Abstract Methane （CH4） emissions from paddy rice fields substantially contribute to the dramatic increase of this greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. Due to great concern about climate change, it is necessary to predi...Abstract Methane （CH4） emissions from paddy rice fields substantially contribute to the dramatic increase of this greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. Due to great concern about climate change, it is necessary to predict the effects of the dramatic increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide （CO2） on CH4 emissions from paddy rice fields. CH4MOD 1.0 is the most widely validated model for simulating CH4 emissions from paddy rice fields exposed to ambient CO2 （hereinafter referred to as aCO2）. We upgraded the model to CH4MOD 2.0 by： （a） modifying the description of the influences of soil Eh and the water regime on CH4 production; （b） adding new features to reflect the regulatory effects of atmospheric CO2 upon methanogenic substrates, soil Eh during drainages, and vascular CH4 transport; and （c） adding a new feature to simulate the influences of nitrogen （N） addition rates on methanogenic substrates under elevated CO2 （hereinafter referred to as eCO2） condition. Validation with 109 observation cases under aC02 condition showed that CHaMOD 2.0 possessed a minor systematic bias in the prediction of seasonally accumulated methane emissions （SAM）. Validation with observations in free-air CO2 enrichment （FACE） experiments in temperate and subtropical climates showed that CH4MOD 2.0 successfully simulated the effects of eCO2 upon SAM from paddy rice fields incorporated with various levels of previous crop residues and/or N fertilizer. Our results imply that CH4MOD 2.0 provides a potential approach for estimating of the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 upon CHa emissions from regional or global paddy rice fields with various management practices in a changing climate.展开更多
利用开放式CO2浓度升高(Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment)系统平台,于冬小麦开花期、乳熟期对旗叶进行气体交换测量,根据光合模型计算光合参数,研究550μL.L-1CO2对冬小麦旗叶光合能力的影响。结果表明,无论是在冬小麦开花期还是乳...利用开放式CO2浓度升高(Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment)系统平台,于冬小麦开花期、乳熟期对旗叶进行气体交换测量,根据光合模型计算光合参数,研究550μL.L-1CO2对冬小麦旗叶光合能力的影响。结果表明,无论是在冬小麦开花期还是乳熟期,FACE圈内的小麦叶片在短时间高CO2浓度下初始出现的光合速率增强逐渐减弱或消失,即FACE圈内的小麦叶片表现出对高CO2浓度的光合适应现象。低氮、常规施氮水平下均发现了小麦旗叶的光合适应现象,但是光合适应现象与施氮量没有显著的线性关系。另外,研究发现,FACE系统中,冬小麦旗叶的SPAD值和叶绿素含量降低,这可能是导致FACE系统中小麦叶片出现光合适应现象的原因。展开更多
大气二氧化碳(CO_2)浓度增高导致全球变暖,但作为光合作用底物促进绿色作物的光合作用。为了明确高CO_2浓度对杂交水稻结实期光合日变化的影响,2014年利用稻田FACE(Free Air CO_2Enrichment)平台,以生产上曾创高产纪录的两个杂交稻新组...大气二氧化碳(CO_2)浓度增高导致全球变暖,但作为光合作用底物促进绿色作物的光合作用。为了明确高CO_2浓度对杂交水稻结实期光合日变化的影响,2014年利用稻田FACE(Free Air CO_2Enrichment)平台,以生产上曾创高产纪录的两个杂交稻新组合甬优2640和Y两优2号为供试材料,设置环境CO_2和高CO_2浓度(增200μmol/mol)两个水平,测定杂交稻抽穗期和灌浆中期光合作用日变化和成熟期生物量。结果表明,高CO_2浓度环境下两组合抽穗期叶片净光合速率均大幅增加(全天平均52%),但灌浆中期的平均增幅减半,其中Y两优2号这种光合下调表现更为明显。大气CO_2浓度升高使两杂交稻组合抽穗和灌浆中期叶片气孔导度均大幅下降,导致蒸腾速率下降而水分利用效率大幅增加,Y两优2号气孔导度和蒸腾速率对CO_2的响应上午大于下午,而甬优2640表现相反。尽管大气CO_2浓度升高使杂交稻结实期不同时刻胞间CO_2浓度均大幅增加,但对气孔限制值特别是胞间CO_2与空气CO_2浓度之比多无显著影响,两品种趋势一致。大气CO_2浓度升高对甬优2640地上部生物量及其组分的影响明显大于Y两优2号,CO_2与品种间多存在互作效应。以上结果表明,与甬优2640相比,Y两优2号最终生产力从高CO_2浓度环境中获益较少可能与该品种生长后期存在明显的光合适应有关,但这种光合适应似乎不是由气孔限制造成的。展开更多
