Regressive approach for predicting bearing capacity of bored piles from cone penetration test data

In this study, th e least sq u are su p p o rt v ecto r m achine （LSSVM） alg o rith m w as applied to predicting th ebearing capacity o f b ored piles e m b ed d ed in sand an d m ixed soils. Pile g eo m etry an d cone p e n e tra tio nte s t （CPT） resu lts w ere used as in p u t variables for pred ictio n o f pile bearin g capacity. The d ata u se d w erecollected from th e existing litera tu re an d consisted o f 50 case records. The application o f LSSVM w ascarried o u t by dividing th e d ata into th re e se ts： a train in g se t for learning th e pro b lem an d obtain in g arelationship b e tw e e n in p u t variables an d pile bearin g capacity, and testin g an d validation sets forevaluation o f th e predictive an d g en eralization ability o f th e o b tain ed relationship. The predictions o f pilebearing capacity by LSSVM w ere evaluated by com paring w ith ex p erim en tal d ata an d w ith th o se bytrad itio n al CPT-based m eth o d s and th e gene ex pression pro g ram m in g （GEP） m odel. It w as found th a t th eLSSVM perform s w ell w ith coefficient o f d eterm in atio n , m ean, an d sta n d ard dev iatio n equivalent to 0.99,1.03, an d 0.08, respectively, for th e testin g set, an d 1, 1.04, an d 0.11, respectively, for th e v alidation set. Thelow values o f th e calculated m ean squared e rro r an d m ean ab so lu te e rro r indicated th a t th e LSSVM w asaccurate in p redicting th e pile bearing capacity. The results o f com parison also show ed th a t th e p roposedalg o rith m p red icted th e pile bearin g capacity m ore accurately th a n th e trad itio n al m eth o d s including th eGEP m odel.

FEM-DEM coupled modeling of cone penetration tests in lunar soil

Cone penetration test(CPT)is an appropriate technique for quickly determining the geotechnical properties of lunar soil,which is valuable for in situ lunar exploration.Utilizing a typical coupling method recently developed by the authors,a finite element method(FEM)-discrete element method(DEM)coupled model of CPTs is obtained.A series of CPTs in lunar soil are simulated to qualitatively reveal the flow of particles and the development of resistance throughout the penetration process.In addition,the effects of major factors,such as penetration velocity,penetration depth,cone tip angle,and the low gravity on the Moon surface are investigated.

Fall cone tests considering water content, cone penetration index, and plasticity angle of fine-grained soils

This paper analyzed the consistency of some parameters of soils in the literature and experimental results from fall cone test and its application to soil plasticity classification.Over 500 data from both literatures and experiments using fall cone and Casagrande methods were compiled to assess the relationships among specified water content,cone penetration index ebT,and plasticity angle eaT of finegrained soils.The results indicate that no unique correlation exists among b,liquid limit of the fall cone test(LLc)and a.The water content at 1 mm cone penetration eC0T correlates well with b,plasticity ratio eRpT(i.e.the ratio of plastic limit to liquid limit),and a.Finally,the potential of using the btan a diagram to classify soil plasticity was also discussed.

Adaptive sampling strategy for characterizing spatial distribution of soil liquefaction potential using cone penetration test

Characterizing spatial distribution of soil liquefaction potential is critical for assessing liquefactionrelated hazards(e.g.building damages caused by liquefaction-induced differential settlement).However,in engineering practice,soil liquefaction potential is usually measured at limited locations in a specific site using in situ tests,e.g.cone penetration tests(CPTs),due to the restrictions of time,cost and access to subsurface space.In these cases,liquefaction potential of soil at untested locations requires to be interpreted from limited measured data points using proper interpolation method,leading to remarkable statistical uncertainty in liquefaction assessment.This underlines an important question of how to optimize the locations of CPT soundings and determine the minimum number of CPTs for achieving a target reliability level of liquefaction assessment.To tackle this issue,this study proposes a smart sampling strategy for determining the minimum number of CPTs and their optimal locations in a selfadaptive and data-driven manner.The proposed sampling strategy leverages on information entropy and Bayesian compressive sampling(BCS).Both simulated and real CPT data are used to demonstrate the proposed method.Illustrative examples indicate that the proposed method can adaptively and sequentially select the required number and optimal locations of CPTs.

