibits a good rate performance(202.1 mA h g^(-1) at 1 A g^(-1)).This work provides a universal and effective guidance for tuning closed pores of hard carbons from otherprecursors.
基金supported by the Beijing Municipal Natural Science Foundation (8202007)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (52170148)。
文摘Biochar is a well-known material for pollutant removal owing to its low cost and rich surface functionality. A kind of highly active substance, called environmentally persistent free radicals(EPFRs), can be produced in the preparation process of biochar, playing an important role in the removal of pollutants.In this study, sludge-derived biochars(SBC_(120) and SBC_(270)) were prepared by the hydrothermal carbonization under two temperatures(120℃ and 270℃) to investigate their removal abilities of Cr(Ⅵ). The maximum removal amounts of Cr(Ⅵ) by SBC_(120) and SBC_(270) were 16.58 and 22.93 mg·g^(-1), respectively. It was further revealed that the appearance of Cr(Ⅲ), as a result of EPFRs on sludge-derived biochar(SBC) transferred electrons to Cr(Ⅵ) in neutral solutions. That is to say, oxygen-centered(O-centered) EPFRs on SBC_(120) and carbon-centered(C-centered) EPFRs on SBC_(270) all could be used as electron donors to Cr(Ⅵ) to make it become Cr(Ⅲ). This study not only provides a theoretical basis for the mechanism of pollutants removal by sludge-derived biochar but also offers a new perspective on the direct effect of EPFRs on pollutants.
文摘The observation on biophoton emission, free radical and toxicity of benzene to zebra fish and carp hepatic microsome has demonstrated that there is the corresponding relationship between them by means of 60 Coγ radiolysis. Free radicals play a key role in this relationship. A common photon originates of two biosystems are the excited species including singlet and triplet molecules (1O2 and C=0) as well as hydrocyclohexadienyl radical.OH and so on. OH, to a certain extent, directly participates in photon emission and toxicity of benzene to aquatic biosystems.These are the conclusions, but these are also problems. With the solution of the latters,model established in this work could be expected that it will be favorable for the development of photon-toxicology.
文摘Effects of entropy and free radical in life system are elucidated. The results indicate that living organism can maintain normal activities only if a suitable free radicals inside living organism can be guaranteed. Excessive free radical should be eliminated to reduce entropy in living organism. Some ways provided to eliminate excessive free radical, reduce entropy and keep health.
文摘Objective To study the abnormal reactions of a series of free radicals and the oxidative damages induced by free radical abnormal reactions in the bodies of patients with chronic glomerulonephritis. Methods Eighty chronic glomerulonephritis patients (CGNP) and eighty healthy adult volunteers (HAV) were enrolled in a random control study, in which concentrations of nitric oxide (NO) in plasma, lipoperoxides (LPO) in plasma and in erythrocytes, and vitamin C (VC), vitamin E (VE) and beta-carotene (?CAR) in plasma as well as activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in erythrocytes were determined with spectrophotometric assays. Results Compared with the average values of the above biochemical parameters in the HAV group, the average values of NO in plasma, and LPO in plasma and erythrocytes in the CGNP group were significantly increased (P = 0.0001), while those of VC, VE and -CAR in plasma as well as those of SOD, CAT and GPX in erythrocytes in the CGNP group were significantly decreased (P = 0.0001). Pearson product-moment correlation analysis showed that with increase of the concentration of blood creatinine as well as prolongation of the course of disease in the CGNP, the concentrations of NO in plasma, and LPO in plasma and erythrocytes in the CGNP increased gradually, while the concentrations of VC, VE and ?CAR in plasma as well as the activities of SOD, CAT and GPX in erythrocytes in the CGNP decreased gradually (P = 0.002454 0.000001). The relative risk ratio (RR) of the above biochemical parameters reflecting oxidative damages in the bodies of CGNP ranged from 6.061 to 72.429. The reliability coefficient (alpha) that the above biochemical parameters were used to reflect the oxidative damages of the CGNP was 0.8137, standardized item alpha = 0.9728, Hotelling抯 T-Squared = 1135680.191, F = 53274.6478, P = 0.000001. Conclusions The findings in this study show that in the bodies of CGNP a series of free radical chain reactions result in severe pathological aggravation and induce oxidative damages in their bodies. Therefore, suitable dose of antioxidants should be supplemented to them so as to alleviate oxidative damages in their bodies.
