Prediction of atomization characteristics of pressure swirl nozzle with different structures

The structure of the pressure swirl nozzle is an important factor affecting its spray performance.This work aims to study pressure swirl nozzles with different structures by experiment and simulation.In the experiment,10 nozzles with different structures are designed to comprehensively cover various geometric factors.In terms of simulation,steady-state simulation with less computational complexity is used to study the flow inside the nozzle.The results show that the diameter of the inlet and outlet,the direction of the inlet,the diameter of the swirl chamber,and the height of the swirl chamber all affect the atomization performance,and the diameter of the inlet and outlet has a greater impact.It is found that under the same flow rate and pressure,the geometric differences do have a significant impact on the atomization characteristics,such as spray angle and SMD(Sauter mean diameter).Specific nozzle structures can be customized according to the actual needs.Data analysis shows that the spray angle is related to the swirl number,and the SMD is related to turbulent kinetic energy.Through data fitting,the equations for predicting the spray angle and the SMD are obtained.The error range of the fitting equation for the prediction of spray angle and SMD is within 15% and 10% respectively.The prediction is expected to be used in engineering to estimate the spray performance at the beginning of a real project.

Numerical simulation of influence of nozzle structure on arc characteristics of GPCA-TIG welding

This work mainly articulated the effects of nozzle structure on arc characteristics in gas pool coupled activating TIG （GPCA-TIG） welding process by using Fluent Software. Different models were set up to adapt the different torch structure during computer progress. The specific configuration of the welding torch made the gas flow in outer gas passage constrained. The nozzle structure has great influence on outer gas distribution because of the changing of coupling region between the outer active gas and molten pool surface. When the coupling degree is reduced or the outer gas passage become smaller, the oxygen in outer gas penetrates into the arc plasma and spreads to the arc region more easily. Owing to its cooling effects, the morphology of arc is contracted, and the arc temperature is increased. When the inner wall and the outer wall of outer gas passage are not parallel, the wide top and narrow bottom nozzle shape can bring more oxygen into the arc plasma, the arc is contracted and the peak temperature of arc rises a little more comparing to the narrow top and wide bottom one.

Middle or low water pressure direct spiral double helix converging nozzle structure optimization and flow field analysis

In order to solve the problem of using new nozzle is proposed in fire rescue robot. middle or low water pressure to form fine water mist, a Existing water mist nozzles are basically used for high pressure and in large size, complex structure and poor low pressure atomization effect in comparison with requirement of snake-like fire rescue robots. On the basis of comprehensive typical spray noz- zles, a direct spiral double helix converging nozzle （DSDHCN） is proposed, which has the advanta- ges of small volume, light weight, simple structure, and convenient installation. To make the spray nozzle have good performance, and meet the requirements of more efficient fire extinguishing, a nu- merical study is carried out to analyze the internal and external full flow field of nozzle. A gas-liquid two-phase flow is applied to simulate the external full flow field of nozzle with VOF model in fluent software. The simulation results show the real situation of water flow out of the atomization nozzle and the water jet trajectory. Some simulations about middle or low water pressure direct spiral double he- lix converging optimized nozzle have been done in 30bar pressure. The simulation results show that the optimized nozzle structure not only makes the spray droplets have a good cone angle, but also have a sufficient axial velocity,which proves the structure rationality of the proposed optimized nozzle.

Design and Fluid-Dynamic Analysis of a Flushing Nozzle for Drilling Applications

The actuator is a key component of the creaming tool in drilling applications.Its jet performances determine the effective reaming efficiency.In this work,a new selective reaming tool is proposed and the RNG k-εturbulence model is used to calculate its internal and externalflowfields.In particular,special attention is paid to the design of theflushing nozzle.The results show that the jet originating from theflushing nozzle has a significant influence on rock cutting and blade cooling effects.In turn,the jet performances depend on geometric structure of the creaming actuator.In this framework,a conical-cylindrical nozzle with a diameter of 7 mm is initially considered as a basis to implement a strategy to optimize the structural parameters of the reaming actuator,and improve the related side tracking reconstruction technology.