Seasonal influence on cone penetration test: An unsaturated soil site example

Interpretation of electric cone penetration test(CPT) based pore water pressure measurement(CPTu) is well established for soils with behavior that follows classical soil mechanics. The literature on the interpretation of these tests performed on unsaturated tropical soils is limited, and little is known about the influence of soil suction on in situ test data. In this context, the CPT data are presented and discussed to illustrate the seasonal variability in an unsaturated tropical soil site. The test data show that soil suction significantly influenced CPT data up to a depth of 4 m at the study site. It shows the importance of considering seasonal variability in unsaturated soil sites caused by soil suction, which was related to water content through a soil-water retention curve(SWRC). It is also important to consider this aspect in the interpretation of CPT data from these soils.

Liquefaction-Induced Ground Deformations Evaluation Based on Cone Penetration Tests (CPT)

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the liquefaction-induced ground deformations of sand-like soils based on Cone Penetration Tests (CPT) at Semani site, Fieri prefecture in Albania. These tests are performed during the process of investigation of this area, in which a Liquid Natural Gas Terminal-Power Plant was supposed to be built. This paper presents the assessment of the liquefaction and of the liquefaction-induced ground deformations such as lateral spreading displacement and post-liquefaction reconsolidation settlement. The liquefaction-induced lateral spreading and post-liquefaction reconsolidation settlement are estimated based on CPT data according to the method in MNO-12 “soil liquefaction during earthquake”, presented by Idriss and Boulanger (2008). This evaluation is very important and should be taken into consideration for the design of engineering structures that will be constructed in this area. All the calculation’s results are shown in graphs. At the end, there are highlighted some conclusions regarding the liquefaction-induced ground deformations in this site.

Application of artificial neural networks for predicting the impact of rolling dynamic compaction using dynamic cone penetrometer test results

Rolling dynamic compaction(RDC),which involves the towing of a noncircular module,is now widespread and accepted among many other soil compaction methods.However,to date,there is no accurate method for reliable prediction of the densification of soil and the extent of ground improvement by means of RDC.This study presents the application of artificial neural networks(ANNs) for a priori prediction of the effectiveness of RDC.The models are trained with in situ dynamic cone penetration(DCP) test data obtained from previous civil projects associated with the 4-sided impact roller.The predictions from the ANN models are in good agreement with the measured field data,as indicated by the model correlation coefficient of approximately 0.8.It is concluded that the ANN models developed in this study can be successfully employed to provide more accurate prediction of the performance of the RDC on a range of soil types.

Development and Application of an in Situ Penetrator for Rapid Strength Testing of Submarine Sediment

In marine engineering, the strength of a submarine sediment is an indispensable parameter for assessment of construction. In this study, a free-fall cone penetrator named IPen was developed to realize a rapid and efficient measurement of sediment strength. The equipment is characterized by modular design and self-contained data acquisition. It is equipped with an acceleration sensor, a water pressure sensor, and a piezocone penetration test(CPTu) probe. It is designed to be released from near seabed surface with a releaser and then fall freely to provide a higher penetration velocity. Its maximum working depth is approximately 2500 m and maximum penetration depth is approximately 3 m. To derive the correlation between penetration resistance and sediment strength, a calibrator was devised to determine the penetration-rate factor. In addition, the factor applicable to in situ test points was determined in laboratory experiments. In June 2016, the IPen was tested in situ in the South Yellow Sea, China, during a shared voyage funded by the National Science Foundation. Meanwhile, undisturbed column samples were collected for laboratory tests. Based on the in situ test results, it was demonstrated that the IPen could accurately record the working states of various sensors during the freely falling course. IPen test results reliably reflected the sediment strength at all the testing points when compared with laboratory calibration tests, in situ vane tests and penetration tests, laboratory penetration tests, and unconsolidated and undrained triaxial compression tests.