文摘Objective To investigate whether acute dipterex poisoning (ADP) may cause oxidative stress and free radical damage in the bodies of acute dipterex poisoning patients (ADPPs), and to explore the mechanisms by which ADP may cause oxidative stress and free radical damage. Methods Fifty ADPPs and fifty healthy adult volunteers (HAVs) whose ages, gender and others were matched with the ADPPs were enrolled in a randomized controlled study, in which concentrations of nitric oxide (NO), vitamin C (VC), vitamin E (VE) and P-carotene (P-CAR) in plasma as well as concentration of lipoperoxide (LPO), and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPX) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) in erythrocytes were determined by spectrophotometric analytical methods. Results Compared with the average values of experimental parameters in the HAVs group, the average values of plasma NO and erythrocyte LPO in the ADPPs group were significantly increased (P<0.0001), while those of plasma VC, VE and P-CAR as well as erythrocyte SOD, CAT, GPX and AChE in the ADPPs group were significantly decreased (P<0.0001). Bivariate correlation analysis and partial correlation analysis suggested that when NO and LPO values were increased, and VC, VE, β-CAR, SOD, CAT and GPX values were decreased in the ADPPs, AChE value was decreased gradually in the ADPPs (P<0.001-0.0001). Reliability analysis of experimental parameters reflecting oxidative stress and free radical damage in the ADPPs showed that the reliability coefficient (8 items) alpha=0.6909, and the standardized item alpha=0.8574. Conclusion The findings in the present study suggest that ADP can cause oxidative stress and free radical damage, and inhibit markedly erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase activity in ADPPs.
基金Supported by the Science and Technique Foundation of Jilin Province, China(No20020503-2)
文摘A crude polysaccharide was extracted from Physalis alkekengi L. fruit. HPLC was used for the component analysis of the polysaccharide. The results indicate that Physalis alkekengi L. polysaccharide(PAP) was composed of rhamnose, xylose, arabinose, galactose, and glucose. Free radicals scavenging activity of PAP was studied through 3 free radicals scavenging tests. PAP exhibited high scavenging effects on OH and DPPH radicals, and both the scavenging rates were about 80%. The scavenging rate of O2^- radical was about 22%.
文摘Objective:To explore the nature of deficiency in spleen-yin syndrome,which could provide scientific theoretical support and practical guidance for clinical Traditional Chinese Medicine(TCM)syndrome differentiation based on biology,and had a strong clinical significance.Methods:Serum Cu and Zn were detected by atomic absorption spectrophotometer,serum vitamin E by high performance liquid chromatography,serum vitamin C by 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine Colorimetry,total superoxide dismutase(SOD)and Cu and Zn- SOD by the xanthine oxidase method,and malondialdehyde(MDA)by the 2-thiobarbituric acid method(TBA).Total antioxidant capacity was detected by a colorimetry kit.Amylase Activity was detected by an automatic biochemical analyzer.Lysozyme was detected by lysozyme detection plate,the diameter of bacteriolysis circle was measured and the corresponding content of lysozyme was obtained from a table of standard curve values.Results: No significant difference in total SOD and Cu,Zn-SOD was found between deficiency in spleen-yin group and normal group.However,such factors in deficiency in kidney-yin group were significantly lower than the other groups(P〈0.05).The MDA content in both deficiency in spleen-yin group and deficiency in kidney-yin group were significantly higher than that of normal group(P〈0.05),while the total antioxidant capacity was significantly lower than normal group(P〈0.05).The vitamin E content in deficiency in kidney-yin group was significantly lower than that in the other two groups(P〈0.05).No significant difference in the contents of vitamin C,Cu and Zn were observed in these groups.The Zn/Cu level in deficiency in kidney-yin group and the vitamin E level in deficiency in spleen-yin group decreased,but with no significant difference.Amylase activity in unit time in cases with deficiency in spleen-yin was lower than and had significant differences with that in normal cases,and higher than that in cases with deficiency in kidney-yin.The sectional velocity of saliva and the ratio of lysozyme in normal case group were significantly higher than other two groups,while deficiency in the spleen-yin group was significantly higher than the deficiency in kidney-yin group.Conclusion:All the results indicated that the objective pathological mechanism between the deficiency in spleen-yin and deficiency in kidney-yin was different.
