Orthogonal design and numerical simulation of room and pillar configurations in fractured stopes

Room and pillar sizes are key factors for safe mining and ore recovery in open-stope mining. To investigate the influence of room and pillar configurations on stope stability in highly fractured and weakened areas, an orthogonal design with two factors, three levels and nine runs was proposed, followed by three-dimensional numerical simulation using ANSYS and FLAC3~. Results show that surface settlement after excavation is concentrically ringed, and increases with the decrease of pillar width and distances to stope gobs. In the meantime, the ore-control fault at the ore-rock boundary and the fractured argillaceous dolomite with intercalated slate at the hanging wall deteriorate the roof settlement. Additionally, stope stability is challenged due to pillar rheological yield and stress concentration, and both are induced by redistribution of stress and plastic zones after mining. Following an objective function and a constraint function, room and pillar configuration with widths of 14 m and 16 m, respectively, is presented as the optimization for improving the ore recovery rate while maintaining a safe working environment.

NEW VISUAL METHOD FOR FREE-FORM SURFACE RECONSTRUCTION

A new method is put forward combining computer vision with computer aidedgeometric design (CAGD) to resolve the problem of free-form surface reconstruction. The surface isfirst subdivided into N-sided Gregory patches, and a stereo algorithm is used to reconstruct theboundary curves. Then, the cross boundary tangent vectors are computed through reflectance analysis.At last, the whole surface can be reconstructed jointing these patches with G^1 continuity(tangentcontinuity). Examples on synthetic images are given.

Exploring unbinding mechanism of drugs from SERT via molecular dynamics simulation and its implication in antidepressants

The human serotonin transporter(SERT)terminates neurotransmission by removing serotonin from the synaptic cleft,which is an essential process that plays an important role in depression.In addition to natural substrate serotonin,SERT is also the target of the abused drug cocaine and,clinically used antidepressants,escitalopram,and paroxetine.To date,few studies have attempted to investigate the unbinding mechanism underlying the orthosteric and allosteric modulation of SERT.In this article,the conserved property of the orthosteric and allosteric sites(S1 and S2)of SERT was revealed by combining the high resolutions of x-ray crystal structures and molecular dynamics(MD)simulations.The residues Tyr95 and Ser438 located within the S1 site,and Arg104 located within the S2 site in SERT illustrate conserved interactions(hydrogen bonds and hydrophobic interactions),as responses to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors.Van der Waals interactions were keys to designing effective drugs inhibiting SERT and further,electrostatic interactions highlighted escitalopram as a potent antidepressant.We found that cocaine,escitalopram,and paroxetine,whether the S1 site or the S2 site,were more competitive.According to this potential of mean force(PMF)simulations,the new insights reveal the principles of competitive inhibitors that lengths of trails from central SERT to an opening were~18A for serotonin and~22 A for the above-mentioned three drugs.Furthermore,the distance between the natural substrate serotonin and cocaine(or escitalopram)at the allosteric site was~3A.Thus,it can be inferred that the potent antidepressants tended to bind at deeper positions of the S1 or the S2 site of SERT in comparison to the substrate.Continuing exploring the processes of unbinding four ligands against the two target pockets of SERT,this study observed a broad pathway in which serotonin,cocaine,escitalopram(at the S1 site),and paroxetine all were pulled out to an opening between MT1b and MT6a,which may be helpful to understand the dissociation mechanism of antidepressants.

Design optimization of transonic compressor stage using CFD and response surface model

In order to shorten the design period, the paper describes a new optimization strategy for computationally expensive design optimization of turbomachinery, combined with design of experiment (DOE), response surface models (RSM), genetic algorithm (GA) and a 3-D Navier-Stokes solver(Numeca Fine). Data points for response evaluations were selected by improved distributed hypercube sampling (IHS) and the 3-D Navier-Stokes analysis was carried out at these sample points. The quadratic response surface model was used to approximate the relationships between the design variables and flow parameters. To maximize the adiabatic efficiency, the genetic algorithm was applied to the response surface model to perform global optimization to achieve the optimum design of NASA Stage 35. An optimum leading edge line was found, which produced a new 3-D rotor blade combined with sweep and lean, and a new stator one with skew. It is concluded that the proposed strategy can provide a reliable method for design optimization of turbomachinery blades at reasonable computing cost.