Technique for Estimating the Cone Bearing Smoothing Parameters

Cone penetration testing (CPT) is an extensively utilized and cost effective tool for geotechnical site characterization. CPT consists of pushing at a constant rate an electronic cone into penetrable soils and recording the resistance to the cone tip (qc value). The measured qc values (after correction for the pore water pressure) are utilized to estimate soil type and associated soil properties based predominantly on empirical correlations. The most common cone tips have associated areas of 10 cm2 and 15 cm2. Investigators also utilized significantly larger cone tips (33 cm2 and 40 cm2) so that gravelly soils can be penetrated. Small cone tips (2 cm2 and 5 cm2) are utilized for shallow soil investigations. The cone tip resistance measured at a particular depth is affected by the values above and below the depth of interest which results in a smoothing or blurring of the true bearing values. Extensive work has been carried out in mathematically modelling the smoothing function which results in the blurred cone bearing measurements. This paper outlines a technique which facilitates estimating the dominant parameters of the cone smoothing function from processing real cone bearing data sets. This cone calibration technique is referred to as the so-called CPSPE algorithm. The mathematical details of the CPSPE algorithm are outlined in this paper along with the results from a challenging test bed simulation.

基于孔压静力触探试验测试数据的原位固结系数物理信息神经网络反演方法

固结系数是软基沉降计算和稳定性分析的关键参数,现有固结系数原位测试方法存在耗时长且精度低的缺点。根据孔压静力触探试验(piezoconepenetrationtest,简称CPTU)贯入机制与锥肩超孔隙水压力消散模式,采用圆孔扩张理论和轴对称固结方程描述CPTU锥肩超孔隙水压力的形成、发展和消散过程,利用神经网络自动微分功能将轴对称固结方程嵌入深度神经网络,通过物理方程损失函数、边界条件损失函数和初始条件损失函数形成神经网络的物理信息约束,同时将CPTU孔压测试数据作为数据驱动项,以最小化超孔隙水压力损失函数为优化目标,建立了CPTU孔压测试数据反演场地原位固结系数的物理信息神经网络(physics-informed neural networks,简称PINNs)模型。通过已有离心模型试验数据反演验证了PINNs模型反演场地原位固结系数的有效性,并利用CPTU孔压测试数据分析了PINNs模型反演原位固结系数的鲁棒性。结果表明:提出的PINNs模型能够有效利用CPTU孔压测试数据快速准确地反演场地原位固结系数;由于模型融入了物理机制约束,所需训练数据量少,且对有噪声的孔压测试数据具有较强的鲁棒性和泛化性能,为准确、快速可靠测试场地原位固结系数提供了有效途径。

考虑黏土非线性特性的锥尖系数小孔扩张计算方法

当前规范中根据静力触探结果解释黏土不排水剪切强度采用的是推荐的锥尖系数,但该系数存在经验性取值的问题,更重要的是当前锥尖系数均是基于理想弹塑性土体模型导得,未考虑土体应变应变的非线性特性。为此,首先在ABAQUS有限元软件中模拟了圆锥贯入过程,评估锥尖阻力qc,饱和黏土采用双曲线硬化弹塑性模型,并使用ALE重划分技术防止网格发生畸变。有限元结果表明:土体刚度、锥面粗糙度和破坏准则等因素均影响着锥尖系数。同时在有限元中模拟了不排水圆孔扩张过程,得到球孔扩张极限承载系数的表达式。随后建立了锥尖阻力与球孔极限扩孔压力之间的等效换算关系,最后对工程实例进行了计算分析。

国内外静力触探液化判别方法对比检验

静力触探试验(cone penetration test,简称CPT)具有独特优势,使其成为了海上风电工程的主要勘察方法。海上风电工程位于液化易发区,因此研究基于CPT液化判别方法的适用性和可靠性就成为亟待解决的突出问题。详细介绍了4种国内外具有代表性的CPT液化判别方法,并采用理论分析及大量CPT液化实测数据检验,对现行的美国国家地震工程研究中心(National Center for Earthquake Engineering Research,简称NCEER)方法、《岩土工程勘察规范》(GB50021-2001)方法(岩规法)、《软土地区岩土工程勘察规程》(JGJ 83-2011)方法(软土规程法)和《建筑工程抗震性态设计通则》(CES 160:2004)方法(通则法)等4种方法进行对比检验,提出了4种主要方法的评价结果。结果表明:NCEER法液化判别临界线在低烈度区存在不合理的回弯现象,在高烈度区存在临界值增大过快的问题,在Ⅶ度区深层偏于危险,在Ⅸ度区深层明显偏于保守,在Ⅶ、Ⅸ度区浅层和Ⅷ度区判别结果较好;岩规法液化判别临界线存在很大的问题,液化判别临界线随深度递减,液化判别时在Ⅶ度区浅层偏于危险,在深层明显偏于危险,在Ⅷ、Ⅸ度区浅层偏于保守,在深层偏于危险;软土规程法液化判别临界线在土层深度约6 m处存在不合理的回弯现象,在Ⅶ度区浅层判别较好,在Ⅸ度区浅层偏于保守,在不同烈度区深层均偏于危险;通则法液化判别临界线是符合目前认知的,在不同烈度区和深度下的判别效果是最好的。研究成果可为相关规范修订和工程应用提供参考与支持。