基金Supported by the Jilin Provincial Government Department of Science and Technology,China( No.2 0 0 0 0 5 0 2 )
文摘A group of experimental rats under free radical damage are given various amounts of a lipophilic vitamin C(ascorbyl-6-laurate, VC-12), and its parent compound, vitamin C, respectively. It has been found that the effects of 1 12 mmol/kg VC-12 on decreasing triglyceride(TG), total cholesterol(TC), low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and lipid peroxide(LPO), and increasing high density lipoprotein cholesterol(HDL-c) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) are similar to those of 2 27 mmol/kg vitamin C. In addition, VC-12(1 12 mmol/kg) can increase the prostacycline(PGI 2) and decrease the thromboxane(TXA 2) even better than vitamin C(2 27 mmol/kg). The above facts demonstrate that the antioxidative activity of VC-12 is higher than twice that of vitamin C. So, ascorbyl-6-laurate may be a novel antioxidant drug against free radical damage.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 20174001, 29992590-4) and the Ministry of Education of China for the teaching and research award fund for outstanding young teacher in higher education institutions.
文摘Two new chiral ionic liquids, 1 -((-)-menthoxycarbonylmethylene)-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphateand 1-((-)-menthoxycarbonylmethylene)-3-hexadecylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, were designed an d prepared. Theirchemical structures were characterized by ~1H-NMR. Reverse atom transfer radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate(MMA) in these two ionic liquids was carried out using AIBN/CuCl_2/bipy as the initiating system. The resultant well-definedpolymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) was employed as a macroinitiator to induce the atom transfer radical polymerization ofmenthyl methacrylate (MnMA) in chlorobenzene, which yielded a PMMA-b-PMnMA diblock copolymer with narrow polydispersity.
文摘Selemum (Se) and many of its compounds are among the most toxic of nutrients. Selenium toxicity was first described in range animals in the western United States in the 1930's which consumed' selenium accumulator' plants of the genus Astragalus, Xylorrhiza,Oonopsis, and Stanleya. Selenites and selenates from the soil accumulate in these plants primarily as methylated selenium compounds and plants evolve dimethyldiselenide and dimethyselenide.Dietary selenium, primarily as selenomethionine and selenocysteine for humans fulfill the dietary requirement for selenoenzymes and proteins. In humans and animals excessive dietary selenium may be toxic. In vitro, selenium compounds such as selenite, selenium dioxide and diselenides react with thiols, such as glutathione, producing superoxide and other reactive oxygen species. This catalytic reaction of selenium compounds with thiols likely accounts for selenium toxicity to cells ex vivo and in vivo where the major glutathione producing organ,the liver, is also the major target organ of selenium toxicity.Selenium enzymes and selenoethers that do not readily form a selenide (RSe-) anion and compounds such as Ebselen where selenium is sequestered, are not toxic. Methylation of selenium by both plants and animals serves to detoxify selenium by generating methylselenides. Alternatively, full reduction of Se to elemental selenium (Se0) as done by some bacteria and the formation of heavy metal selenides such as Ag2Se or Hg2Se, results in a non-catalytic nontoxic form of selenium.This catalytic prooxidant attribute of some selenium compounds appears to account for its toxicity when such activity exceeds plant and animal methylation reactions and antioxidant defenses. This prooxidant activity may also account for cellular apoptosis and may provide a useful pharmaceutical application for selenium compounds as antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal and anticancer agents
文摘Objective To investigate whether chronic childhood constipation (CCC) may cause oxidative stress and potential free radical damage to children, and to explore the mechanisms by which CCC may cause oxidative stress and potential free radical damage to chronic constipation patients (CCPs). Methods Sixty CCPs and sixty healthy child volunteers (HCVs) whose ages, gender and others were matched for the CCPs were enrolled in a randomized controlled study, in which levels of vitamin C (VC) and vitamin E (VE) in plasma as well as activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in erythrocytes were determined by spectrophotometric analytical methods. Results Compared with average values of the above biochemical parameters in the HCVs group, the average values of VC and VE in plasma as well as those of SOD and CAT in erythrocytes in the CCPs group were significantly decreased (P<0.0001). Linear regression and bivariate correlation analysis showed that with prolonged course of the CCPs, the levels of VC and VE in plasma as well as the activities of SOD and CAT in erythrocytes in the CCPs were decreased gradually (P<0.0001). Conclusion The findings in the present study suggest that chronic childhood constipation causes oxidative stress and potential free radical damage to children with chronic constipation.