A Computer Vision Method for 3D Reconstruction of Curves-Marked Free-Form Surfaces

Visual method is now broadly used in reverse engineering for 3D reconstruction. The traditional computer vision methods are feature-based, i.e., they require that the objects must reveal features owing to geometry or textures. For textureless free-form surfaces, dense feature points are added artificially. In this paper, a new method is put forward combining computer vision with CAGD. The surface is subdivided into N-side Gregory patches using marked curves, and a stereo algorithm is used to reconstruct the curves. Then, the cross boundary tangent vector is computed through reflectance analysis. At last, the whole surface can be reconstructed by jointing these patches with 1Gcontinuity.

Recent Advances in Reconfigurable Electromagnetic Surfaces:Engineering Design,Full-Wave Analysis,and Large-Scale Optimization

This paper presents a comprehensive review of recent advances in reconfigurable electromagnetic(EM)surfaces.The discussion is organized around three key aspects of reconfigurable EM surfaces:unit cell engineering design,full-wave numerical analysis,and large-scale optimization techniques.Numerous references are provided to facilitate further exploration of this compelling and timely subject.To address the above three key aspects,we conduct an extensive examination of the design process for metasurfaces in reconfigurable devices.This involves evaluating the design methodology of unit cells,EM simulation techniques tailored for highly complex structures,and innovative optimization methods suitable for scenarios with numerous variables.In scenarios featuring reconfigurability for real-time manipulation of EM waves to meet the requirements of emerging communication environments,the optimization cost function is defined with multiple variables,exhibiting intricate behavior in the design space.Consequently,it necessitates an optimization methodology capable of handling high-dimensional functions without getting trapped in local minima.Moreover,the intricate geometries of metasurface devices preclude analytical solutions,necessitating high-performance full-wave solvers capable of providing highly accurate simulations with minimal computational expense.Key concepts and details pertaining to the aforementioned design stages are presented in a unified manner,along with representative examples.

Deformation prediction and analysis of underground mining during stacking of dry gangue in open-pit based on response surface methodology

Deformation prediction and the analysis of underground goaf are important to the safe and efficient recovery of residual ore when shifting from open-pit mining to underground mining.To address the comprehensive problem of stability in the double mined-out area of the Tong-Lv-Shan(TLS)mine,which employed the dry stacked gangue technology,this paper applies the function fitting theory and a regression analysis method to screen the sensitive interval of four influencing factors based on single-factor experiments and the numerical simulation software FLAC3D.The influencing factors of the TLS mine consist of the column thickness(d),gob area span(D),boundary pillar thickness(h)and height of tailing gangue(H).The fitting degree between the four factors and the displacement of the gob roof(W)is reasonable because the correlation coefficient(R2)is greater than0.9701.After establishing29groups that satisfy the principles of Box-Behnken design(BBD),the dry gangue tailings process was re-simulated for the selected sensitive interval.Using a combination of an analysis of variance(ANOVA),regression equations and a significance analysis,the prediction results of the response surface methodology(RSM)show that the significant degree for the stability of the mined-out area for the factors satisfies the relationship of h>D>d>H.The importance of the four factors cannot be disregarded in a comparison of the prediction results of the engineering test stope in the TLS mine.By comparing the data of monitoring points and function prediction,the proposed method has shown promising results,and the prediction accuracy of RSM model is acceptable.The relative errors of the two test stopes are1.67%and3.85%,respectively,which yield satisfactory reliability and reference values for the mines.

Multiple-response optimization for melting process of aluminum melting furnace based on response surface methodology with desirability function

To reduce the fuel consumption and emissions and also enhance the molten aluminum quality, a mathematical model with user-developed melting model and burning capacity model, were established according to the features of melting process of regenerative aluminum melting furnaces. Based on validating results by heat balance test for an aluminum melting furnace, CFD （computational fluid dynamics） technique, in association with statistical experimental design were used to optimize the melting process of the aluminum melting furnace. Four important factors influencing the melting time, such as horizontal angle between burners, height-to-radius ratio, natural gas mass flow and air preheated temperature, were identified by PLACKETT-BURMAN design. A steepest descent method was undertaken to determine the optimal regions of these factors. Response surface methodology with BOX-BEHNKEN design was adopted to further investigate the mutual interactions between these variables on RSD （relative standard deviation） of aluminum temperature, RSD of furnace temperature and melting time. Multiple-response optimization by desirability function approach was used to determine the optimum melting process parameters. The results indicate that the interaction between the height-to-radius ratio and horizontal angle between burners affects the response variables significantly. The predicted results show that the minimum RSD of aluminum temperature （12.13%）, RSD of furnace temperature （18.50%） and melting time （3.9 h） could be obtained under the optimum conditions of horizontal angle between burners as 64°, height-to-radius ratio as 0.3, natural gas mass flow as 599 m3/h, and air preheated temperature as 639 ℃. These predicted values were further verified by validation experiments. The excellent correlation between the predicted and experimental values confirms the validity and practicability of this statistical optimum strategy.