Optimization of a Diesel Injector Nozzle

Multiphase simulations based on the VOF(Volume of Fluid)approach,used in synergy with the cavitation Schnerr-Sauer method and the K-Epsilon turbulence model,have been conducted to study the behavior of an injector nozzle as a function of relevant structural parameters(such as the spray hole diameter and length).The related performances have been optimized in the framework of orthogonal experimental design and range analysis methods.As made evident by the results,as the spray hole diameter increases from 0.10 to 0.20 mm,the outlet massflow rate grows by 243.23%.A small diameter of the spray hole,however,has a beneficial effect in terms of cavitation suppression.Moreover,rounding the spray hole can effectively increase the outlet massflow rate and improve theflow characteristics while mitigating the cavitation phenomenon inside the spray hole.In particular,with the optimized nozzle design,the outlet massflow rate can be increased by 13.33%,while the fuel vapor volume is reduced by 33.53%,thereby,leading to significant improvements in terms offlow characteristics and cavitation control.

Structural and Regulating Characteristics of Adjustable Annulus-clearance Nozzle Used in Supercritical Fluid Precipitation

A new type of adjustable nozzle with an annulus clearance between the surfaces of a revolved solid and the matched hole was analyzed, which contained matching parts, regulating parts, guiding elements, and sealing part. The general regulating function of the adjustable nozzle was derived and the regulating and matching characteristics were also analyzed. Through the analysis, it was concluded that the matching-profile curve of either the revolved body or matched hole should be chosen as a straight line in order to keep the linear regulating feature. Moreover, the multi-annulus-clearance nozzle was designed, and some experiments were carried out on preparing budesonide particles with the nozzle. According to the experimental results, it was proved that the annulus nozzles is practical in preparing micro-particles by supercritical fluid precipitation method.

Flow-visualization and numerical investigation on the optimum design of cavitating jet nozzle

Cavitating jet is widely used in drilling,rock cutting and ocean re source exploitation because of its stro ng erosion ability.The analysis of the relationship between the flow characteristics and the structure of cavitating jet nozzle is critical.Here,we utilized 3 D printed technology and high-speed photography to design visualization experime nts to analyse the impact of the variation of resonator and throat size of the organ-pipe self-resonating cavitating nozzles on the cavitation characteristics through image processing.The velocity field,pressure field and vapor volume fraction injected by the nozzle were taken as the objective functions to study the influence of different structural parameters on the cavitation effect based on FLUENT 19.0 software,and the results were compared with the experimental results.The results show that increasing the length and diameter of the resonator contributes to the occurrence of cavitation and the structure stability of the flow field.However,excessive size affects self-resonant of the nozzle and makes it difficult to form resonance effect.In this study,the optimal values of nozzle throat length and divergent angle are twice the throat diameter and 40°,respectively.This research provides an integrated research method to study the optimization of self-resonating nozzle and cavitating jet characteristics.

Effect of Swirl Preset Vorticity on Combustion Performance of Lobe Nozzle Combustor Chamber

To improve the combustor performance of multi-point injection combustion,lobe nozzle design was applied to the aero-engine model combustor,by presetting the swirl through a certain twisted angle of the edge of the lobe outlet.Numerical simulation in combination with modelling test is used in this paper.The effects of swirl vorticity presetting onto the vortex structure,the characteristics of combustion temperature field,the combustor exit temperature field quality,the combustion efficiency,and the NOx emissions of multi-point injection combustion chamber are investigated.Compared with the conventional vortex flow at the lobe outlet edge,the results of numerical simulation and water modelling test of the swirl vorticity presetting show that the swirl presetting can efficiently enhance the range and intensity of the lobe-induced vorticities.Besides,it can improve the uniformity of the combustion temperature in the combustor chamber,together with the reduced emissions of the pollutant NOx.Moreover,compared with the conventional lobe nozzle chamber,the swirl vortex presetting can effectively improve its combustion performance.The flow simulation test results demonstrate the fluid vortex structure in the combustion chamber and validate the simulation results.

Low porosity and fine coatings produced by a new type nozzle of high velocity arc spray gun

The new designed high-velocity arc spray gun with three different nozzles is developed to match the DZ400 arc spray system, which can produce the coatings with the structure of superfine and low porosity. This system can be used to spray three normal wires such as 4Cr13, FeCrAl and 7Cr13 （flux cored wires）. Using the scanning electron microscope （ SEM ） to analyze shape and particles size that sprayed by the nozzles with different parameters, as well as with the S-3500N SEM and the energy spectrum analytic （ESA） instrument to identify the content of the oxides, porosity and thickness of the coatings, we get the result that the porosity in the coatings of solid wire is less than 3%, of the flux-cored wires is less than 5%, and the distribution of the coatings sprayed by the nozzle with secondary supplementary airflow is typically shown in the form of highdensity lameUarsplat structure and the average lamellar thickness is around 5μm.