小孔扩张理论在原位测试中的应用研究进展

小孔扩张理论在原位测试理论分析方面具有显著的适用性和重要性。本文主要总结和阐述了小孔扩张理论在原位测试领域如静力触探(cone penetration test,CPT)、孔压静力触探(piezocone penetration test,CPTU)、旁压试验(pressuremeter test,PMT)等近年来的相关研究成果,具体包括锥贯阻力、孔隙水压力和基于CPT/PMT法的桩基承载力预测,以及相关土性参数(强度参数,如不排水抗剪强度、内摩擦角;状态参数,如超固结比与相对密度等)解译方面的应用。最后结合室内及现场试验的应用实例分析,对基于孔扩张理论在原位测试应用中所存在的局限性和不足作了相应的总结,并指出该理论未来还需进一步完善。

基于CPT大直径钢管桩可打入性分析方法研究

在海洋工程当中,大直径钢管桩常采用液压锤进行施工,桩基可打入性的准确预测对实际工程具有重要的意义。为探究静力触探试验(cone penetration test,CPT)锥尖阻力与单位锤击能量的关系,通过将CPT锥尖阻力转化为单位等效锥尖阻力,定义阻能比为单位等效锥尖阻力与单位锤击能量阻力之比,基于9个场地、72根钢管桩打桩记录以及CPT测试结果,探讨了不同土层(粉土层、砂土层以及黏土层)中阻能比随深度变化的关系,提出了基于CPT锥尖阻力的桩基可打入性预测方法。研究结果表明:单位等效锥尖阻力与单位锤击能量随深度变化具有相关性,阻能比在不同土层随深度变化具有各自的规律性。通过获得的不同土层阻能比随深度变化的关系式,利用CPT锥尖阻力可以直接获得打桩需要的单位锤击能量。经工程验证,使用本文提出的方法,预测打桩过程中单位锤击能量可行且具有一定精度。该方法仅需已知CPT锥尖阻力即可对单位锤击能量进行计算,可以快速地对桩基可打入性进行初步评估。

线性和非线性去趋势化对土性波动范围影响分析

文章基于合肥市黏土层静力触探(cone penetration test,CPT)数据建立土性剖面随机场模型,探究线性和非线性去趋势化对土性波动范围计算结果的影响。利用线性和非线性去趋势方法对原始CPT数据进行去趋势化处理,对得到的波动分量进行平稳性和遍历性检验,采取相关函数法和空间递推法计算波动分量对应的土性波动范围,并讨论计算方法和取样间距对不同去趋势化方法的敏感性。结果表明:对于具有非线性趋势的数据,采用线性去趋势来处理会使得到的波动分量平稳性变差,导致最终计算得到的波动范围均值、标准差和变异系数增大,计算结果稳定性明显变差;相比于线性去趋势,非线性去趋势的适应性更强;此外相关函数法对不同去趋势化方法的敏感性要大于空间递推法,而取样间距不会影响数据整体的趋势性及对去趋势化处理方法的选择。

基于静力触探试验及土工参数的黏性土空间变异性研究

自相关距离是进行岩土参数空间变异性分析的重要参数。基于浙江嘉兴某黏性土场地的246组静力触探试验(CPT)及18个钻孔取土室内土工试验,采用平均跨距法、递推空间法、曲线极限法计算了基于侧壁摩阻力f_(s)、锥尖阻力q_(c)和其他土工参数的自相关距离,分析了不同方法、不同参数计算垂直和水平自相关距离的优劣。研究表明:递推空间法的计算结果异常值少且变异系数较小,是研究区场地土体自相关距离的最优计算方法;基于f_(s)、q_(c)算得的自相关距离较为接近,垂直和水平自相关距离分别约为2 m和19 m,但不同土工参数计算得到的结果存在一定的差异。本研究获得了嘉兴黏性土自相关距离的典型值,为土体参数的空间变异性研究提供了基础,对该地区岩土工程的勘探点位布设、随机场的建立及后续可靠度分析具有重要的指导意义。