大气二氧化碳(CO_2)浓度和气温增高是全球气候变化的重要特征,本研究旨在揭示未来气候变化条件下生长的水稻,其种子活力是否受这两个重要环境因子的影响。利用稻田FACE(Free Air CO_2Enrichment)系统,以常规水稻武运粳23为供试材料,设...大气二氧化碳(CO_2)浓度和气温增高是全球气候变化的重要特征,本研究旨在揭示未来气候变化条件下生长的水稻,其种子活力是否受这两个重要环境因子的影响。利用稻田FACE(Free Air CO_2Enrichment)系统,以常规水稻武运粳23为供试材料,设置对照(Ambient,环境空气)、CO_2浓度增高(比Ambient高200μmol/mol)、温度增高(比Ambient高2℃)和CO_2浓度与温度同时增高四个处理,成熟期收获种子进行实验室标准发芽实验。结果表明,与对照相比,单独CO_2浓度增加使成熟种子浸种24h浸出液电导率平均增加16.5%,但使种子露白率、发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数分别下降7.8%、10.0%、17.4%和8.9%。相似地,单独温度增高或CO_2浓度和温度同时增高处理对上述参数影响的方向一致,但影响的幅度变小,多未达显著水平。与环境生长温度相比,高温环境下全生育期CO_2浓度升高使成熟种子浸种24h浸出液电导率、露白率、发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数的影响变小,表现在CO_2浓度与温度处理间存在一定程度的交互作用。种子发芽后芽和根系性状对高CO_2浓度或高温均无显著响应。以上结果说明,大气CO_2浓度增高200μmol/mol环境条件下,常规粳稻武运粳23成熟种子露白率、发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数等指标均明显下降,但在同时适度增温的生长环境下这种负面影响有减弱的趋势。展开更多
利用中国稻田开放式空气CO2浓度增高系统（free air CO2 enrichment, FACE），以常规粳稻“武运粳23”为试验材料，设置两个CO2浓度（环境和高CO2浓度）和两个气温水平（环境温度和高温），测定水稻移栽后61、75、92、109和118 d不同时...利用中国稻田开放式空气CO2浓度增高系统（free air CO2 enrichment, FACE），以常规粳稻“武运粳23”为试验材料，设置两个CO2浓度（环境和高CO2浓度）和两个气温水平（环境温度和高温），测定水稻移栽后61、75、92、109和118 d不同时刻（09：00、11：00、13：00、15：00和17：00）叶片的光合作用，研究增高的CO2浓度和温度及其互作对大田生长水稻光合作用日变化的影响。结果表明：大气CO2浓度增高200 μmol·mol^-1使移栽后61 d各时刻净光合速率（Pn）和水分利用效率（WUE）均大幅增加（约40%），但随生育进程推移增幅明显变小，至灌浆末期接近对照水平；高CO2浓度使移栽后75、92和109 d不同时刻气孔导度（Gs）和蒸腾速率（Tr）多呈一致的下降趋势，最高降幅分别为14%和5%；高CO2浓度对水稻生长前期叶片胞间与周围空气CO2浓度之比（Ci/Ca）和气孔限制值（Ls）多无显著影响，但使最后3个测定时期Ci/Ca明显增加（4%～8%），Ls因此大幅下降（10%～27%）；大田生长期平均增温1 ℃使水稻生长前期各时刻叶片Pn、Gs、Tr和WUE多呈增加趋势，但至生长末期多呈相反趋势；大气CO2浓度和温度增高对移栽后61 d叶片Pn有微弱的正向互作，但对其他时期以及对其他光合参数多无交互作用。综上所述，大气CO2浓度增高200μmol·mol^-1对常规粳稻“武运粳23”光合参数的影响明显大于增温1 ℃；两种生长温度下CO2熏蒸水稻均表现出明显的光合适应现象。展开更多
To examine how the major elements of global change affect herbivory in agroecosystems, a multifactorial experiment was conducted where soybeans were grown at two levels of carbon dioxide and temperature, including tho...To examine how the major elements of global change affect herbivory in agroecosystems, a multifactorial experiment was conducted where soybeans were grown at two levels of carbon dioxide and temperature, including those predicted for 2050, under otherwise normal field conditions. Japanese beetles （Popillia japonica Newman） were enclosed on foliage for 24 h, after which the beetle survivorship, total and per capita leaf consumption, and leaf protease inhibitor activity were measured. The direct effect of temperature on beetle consumption and survivorship also was measured under controlled environmental conditions. No differences in total