Structure Design of SEN for High Efficiency Thin Slab Continuous Casting

Four-hole submerged entry nozzles （SEN） with dif- ferent structures were researched using the water simula- tion test by particle image velocimetry （PIV） and DJSO0 hydraulic measurement system to get suitable SEN for high efficiency continuous casting. The influences of the exit area ratio （2： 1：2, 3：2： 3, 1： 1：1 and 1：2： 1）, upper guide island angle θ （20°, 40°, 60° and 80°） , and lower guide island angle α （60°, 80°, 100° and 120°） on the vortex position in the mold and fluctuations were researched. The results show that the exit area ratio and the upper and low guide island angles have ob- vious influence on the flow field; the flow field in the mold is suitable at 1：2：1 of the exit area ratio, 80° of upper guide island angle, and 100° of lower guide island angle.

Analysis of the Agglomeration of Powder in a Coaxial Powder Feeding Nozzle Used for Laser Energy Deposition

To improve the agglomeration of powder in a coaxial powder feeding nozzle used in the frame of a laser energy deposition technique,the influence of several parameters must be carefully assessed.In the present study the problem is addressed by means of numerical simulations based on a DEM-CFD(Discrete Element Method and Discrete Element Method)coupled model.The influence of the powder flow concentration,powder flow focal length and the amount of powder at the nozzle outlet on the rate of convergence of the powder flow is considered.The role played by the nozzle outlet width,the angle between the inner and outer walls and the powder incident angle in determining the powder flow concentration is also considered.The results show that,with increasing of nozzle outlet width,the powder flow concentration per unit volume at the nozzle focal point undergoes a non-monotonic behaviour(it first increases and then decreases).When the nozzle outlet widthδis 1.00 mm,the powder flow concentration at the focal point is maximal and the powder flow convergence can be considered optimal.By increasing the angle between the inner and outer walls,the powder flow concentration related to the upper focus decreases,the focus diameter increases and the powder flow aggregation worsens.The powder flow concentration increases first and then decreases with increasing incident angle.When the incident angleθis 30°,the powder flow exhibits the best agglomeration properties.When the outlet width is smaller,the angle between the inner and outer walls is larger,and when the incident angle is set at 30°,the powder flow concentration of the coaxial nozzle can be effectively improved.

低压超声速磨料空气射流喷嘴结构

硬岩隧道掘进刀具磨损严重、换刀频繁是限制高效掘进的主要因素,低压磨料空气射流辅助刀具破岩是突破硬岩隧道掘进技术瓶颈的可行性思路,为实现辅助高横移速度刀具破岩,提出了矩形喷嘴。矩形喷嘴能有效提高磨料在移动方向集束性,进而减小切缝宽度,提高切缝深度。为明确矩形喷嘴对磨料加速及破岩的影响规律,采用加长扩张段长度和截面近似等效设计了圆形喷嘴及矩形喷嘴;然后基于数值方法确定了喷嘴扩张段长度对气体及磨料加速的影响,并对比分析了喷嘴不同断面形状对磨料加速和分布特征的影响。最后通过开展低压磨料空气射流冲蚀破碎花岗岩实验,研究了喷嘴结构和横移速度对冲蚀效果的影响,分析了不同断面形状喷嘴的切割效率,确定了适用辅助刀具破岩的最佳喷嘴结构。数值结果表明压力2 MPa时,加长扩张段长度,气固两相能量转化更充分,磨料加速更充分,但随着喷嘴扩张段持续加长,磨料速度提升不明显;相比圆形断面喷嘴,矩形断面喷嘴对磨料加速稍差,但仍能将磨料加速至300 m/s,且经矩形喷嘴加速的磨料在自由流域呈扁平矩形分布,有效提高了磨料在刀具横移方向的集束性。实验表明圆形喷嘴扩张段加长,岩石冲蚀深度不断增加,当扩张段长度为145 mm时,花岗岩冲蚀深度分别为23.90、20.23 mm,扩张段长度持续加长,岩石的冲蚀深度提高并不显著。当横移速度为0.02 m/s时,喷嘴C_(4)、R_(1)、R_(2)切割玄武岩深度分别为3.35、12.15、8.25 mm,花岗岩深度分别为5.2、14.9、11.5 mm;横移速度为0.30 m/s时,喷嘴C_(4)、R_(1)切割玄武岩深度分别为0.8、3.0 mm,花岗岩深度分别为1.0、3.6 mm。对比喷嘴C_(4),和数值模拟结果相同,矩形喷嘴能使磨料聚能、磨料利用充分,切割效率较优。且喷嘴R_(1)的切割效率最好,喷嘴结构最优。研究结论将为磨料空气射流辅助刀具破岩提供理论和技术支撑。

