Experimental Investigation of Vibration Response of A Free-Hanging Flexible Riser Induced by Internal Gas-Liquid Slug Flow

The vibration response of a free-hanging flexible riser induced by internal gas-liquid slug flow was studied experimentally in a small-diameter tube model based on Froude number criterion. The flow regime in a curved riser model and the response displacements of the riser were simultaneously recorded by high speed cameras. The gas superficial velocity ranges from 0.1 m/s to 0.6 m/s while the liquid superficial velocity from 0.06 m/s to 0.3 m/s.Severe slugging type 3, unstable oscillation flow and relatively stable slug flow were observed in the considered flow rates. Severe slugging type 3 characterized by premature gas penetration occurs at relatively low flow rates. Both the cycle time and slug length become shorter as the gas flow rate increases. The pressure at the riser base undergoes a longer period and larger amplitude of fluctuation as compared with the other two flow regimes. Additionally, severe slugging leads to the most vigorous in-plane vibration. However, the responses in the vertical and horizontal directions are not synchronized. The vertical vibration is dominated by the second mode while the horizontal vibration is dominated by the first mode. Similar to the vortex-induced vibration, three branches are identified as initial branch, build-up branch and descending branch for the response versus the mixture velocity of gas-liquid flow.

Sparse Modal Decomposition Method Addressing Underdetermined Vortex-Induced Vibration Reconstruction Problem for Marine Risers

When investigating the vortex-induced vibration(VIV)of marine risers,extrapolating the dynamic response on the entire length based on limited sensor measurements is a crucial step in both laboratory experiments and fatigue monitoring of real risers.The problem is conventionally solved using the modal decomposition method,based on the principle that the response can be approximated by a weighted sum of limited vibration modes.However,the method is not valid when the problem is underdetermined,i.e.,the number of unknown mode weights is more than the number of known measurements.This study proposed a sparse modal decomposition method based on the compressed sensing theory and the Compressive Sampling Matching Pursuit(Co Sa MP)algorithm,exploiting the sparsity of VIV in the modal space.In the validation study based on high-order VIV experiment data,the proposed method successfully reconstructed the response using only seven acceleration measurements when the conventional methods failed.A primary advantage of the proposed method is that it offers a completely data-driven approach for the underdetermined VIV reconstruction problem,which is more favorable than existing model-dependent solutions for many practical applications such as riser structural health monitoring.

Vibration Control of A Flexible Marine Riser System Subject to Input Dead Zone and Extraneous Disturbances

An observer-based adaptive backstepping boundary control is proposed for vibration control of flexible offshore riser systems with unknown nonlinear input dead zone and uncertain environmental disturbances.The control algorithm can update the control law online through real-time data to make the controller adapt to the environment and improve the control precision.Specifically,based on the adaptive backstepping framework,virtual control laws and Lyapunov functions are designed for each subsystem.Three direction interference observers are designed to track the timevarying boundary disturbance.On this basis,the inverse of the dead zone and linear state transformation are used to compensate for the original system and eliminate the adverse effects of the dead zone.In addition,the stability of the closed-loop system is proven by Lyapunov stability theory.All the system states are bounded,and the vibration offset of the riser converges to a small area of the initial position.Finally,four examples of flexible marine risers are simulated in MATLAB to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller.

Experimental Study on Vortex-Induced Vibration of Rough Risers Coupling with Interference Effect in Tandem Arrangement

In order to study the response law of vortex-induced vibration(VIV)of marine risers under the combined action of roughness and interference effects,and to reveal the coupling mechanism of roughness and interference effects on the riser,a VIV experiment of rough risers in tandem arrangement was conducted in a wave−current combined flume.The experiment characterized the risers’roughness by arranging different specifications of attachments on the surface of the risers.Three rough risers with different roughness and smooth risers were arranged in tandem arrangement,with the rough risers arranged downstream.The experimental results indicate that the suppression of the attachments on the downstream risers’vibration are more significant both in the CF and IL directions as the reduced velocity increases.For the downstream riser,the amplitude response of rough riser is more significantly weakened compared with the smooth one at high reduced velocity.For the upstream risers,changes in the roughness and spacing ratio have an impact on their‘lock-in’region.When the roughness of downstream risers is relatively large(0.1300)and the spacing between risers is small(S/D=4.0),the reduced velocity range of‘lock-in’region in the CF direction of upstream risers is obviously expanded,and the displacement in the‘lock-in’region is severer.

Experimental Study on Vortex-Induced Vibration of Rough Risers with Coupling Interference Effect Under Side-by-Side Arrangement

A vortex-induced vibration(VIV)experiment of rough risers with coupling interference effect under a side-by-side arrangement was carried out in a wave-current combined flume.The roughness of the riser was characterized by arranging different specifications of surface attachments on the surface of the riser.Rough risers with three different roughnesses were arranged side by side with smooth risers to explore the VIV response of the riser under the combined action of roughness and interference effect,and to reveal the coupling mechanism between roughness and interference effect.The experimental results show that,compared with that of a smooth riser,the VIV of a rough riser under the coupling interference effect has a wider"lock-in"region,and the displacement decreases more significantly at a high reduced velocity,which is more likely to excite higher-order modes and frequency responses.In addition,the displacement response and frequency response of the smooth riser are not significantly affected by wake interference from the rough riser,which is caused by the decrease of the wake region due to the delay of the boundary layer separation point of the rough riser.