foliage consumption were observed; however, beetles forced to feed at elevated temperature in the field demonstrated greater per capita consmnption and reduced survivorship compared to beetles feeding at ambient temperature. Survivorship was also greater for beetles that consumed foliage grown under elevated CO2, but there were no interactive effects of CO2 and temperature, and no differences in leaf chemistry were resolved. Leaf consumption by beetles increased strongly with increasing temperature up to -37℃, above which increased mortality caused a precipitous decrease in consumption. An empirical model based on the temperature dependence of leaf consumption and flight suggests that the 3.5℃ increase in temperature predicted for 2050 will increase the optimal feeding window for the Japanese beetle by 290%. Elevated temperature and CO2 operating independently have the potential to greatly increase foliage damage to soybean by chewing insects, such as Popilliajaponica, potentially affecting crop yields.展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (40675075, 40425010)the Chinese Academy of Sciences (KZCX3-SW-440,KZCX2-yw-204)the European Union (NitroEurope IP 017841)
文摘Abstract Methane （CH4） emissions from paddy rice fields substantially contribute to the dramatic increase of this greenhouse gas in the atmosphere. Due to great concern about climate change, it is necessary to predict the effects of the dramatic increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide （CO2） on CH4 emissions from paddy rice fields. CH4MOD 1.0 is the most widely validated model for simulating CH4 emissions from paddy rice fields exposed to ambient CO2 （hereinafter referred to as aCO2）. We upgraded the model to CH4MOD 2.0 by： （a） modifying the description of the influences of soil Eh and the water regime on CH4 production; （b） adding new features to reflect the regulatory effects of atmospheric CO2 upon methanogenic substrates, soil Eh during drainages, and vascular CH4 transport; and （c） adding a new feature to simulate the influences of nitrogen （N） addition rates on methanogenic substrates under elevated CO2 （hereinafter referred to as eCO2） condition. Validation with 109 observation cases under aC02 condition showed that CHaMOD 2.0 possessed a minor systematic bias in the prediction of seasonally accumulated methane emissions （SAM）. Validation with observations in free-air CO2 enrichment （FACE） experiments in temperate and subtropical climates showed that CH4MOD 2.0 successfully simulated the effects of eCO2 upon SAM from paddy rice fields incorporated with various levels of previous crop residues and/or N fertilizer. Our results imply that CH4MOD 2.0 provides a potential approach for estimating of the effects of elevated atmospheric CO2 upon CHa emissions from regional or global paddy rice fields with various management practices in a changing climate.