螺旋喷嘴内外流场特性的实验研究

通过实验的方式研究旋流室顶部具有螺旋形导流结构的空心喷嘴。搭建可容纳1~4个喷嘴工作的喷淋实验台,制作可视化螺旋喷嘴,进行喷淋特性实验。使用高速摄像机进行内部流场特性的可视化研究,并通过测量装置采集外部流场喷淋密度的分布情况。分析不同工况下内部流场空气柱、湍流流动的变化规律以及外部流场喷淋密度的特性。结果表明,在内外压差的作用下,喷嘴内部形成空气柱,由于单侧切向入口和螺旋导流结构的作用,空气柱中心线与旋流室中心线存在偏移。外部流场周向有效喷淋密度呈现双峰值分布,峰值区域分别位于120°和280°附近。

固体发动机喷管热结构耦合数值仿真研究

针对在热载荷与内压联合作用下,固体火箭发动机潜入式喷管的热结构耦合数值仿真问题,采用流体仿真软件与结构计算软件,展开了数值模拟。在流体仿真软件中,计算了潜入式喷管工作过程的内部稳态流场,提取了高温燃气流动参数与固体壁面对流换热系数。在有限元结构计算平台内,编写了非均布壁面压力载荷与非均布对流换热系数子程序,耦合求解了喷管热结构耦合问题,获取了热防护材料内部温度场与应力场分布。研究表明,热载荷是引起喉衬应力的主要原因。喉衬环向压应力与拉应力随时间呈现先增大后减小的过程。经地面喷管结构完整性热试车试验验证,该热结构耦合数值仿真方法可用于喷管结构完整性与安全性分析,为喷管结构设计提供合理指导。

桥式同心配水器结构优化及其在南堡油田的应用

南堡油田注水开发已处于油藏中后期,为满足油藏“注上水、注够水”的开发需求,大斜度井分注需求逐年增加。此前,大斜度井采用同心分层注水工艺技术后,存在调不动和漏失量大等问题。针对同心配水器存在的问题,对水嘴形状和结构进行优化改进,开展模拟测试并应用于矿场试验。该技术已在油田58口井上成功应用,应用井的最大井斜62.08°,施工成功率100%,初次测调成功率100%,测调效率提升2倍。

基于正交试验法的铝合金车体高压水清洗喷嘴结构优化

抑尘剂等复杂的化合物黏着在铝合金车体上,导致车体污染十分严重,高压水射流清洗方法能够有效去除铝合金车辆车体表面黏着的化合物。通过分析圆柱形、锥形、文丘里形和余弦形喷嘴的射流流场分布、射流出口速度、最大壁面静压、相同清洗宽度下压力值范围,得到余弦形喷嘴的清洗性能最佳,锥形喷嘴次之。基于正交试验法设计五因素、四水平正交试验表,得到常用清洗压力下余弦形喷嘴的最优结构参数:进口直径为40 mm、出口直径为20 mm、过渡段半径为40 mm、出射段长度为25 mm、过渡与余弦部分长度比为4。按照最优喷嘴结构参数进行建模,得到三组压力值下高压水出射速度比未优化前提高了2%,且优化效果随着入口压力值的提高而有所下降。在优化后的喷嘴结构参数下进一步计算得出入口压力为10 MPa时,靶距设置为250 mm能达到较好的清洗效果和节能作用。