基金This project was supported by a grant from a nationalnatural sciences foundation of China (No. 30 0 40 0 37)
文摘The protective effect and mechanism of diazepam on ischemia neurons during cerebral ischemia and reperfusion were studied. Sixty three Wistar rats were divided randomly into nine groups: control group , ischemia groups including subgroups of is3h, is3 h/rep1 h, is3 h/rep2 h, is3 h/rep3 h, diazepam treated groups , including subgroups of is3 h, is3 h/rep1 h, is3 h/rep2 h, is3 h/rep3 h with Zea longa's animal model of middle cerebral artery occlusion. The comparison between the ischemia group and diazepam treated group showed that diazepam could obviously decrease the production of glutamate, asparate, MDA and increase the synthesis and release of GABA, SOD and GSH PX. It was concluded that diazepam exerted its protective effects on neurons through complex mechanisms of regulating the synthesis and release of excitotary/inhibitory amino acids and free radicals.
基金supported by grant no.90(0039)/04/EMR-II of Council of Scientific and Industrial Research,Government of India,New Delhi.Anuradha Sehrawat has been a Research Associate of Department of Biotechnology,Government of India,during the period of this study。
文摘The flower of Butea monosperma(Lam.)(Fabaceae)has been used in traditional Indian medicine in the treatment of many ailments including liver disorders.To understand the pharmacological basis of its beneficial effects,the extracts of dried flowers in water,methanol,butanol,ethyl acetate and acetone were evaluated for free radical scavenging and pro-apoptotic activities in cell cultures(human hepatoma Huh-7 cell line and immortalized AML-12 mouse hepatocytes).Butrin and butein-the active constituents of flower extracts-were used as reference molecules.The levels of cell injury markers like lactate dehydrogenase,glutathione and lipid peroxidation and primary antioxidant enzymes glutathione S-transferase and catalase were also measured.The aqueous and butanolic extracts exhibited better 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging and cytotoxic activities in hepatoma cells than in immortalized hepatocytes.Interestingly,butein inhibited 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical better than butrin.The aqueous and butanolic extracts were further investigated for hepatoprotection against carbon tertrachloride-induced biochemical changes and cell death.Both extracts,just as butrin and butein,significantly reversed the cellular glutathione levels and lipid peroxidation,and glutathione–S-transferase activity.Lactate dehydrogenase leakage and cell death were also prevented.However,only butein revived the catalase activity.Thus,the butein content of Butea monosperma flower extracts is important for free radical scavenging activity,apoptotic cell death and protection against oxidative injury in hepatic cells.