考虑多种作用效应的表面防渗聚脲涂层非线性分析及设计

聚脲与聚氨酯相比,具有绿色环保、耐久性好、力学性能优异、施工面适应性强等优势,聚脲基防渗层被广泛应用于水工结构中。鉴于防渗聚脲尚无成型的结构设计计算理论,惯常采用的经验性设计可能会导致不安全、不合理、不经济的设计结果,本研究通过探讨聚脲基表面防渗涂层非线性分析的关键理论,基于有限单元法建立了非线性数值模型。在涂层基面开裂、水压荷载作用、伸缩缝变形等不同受力工况下,通过对材料的受力变形行为、剥离行为、破坏模式等分析,总结了涂层受力变形规律,并基于分析结果,提出表面防渗聚脲设计流程。研究表明:对于水压作用下的涂层基面开裂工况,涂层最大应力随水压荷载、粘结强度增大而增大,随开裂宽度变化不显著,涂层剥离长度随粘结强度增大而减小,随开裂宽度增大而增大;对于伸缩缝变形工况,涂层剥离长度均随涂层厚度增大而增大,涂层剥离长度随伸缩缝变形量增大而增大,随粘结强度增大而减小,剥离长度随水压荷载变化趋势不显著;涂层最大应力随涂层厚度增大而减小,随粘结强度增大而增大,随水压荷载增大而逐渐增大。最终基于数值分析结果提出了考虑伸缩缝变形工况下的聚脲涂层结构设计方法,形成设计流程并计算机软件化。

Design optimisation of mean room surface exitance and total corneal illuminance using Monte Carlo simulation

In lighting design,mean room surface exitance(MRSE)has been known as an indicator of the adequacy of illumination in an indoor space.Recent studies have suggested an exponential model relating MRSE and the observer’s retinal response.This is particularly applicable in a room with homogenous room surface reflectance and a constant total corneal illuminance,which is the total illuminance received at the eye.However,accuracy of the exponential model is yet to be assessed in detail.Furthermore,the implication on interior lighting design is also yet to be quantified.This study thus aims to assess the accuracy of the exponential model and to optimise the output variables.Random computations using Monte Carlo simulation are performed for various input variables,followed with sensitivity and uncertainty analyses and optimisation.Prediction errors of the exponential model are found between-10%and 6%.The MRSE is highly influenced by surface reflectance,whereas the total corneal illuminance is influenced by the source luminous flux.Optimum design parameters are obtained by minimising the ratio between total corneal illuminance and MRSE.Overall,this study provides guidelines in lighting design practice for enhancing room spatial brightness while minimising energy use.

大功率垂直腔面发射激光器阵列的热优化

提出了一个新的参数——温度影响因子,其统筹考虑了垂直腔面发射激光器(VCSEL)阵列单元之间的间距、氧化孔径尺寸、单元的数量和输入电流,并可用于表征阵列受热串扰影响程度。在此基础上,基于Python设计了VCSEL阵列的优化布局算法,并建立了热电耦合模型,验证了优化布局对温度特性的优化效果,与常规布局相比,优化阵列内部温升显著降低。另外,在固定电流密度和发光面积的条件下,同时减小氧化孔径尺寸和增加单元数可以有效地改善VCSEL阵列的温度特性。10μm氧化孔径的平均温度比30μm氧化孔径的平均温度低28 K。研究结果表明,本文所提出的VCSEL阵列优化方案有效减低了热串扰的影响,通过对温度影响因子中各变量的分析,可以为VCSEL阵列的设计提供指导。