紧耦合气雾化拉瓦尔喷盘结构优化

采用计算流体动力学法模拟了紧耦合气雾化拉瓦尔喷盘气流喷射角(40°,50°,60°,70°,80°)、气流喷射宽度(15,20,25,30,35 mm)、导流管伸出长度(0.5,4.5,8.5 mm)对雾化室流场气流速度分布及其y轴上气流交汇点气流速度和导液管出口处静压的影响,得到了喷盘优化结构参数;采用优化结构喷盘制备18Ni300模具钢紧耦合气雾化粉末,测定了其性能。结果表明:随着气流喷射角增加,流场最大气流速度减小,气流交汇处气流速度和导液管出口处静压均增大;随着导流管伸出长度增加,流场最大气流速度先减小后增加,导液管出口处静压减小,气流交汇点气流速度未发生显著变化;随着气流喷射宽度增加,流场最大气流速度未产生显著变化,气流交汇点气流速度和导液管出口处静压均减小;根据模拟结果得到喷盘优化结构参数为气流喷射角60°、气流喷射宽度30 mm、导流管伸出长度4.5 mm,此条件下制得的18Ni300模具钢紧耦合气雾化粉末形状规则,尺寸小且均匀,细粉收得率最大,粉末流速和松装密度较大,综合性能最佳。

喷嘴结构内流场数值模拟研究

提升雾化喷嘴出口流量可以提高液体出口速度,从而获得更细小的雾滴,增强雾化效果.为了抑制空化效应,获得更大的出口流量,本文通过建立喷嘴内流场的数值模型,对内流场速度、液相体积分数以及湍动能分布等流场信息进行分析.针对空化的产生机理,提出多种改进喷嘴结构的方案:减小喷嘴长度、增加喷嘴倒角和降低壁面粗糙度,有效降低了空化效应,显著增大了喷嘴的出口流量,改善了雾化效果,为喷嘴结构的优化提供了参考.

基于田口法与CFD的新型除砂装置中冲砂喷嘴性能优化

由于吐哈油田的许多油气井相继进入到成产后期,因此井内出砂已逐渐成为影响产量的主控因素之一。为了提高中后期井的生产效率,减少砂埋产层风险以及实现降本增效,提出一种新型除砂装置。通过充分分析装置的工作原理后,发现此装置可同时实现对井底砂粒或砂层的冲击与携带。由于冲砂喷嘴的结构与具体尺寸对装置整体性能(冲砂深度)影响较大,因此对冲砂喷嘴的结构进行优选。利用田口方法与CFD(数值模拟)共同对冲砂喷嘴的结构尺寸进行优化。定义冲砂深度为试验指标,出口直径、出口圆柱段长径比以及喷嘴收缩角等为控制因子,分别进行分组试验,并利用信噪比与方差分析方法对试验结果进行研究。结果表明:当冲砂喷嘴的出口直径为8 mm、入口直径为16 mm、收缩角为15°、出口圆柱段长度为20 mm、入口圆柱段长度为32 mm时,冲砂喷嘴的性能最好,并且其最远冲砂深度可以达到0.594 m。与优化前的喷嘴对比,优化后的喷嘴冲砂能力提高了31.3%。

静电纺聚酰胺6/聚苯乙烯复合纳米纤维膜制备及其空气过滤性能

针对空气过滤纤维材料的过滤效率、阻力和使用寿命难以平衡的问题,采用多喷头静电纺丝技术,制备了不同直径、形貌纤维及不同纤维沉积顺序的聚酰胺6/聚苯乙烯(PA6/PS)复合纳米纤维膜,测试了复合膜的平均孔径及孔隙率,建立了纤维结构与过滤效率及阻力的构效关系;结合扫描电镜表征探讨了不同形貌、直径纤维的叠加次序对过滤寿命及细颗粒物沉积行为的影响,系统研究了过滤风速、细颗粒物尺寸对过滤性能的影响。结果表明:在5.33 cm/s的风速下,以多喷头静电纺丝方式制备的PA6/PS复合膜具有更好的抵抗风速变化的能力,在长期使用中阻力增加较缓慢,其具有93.13%的过滤效率,30.67 Pa的过滤阻力和0.0889 Pa-1的品质因子,综合过滤性能优于同等条件下H10等级(过滤效率>90%)的商业玻璃纤维过滤膜。