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province(Y4110276)for financial support
文摘Pyrolysis of cyclohexane was conducted with a plug flow tube reactor in the temperature range of 873-973 K. Based on the experimental data, the mechanism and kinetic model of cyclohexane pyrolysis reaction were proposed. The kinetic analysis shows that overall conversion of cyclohexane is a first order reaction, of which the rate constant increased from 0.0086 to 0.0225 to 0.0623 s-1 with the increase of temperature from 873 to 923 to 973 K, and the apparent activation energy was determined to be 155.0±1.0 kJ mol-1. The mechanism suggests that the cyclohexane is consumed by four processes:the homolysis of C-C bond (Path I), the homolysis of C-H bond (Path II) in reaction chain initia- tion, the H-abstraction of various radicals from the feed molecules in reaction chain propagation (Path III), and the process associated with coke formation (Path IV). The reaction path probability (RPP) ratio of XPath I:XPath II : XPath III : XPath IV was 0.5420:0.0045:0.3897:0.0638 at 873 K, and 0.4336 : 0.0061 : 0.4885 : 0.0718 at 973 K, respectively.
基金supported by grants from the Ministry of Education of China,No.[2007]1108Tianjin Health Bureau,No.06KG05
文摘The present study established a mouse model of cerebral infarction by middle cerebral artery occlusion, and monitored the effect of 25 tJg/kg leukemia inhibitory factor and (or) basic fibroblast growth factor administration 2 hours after model establishment. Results showed that following administration, the number of endogenous neural stem cells in the infarct area significantly increased, malondialdehyde content in brain tissue homogenates significantly decreased, nitric oxide content, glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activity significantly elevated, and mouse motor function significantly improved as confirmed by the rotarod and bar grab tests. In particular, the effect of leukemia inhibitory factor in combination with basic fibroblast growth factor was the most significant. Results indicate that leukemia inhibitory factor and basic fibroblast growth factor can improve the microenvironment after cerebral infarction by altering free radical levels, improving the quantity of endogenous neural stem cells, and promoting neurological function of mice with cerebral infarction.
基金This work is funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant 40472066)the National Major Fundamental Research and Development Project (Nos. 2005CB422102 and 1999043302).
文摘Geothermometer is one of the most useful methods to reconstruct the thermal history of sedimentary basins. This paper introduces the application of free radicals concentration of organic matter as a thermal indicator in the thermal history reconstruction of carbonate succession, based on anhydrous thermal simulation results of type I and H1 kerogen. A series of free radicals data are obtained under thermal simulation of different heating temperatures and times, and quantitative modds between free radical concentration (Ng) of organic matter and time-temperature index (TTI) for types I and type H1 kerogen are also obtained. This Ng.TTI relation was used to model the Ordovician thermal gradients of Well TZ12 in the Tarim Basin. The modeling result is corresponding to the results obtained by apatite fission track data and published data. This new method of thermal history reconstruction will be benefit to the hydrocarbon generation and accumulation study and resource assessment of carbonate succession.
文摘The formation of·CCl3 radicals in liver nuclei was suggested by spin trapping of them with N-t-butyl-α-phenylnitrone followed by GC/MS detection of the resulting adduct. Comparison of its formation in microsomal biotransformation of CCl4 was made. In aerobic nuclear activation mixtures containing NADPH and CCl4, significant decrease in the arachidonic acid content of nuclear lipids was observed (27. 8%, compared to control), the intensity of this decrease was lower than that occurring in the corresponding microsomal incubation mixtures (29.1%). Significant decreases in arachidonic acid content of nuclear and endoplasmic reticulum lipids were also observed in animals at 6 hours of poisoning with the haloalkane. During aerobic nuclear metabolism of CCl4 or CBrCl3, cholesterol oxidation products were detected: a ketocholesterol, an epoxide like structure and 7-ketocholesterol. Nuclear protein carbonyl formation was not promoted during nuclear CCl4 biotransformation. NADPH by itself may lead to protein carbonyl formation during prolonged periods of incubation. CBrCl3 in contrast, led to decreased protein carbonyl formation. No increase in nuclear protein carbonyl formation was observed in CCl4 intoxicated animals during periods of time between 1 to 6 hours after treatment. The results indicate that during nuclear biotransformation of CCl4 or CBrCl3 reactive free radicals, PUFA degradation, reactive aldehydes and cholesterol oxidation products are formed, nearby DNA and regulatory proteins.