闭式叶环开槽电解加工流场仿真与阴极结构优化

闭式叶环是一类减重性能优越的整体构件,但因其结构闭式,开敞性差,通道狭窄扭曲,刀具进给空间有限,加工十分困难。电解加工为非接触式特种加工方法,具有加工不受材料力学性能影响、工具阴极无损耗、加工效率高等优势,是加工闭式叶环的重要方法之一。闭式叶环开槽电解加工的流场研究较少,流场稳定性有待提升。针对闭式叶环开槽电解加工,采用了正流式供液的流动方式,开展了1 mm、2 mm、3 mm出液缝宽下的流场仿真和优化研究,结果表明:(1)采用出液缝宽度为2 mm的阴极,间隙内流场均匀性和可达性更好;(2)根据等流程原则调整出液缝位置并设计引流槽结构后,叶片边缘的局部缺液现象得到有效改善。开展了3种不同出液缝宽度下的闭式叶环开槽电解加工试验,结果表明,采用优化流场结构的阴极可以实现叶环开槽的稳定加工,工具阴极与工件间的相对进给速度由0.79 mm/min提升至0.98 mm/min;且通道表面质量相对最优,叶背粗糙度由2.681μm降低至1.641μm,叶盆粗糙度由2.482μm降低至1.243μm。验证了流动方式的有效性和流场仿真结果的正确性。

表面络合物分子模拟实验教学设计

针对化工过程模拟教学过程中存在的问题,将二甲基胂酸表面络合物分子模拟引入到课堂教学中,系统论述了分子模拟教学实施过程中的教学目标、教学内容、教学形式、课程思政、教学评价等环节,助力化工过程模拟一流课程建设。通过对分子模拟教学实践的研究发现,微观结构的具象化、可视化能够提高学生对分子结构的认知,加深对化学反应机理的理解。分子模拟教学拓展了课堂教学内容,培养了学生的探索性思维能力,能有效提高学生化学素质,体现了课程高阶性。分子模拟教学运用小组汇报和讨论教学模式,使学生接触学科发展前沿,具有较强创新性。分子模拟教学对学生学习能力和教师教学能力有较高要求,充分体现课程挑战度。

基于EDEM的播种机镇压轮作业质量仿真试验研究

针对播种机开沟后地面拱起土壤易产生风沙扰动的问题,从播种机镇压轮的作业质量入手,研究其作业后对地面环境的恢复效果。以圆柱形光面镇压轮为研究对象分析其平衡状态下的力学性能,基于EDEM离散元软件对镇压过程进行仿真分析,利用Design-Expert软件对作业参数进行三因素三水平的正交试验设计,通过响应面法分析了参数的交互作用对地面平整度的影响,并对参数进行了优化。试验结果显示:镇压过程中,影响地面平整度的作业参数主次顺序为镇压轮作业速度、地面拱起土壤的堆积高度;为满足作业效率需求,当开沟后地面土壤堆积高度为43 mm时,镇压轮作业速度应达到1.32 m/s,此时最佳地面平整度为93%。对于更高的作业效率需求,应结合土壤拱起形态合理提高作业速度。

基于响应面法的螺栓预紧力压电振动传感器结构多目标优化设计

为优化用于螺栓预紧力监测的压电式振动传感器结构参数,增大输出响应并优化其动态性能,提出以压电片最大等效应变、10 Hz传感器固有频率和传感器最小质量为优化目标,将响应面法(response surface methodology,RSM)与多目标遗传算法(multi-objective genetic algorithm,MOGA)相结合的设计方法。选取质量块厚度、悬臂梁和压电片的长度、宽度和厚度作为设计要素,采用最佳空间填充设计实验方案,构建标准响应面模型,并基于MOGA得到传感器的最佳结构参数组合,最后根据优化结果进行数值模拟验证。结果表明:优化后的悬臂梁和压电片结构尺寸分别为100.0 mm×45.0 mm×0.7 mm、45.0 mm×18.0 mm×0.7 mm,质量块厚度为15.0 mm,传感器结构谐振频率减小为9.49 Hz,输出响应增大了6.39%。该优化设计可用于螺栓预紧力的监测。

基于温度场仿真的塑料感应焊接工艺参数优化

特种热塑性工程塑料的应用对高端制造领域的轻量化、高性能化和环保化起着极其重要的作用。为了研究塑料与金属的感应焊接过程,更好地理解该过程中不同工艺参数对焊接金属表面温度的影响,并探索最适合的塑料感应焊接工艺参数,利用有限元仿真软件ANSYS Maxwell进行电磁场模拟,采用中心复合设计方法完成塑料感应焊接工艺参数方案设计,再通过该有限元仿真软件求解出相应的金属表面温度。基于多元非线性理论,建立了电流强度、电流频率、焊接间隙与金属表面平均温度之间的多元非线性回归模型。采用逐步回归的迭代策略,分析了各工艺参数以及各工艺参数交互作用对金属表面平均温度的影响程度。结果表明:二次拟合模型具有最佳的拟合度,决定系数R^(2)=0.956;电流强度是对金属表面平均温度影响最大的主效应,电流强度与焊接间隙的交互作用是影响金属表面平均温度的主要交互效应;基于该二次拟合模型,在该有限元仿真软件上进行了工艺参数优化并预测了多组最佳工艺参数组合,其仿真试验结果与回归分析结果误差在7%以内,说明该二次拟合模型预测结果准确可靠。相关理论和方法可为塑料在汽车、船舶、航空、航天等高端制造领域的应用提供参考。