文摘利用开放式CO2浓度升高(Free Air Carbon dioxide Enrichment)系统平台,于冬小麦开花期、乳熟期对旗叶进行气体交换测量,根据光合模型计算光合参数,研究550μL.L-1CO2对冬小麦旗叶光合能力的影响。结果表明,无论是在冬小麦开花期还是乳熟期,FACE圈内的小麦叶片在短时间高CO2浓度下初始出现的光合速率增强逐渐减弱或消失,即FACE圈内的小麦叶片表现出对高CO2浓度的光合适应现象。低氮、常规施氮水平下均发现了小麦旗叶的光合适应现象,但是光合适应现象与施氮量没有显著的线性关系。另外,研究发现,FACE系统中,冬小麦旗叶的SPAD值和叶绿素含量降低,这可能是导致FACE系统中小麦叶片出现光合适应现象的原因。
文摘大气二氧化碳(CO_2)浓度增高导致全球变暖,但作为光合作用底物促进绿色作物的光合作用。为了明确高CO_2浓度对杂交水稻结实期光合日变化的影响,2014年利用稻田FACE(Free Air CO_2Enrichment)平台,以生产上曾创高产纪录的两个杂交稻新组合甬优2640和Y两优2号为供试材料,设置环境CO_2和高CO_2浓度(增200μmol/mol)两个水平,测定杂交稻抽穗期和灌浆中期光合作用日变化和成熟期生物量。结果表明,高CO_2浓度环境下两组合抽穗期叶片净光合速率均大幅增加(全天平均52%),但灌浆中期的平均增幅减半,其中Y两优2号这种光合下调表现更为明显。大气CO_2浓度升高使两杂交稻组合抽穗和灌浆中期叶片气孔导度均大幅下降,导致蒸腾速率下降而水分利用效率大幅增加,Y两优2号气孔导度和蒸腾速率对CO_2的响应上午大于下午,而甬优2640表现相反。尽管大气CO_2浓度升高使杂交稻结实期不同时刻胞间CO_2浓度均大幅增加,但对气孔限制值特别是胞间CO_2与空气CO_2浓度之比多无显著影响,两品种趋势一致。大气CO_2浓度升高对甬优2640地上部生物量及其组分的影响明显大于Y两优2号,CO_2与品种间多存在互作效应。以上结果表明,与甬优2640相比,Y两优2号最终生产力从高CO_2浓度环境中获益较少可能与该品种生长后期存在明显的光合适应有关,但这种光合适应似乎不是由气孔限制造成的。
文摘大气二氧化碳(CO_2)浓度和气温增高是全球气候变化的重要特征,本研究旨在揭示未来气候变化条件下生长的水稻,其种子活力是否受这两个重要环境因子的影响。利用稻田FACE(Free Air CO_2Enrichment)系统,以常规水稻武运粳23为供试材料,设置对照(Ambient,环境空气)、CO_2浓度增高(比Ambient高200μmol/mol)、温度增高(比Ambient高2℃)和CO_2浓度与温度同时增高四个处理,成熟期收获种子进行实验室标准发芽实验。结果表明,与对照相比,单独CO_2浓度增加使成熟种子浸种24h浸出液电导率平均增加16.5%,但使种子露白率、发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数分别下降7.8%、10.0%、17.4%和8.9%。相似地,单独温度增高或CO_2浓度和温度同时增高处理对上述参数影响的方向一致,但影响的幅度变小,多未达显著水平。与环境生长温度相比,高温环境下全生育期CO_2浓度升高使成熟种子浸种24h浸出液电导率、露白率、发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数的影响变小,表现在CO_2浓度与温度处理间存在一定程度的交互作用。种子发芽后芽和根系性状对高CO_2浓度或高温均无显著响应。以上结果说明,大气CO_2浓度增高200μmol/mol环境条件下,常规粳稻武运粳23成熟种子露白率、发芽率、发芽势和发芽指数等指标均明显下降,但在同时适度增温的生长环境下这种负面影响有减弱的趋势。
基金国家科技支撑计划资助项目(2013BAD11B03)国家重点基础研究发展计划项目(973计划)(2012CB955904)+1 种基金The University of Melbourne Early Career Research Grant Scheme 2014中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资助项目
文摘To examine how the major elements of global change affect herbivory in agroecosystems, a multifactorial experiment was conducted where soybeans were grown at two levels of carbon dioxide and temperature, including those predicted for 2050, under otherwise normal field conditions. Japanese beetles （Popillia japonica Newman） were enclosed on foliage for 24 h, after which the beetle survivorship, total and per capita leaf consumption, and leaf protease inhibitor activity were measured. The direct effect of temperature on beetle consumption and survivorship also was measured under controlled environmental conditions. No differences in total foliage consumption were observed; however, beetles forced to feed at elevated temperature in the field demonstrated greater per capita consmnption and reduced survivorship compared to beetles feeding at ambient temperature. Survivorship was also greater for beetles that consumed foliage grown under elevated CO2, but there were no interactive effects of CO2 and temperature, and no differences in leaf chemistry were resolved. Leaf consumption by beetles increased strongly with increasing temperature up to -37℃, above which increased mortality caused a precipitous decrease in consumption. An empirical model based on the temperature dependence of leaf consumption and flight suggests that the 3.5℃ increase in temperature predicted for 2050 will increase the optimal feeding window for the Japanese beetle by 290%. Elevated temperature and CO2 operating independently have the potential to greatly increase foliage damage to soybean by chewing insects, such as Popilliajaponica, potentially affecting crop yields.