浅析基坑工程的优化设计方法

本文以实际项目为例分析了基坑工程的动态优化设计方法。采用多专业联合设计,通过调整正负零的绝对标高和优化地下室层高等措施减小了基坑开挖深度;基于项目工期目标调整支撑结构布设,平面空间避开结构柱与剪力墙,竖向空间保证挖土的作业面高度,减少基坑支护结构对主要节点工期的影响;运用静力触探技术连续测试并精准识别软土的分布区域,优化设计方案,节约造价。通过综合运用多种基坑优化设计方法,该项目累计节省工期4个月,节约造价3100万元。研究成果可为其他类似项目提供参考。

多种检测方法在冲填土强夯检测中的联合应用

强夯是处理沿海滩涂冲填土地基的有效方法,而强夯加固后地基的检测是场地能否用于建设的重要依据。通过静载试验、静力触探原位测试、室内土工试验及轻型圆锥动力触探试验这4种方法联合检测强夯效果,并对4种方法进行对比分析,以供同类型工程参考。

基于人工神经网络的多源数据融合技术在浅层纵波速度调查中的应用

微测井是地震勘探中常用的一种近地表纵波速度调查方法,在场地条件和施工成本受限的情况下,该方法得到的速度解释剖面常存在横向分辨率不足的问题。利用静力触探法布设方便、成本低廉的优势,提出一种利用人工神经网络模型关联地层阻力和地层波速的方法,以期通过少量实测微测井实现大范围纵波速度结构的有效预测。该方法的实施流程如下:(1)两两配对静力触探和微测井数据以生成控制点位,以岩性变化为网络分裂条件,输入层神经元接收锥尖阻力、侧摩阻力和深度数据,输出层神经元接收纵波速度,在中间设置多个全连接隐藏层;(2)通过前馈训练机制更新隐藏层神经元参数;(3)将非控制点位的静力触探数据输入到训练好的神经网络模型以获取全区近地表纵波速度结构剖面。在苏北某场地进行方法测试和数据分析,结果证实岩性分层的精细度和训练样本量是决定模型表现的两个关键因素。人工神经网络法预测浅层纵波速度的准确率超过90%,在可靠性、分辨率以及鲁棒性方面都超越了现有的经验公式法,可以辅助判断地下虚反射界面和低降速带分布范围,是提高地震勘探浅层速度调查精度和效率的有益探索。

基于孔压静力触探的大直径单桩p-y曲线分析

【目的】水平受荷桩的p-y曲线法已广泛用于描述桩-土相互作用并预测桩在水平荷载下的行为,特别是在海上风电机大直径单桩的理论分析中。孔压静力触探试验(piezocone penetration test,简称CPTu)作为一种效率高、精确度好的原位测试手段,克服了传统室内试验获得土工参数的过程中土样存在扰动、结果准确性较差的缺点。该试验可以通过测量三个基本参数(修正锥尖阻力qt、侧壁摩阻力fs以及孔隙水压力u2)随深度变化的连续剖面来解译土体的物理力学参数,从而在p-y曲线模型的建立中提供关键数据。【方法】利用渤海海域某场区的CPTu数据,完成了以下研究任务:(1)基于CPTu触探响应结果,对该场区海洋土体进行分类,以及物理与力学参数的反演,包括土体密度、弹性模量、有效内摩擦角及有效黏聚力;(2)将CPTu反演参数代入三维有限元分析模型中,模拟直径为5 m的钢管桩在最大荷载为20 MN时的水平受荷响应;(3)基于CPTu测试数据,提出一套土抗力计算公式;(4)将现有p-y曲线模型中相关参数通过CPTu触探响应结果进行反演,之后对比分析上述p-y曲线模型。【结果】形成了一套基于CPTu且适用于土体分层情况较为复杂的p-y曲线公式,该公式与有限元方法对比结果良好。【结论】结果表明,提出的基于CPTu的土抗力公式经过有限元模拟检验后能快速、准确地反映大直径单桩的水平受荷响应。该公式不仅为渤海海域内大直径单桩的工程实践提供了有力的理论支持,还为相似海洋环境的工程设计与分析提供了完全基于CPTu研究大直径单桩的新思路。