Computer modeling of high-pressure leaching process of nickel laterite by design of experiments and neural networks

Due to the complex chemical composition of nickel ores, the requests for the decrease of production costs, and the increase of nickel extraction in the existing depletion of high-grade sulfide ores around the world, computer modeling of nickel ore leaching process be- came a need and a challenge. In this paper, the design of experiments （DOE） theory was used to determine the optimal experimental design plan matrix based on the D optimality criterion. In the high-pressure sulfuric acid leaching （HPSAL） process for nickel laterite in ＂Rudjinci＂ ore in Serbia, the temperature, the sulfuric acid to ore ratio, the stirring speed, and the leaching time as the predictor variables, and the degree of nickel extraction as the response have been considered. To model the process, the multiple linear regression （MLR） and response surface method （RSM）, together with the two-level and four-factor full factorial central composite design （CCD） plan, were used. The proposed re- gression models have not been proven adequate. Therefore, the artificial neural network （ANN） approach with the same experimental plan was used in order to reduce operational costs, give a better modeling accuracy, and provide a more successful process optimization. The model is based on the multi-layer neural networks with the back-propagation （BP） learning algorithm and the bipolar sigmoid activation function.

运载火箭栅格舵舵面铸造成型技术研究

栅格舵是一种运载火箭气动控制机构,在火箭子级回收阶段发挥重要作用。针对栅格舵舵面需求量大,分析现有拼焊加工方法存在的问题,从提高栅格舵舵面加工可靠性出发,提出舵面铸造成型方案,对舵面结构实施优化,开展铸造成型技术攻关,进行了工艺设计、铸造数值模拟仿真、试件生产及检测,获得了满足技术指标要求的产品。研究表明:与拼焊工艺相比,采用整体铸造成型技术可有效解决栅格舵装配变形、焊接缺陷等问题,可提高产品可靠性,对设计制造可重复使用火箭具有一定指导意义。

谐波齿轮大变位柔轮滚齿误差分析及滚刀设计

基于滚齿仿真计算研究大变位柔轮成形机制,分析其齿面理论加工误差值及产生原因,重新设计滚刀以提高大变位柔轮滚齿精度。建立滚刀系列切削刃参数方程,根据滚刀与工件的几何参数及加工参数确定滚刀与工件相互位置和空间运动关系,进行滚齿切削仿真;根据滚刀多刃切削的成形特点,建立齿面理论加工误差评价模型,对滚齿误差进行仿真计算;基于滚齿加工时滚刀与齿轮法向基节相等原理,重新设计滚刀以减小滚齿齿面偏差。研究发现,标准滚刀加工齿数较多的大变位柔轮时,会因滚刀切削刃数不足而在齿顶处出现欠切削,致使加工误差大;模数、压力角不同于标准滚刀的新滚刀仅需较少切削刃即可实现大变位柔轮的完全切削,且齿面加工误差比标准滚刀完全切削齿面时产生的加工误差略小。研究结果可为大变位柔轮滚齿精度控制研究及滚刀参数选择等提供重要参考。

基于熵产理论和响应面法的轴流式止回阀结构优化设计

为了优化轴流式止回阀结构,从而提高其流通性能,提出了一种基于熵产理论结合响应面法的轴流式止回阀结构优化设计方法,并对DN100轴流式止回阀进行了优化设计和分析。以最小熵产为目标,采用Plackett-Burman试验、最陡爬坡试验和Box-Behnken响应面试验得到最优结构参数,并对优化前后轴流式止回阀进行熵产和流场分析。结果表明:最优结构参数为入口角33.4°、阀瓣宽24.4 mm和阀芯尾角25.0°,响应面法预测准确且优化效果显著。湍流耗散熵产是造成轴流式止回阀能耗较大的主要原因,其主要发生在喉口后端和阀瓣边缘附近,优化后其数值大小和分布范围明显减小。优化前轴流式止回阀喉口后端、阀瓣边缘处和阀芯尾部存在较多漩涡,优化后漩涡显著减少,阀芯上分离点明显后移,流通性能更好。本研究为轴流式止回阀结构优化设计提供了新思路。