Dynamic Analysis of A Deepwater Drilling Riser with A New Hang-off System

The safety of risers in hang-off states is a vital challenge in offshore oil and gas engineering.A new hang-off system installed on top of risers is proposed for improving the security of risers.This approach leads to a challenging problem:coupling the dynamics of risers with a new hang-off system combined with multiple structures and complex constraints.To accurately analyze the dynamic responses of the coupled system,a coupled dynamic model is established based on the Euler-Bernoulli beam-column theory and penalty function method.A comprehensive analysis method is proposed for coupled dynamic analysis by combining the finite element method and the Newmarkβmethod.An analysis program is also developed in MATLAB for dynamic simulation.The simulation results show that the dynamic performances of the risers at the top part are significantly improved by the new hang-off system,especially the novel design,which includes the centralizer and articulation joint.The bending moment and lateral deformation of the risers at the top part decrease,while the hang-off joint experiences a great bending moment at the bottom of the lateral restraint area which requires particular attention in design and application.The platform navigation speed range under the safety limits of risers expands with the new hang-off system in use.

A New Simulation Model for Recoil Analysis of Deep-Water Drilling Risers After Emergency Disconnection

The recoil response of a deep-water drilling riser following an ED(Emergency Disconnection)scenario is a transient and sensitive process.The recoiling displacement of the riser is the resultant of recoil motion and axial stretch.How-ever,it is typically represented by one variable in recoil simulations.As axial deformation is quite small compared with axial motion in the recoil process,it inevitably introduces numerical errors(i.e.,a large number annihilating a small number).Thus,it is hard to perform a quantitative analysis of axial deformation,although a consensus initial deformation is essential for recoil dynamics.Moreover,the triggered axial natural modes have never been examined before.In this study,the recoil response is decomposed into two parts:recoil motion and axial deformation,and a novel model is developed by Galerkin method.It has demonstrated that the initial stretch has a significant effect at the initial stage in recoil.The existing models underestimate the effects of axial deformation.The new model can capture information of triggered natural modes and figure out the modes undergoing dynamic compression.This study can be beneficial to overpull setting,determination of ED time and anti-recoil control optimization.

Abandonment and Recovery Operation of Steel Lazy-Wave Riser in Deepwater by Controlled Vessel and Cable Velocity Rate

Evaluation of abandonment and recovery operation of steel lazy-wave riser in deepwater is presented in this paper.The calculation procedure includes two single continuous SLWR and cable segments, which are coupled together to form the overall mathematical model. Then the equilibrium equations of SLWR and cable are established based on minimum total potential energy principle. The coupled equations are discretized by the finite difference method and solved by Newton-Raphson technique in an iterative manner. The present method is validated by well-established commercial code OrcaFlex. Recovery methods by considering different ratios of vessel’s moving velocity to cable’s recovery velocity are evaluated to optimize the abandonment and recovery operation. In order to keep the tension more stable during the recovery process, the rate ratio before leaving the seabed is increased, and the rate ratio after leaving the seabed is reduced.

Linear analysis of the dynamic response of a riser subject to internal solitary waves

The flow field induced by internal solitary waves(ISWs)is peculiar wherein water motion occurs in the whole water depth,and the strong shear near the pycnocline can be generated due to the opposite flow direction between the upper and lower layers,which is a potential threat to marine risers.In this paper,the flow field of ISWs is obtained with the Korteweg-de Vries(Kd V)equation for a two-layer fluid system.Then,a linear analysis is performed for the dynamic response of a riser with its two ends simply supported under the action of ISWs.The explicit expressions of the deflection and the moment of the riser are deduced based on the modal superposition method.The applicable conditions of the theoretical expressions are discussed.Through comparisons with the finite element simulations for nonlinear dynamic responses,it is proved that the theoretical expressions can roughly reveal the nonlinear dynamic response of risers under ISWs when the approximation for the linear analysis is relaxed to some extent.

Experimental Study on Vortex-Induced Vibration of Marine Riser Model with Coupling Interference Effect Under Combined Internal and External Flow

A partition model of interference efficiency was constructed to study the coupling interference effect under combined internal and external flow.The concept of“internal flow efficiency”,“velocity ratio”and“interference efficiency”were introduced to quantify the effect of internal flow and interference,and reveal the coupling mechanism among internal flow,external flow and interference effect.The results showed that the dynamic response of risers under variable angles was significantly different after considering the effect of internal flow.When the external flow velocity was smaller than 0.25 m/s,the vibration of risers was promoted by the internal flow.With the increase of external flow velocity,the effect of internal flow was weakened and the dynamic response of riser mainly depended on the external flow and interference effect.Under the effect of different internal flow,the interference efficiency had similar change trend.The interference effect amplified the complex secondary flow effect inside the riser,making the dynamic response of riser complex and random.In this paper,the overlap area and subdivision criterion of interference effect were constructed within the range of experimental velocity ratio,and the change curve of interference efficiency was obtained with an average meaning,which may have important practical meaning.

Dynamic Analysis of A Deep-Water Compliant Vertical Access Riser with A Variable Length During Installation

Compliant vertical access risers(CVAR)have broad application prospects in deep-water oil and gas transportation.However,the mechanical behaviors of the CVAR with a variable length during installation remains unclear.To address this issue,based on the flexible segment method,a model of CVAR with a variable length during installation is established in this study,which is verified by the comparison with commercial software.Then,the mechanical behaviors of CVAR during installation are investigated.The results reveal that the CVAR configuration is significantly affected by the buoyancy blocks.The streamwise displacement of CVAR increases with the increase of current velocity.When the BOP weight is insuffcient,obvious upbending is observed in the lower region and transition region,leading to local compression.When the platform moves in the opposite direction to the current,the maximum stress is larger than that of the scenario when the platform moves in the same direction as the current.

Deformation and Stress Analysis of the Deepwater Steel Lazy Wave Riser Subjected to Internal Solitary Waves

The dynamic response of the steel lazy wave riser(SLWR)subjected to the internal solitary wave is a key to assessing its application feasibility.The innovation of this paper is to study the dynamic response properties of the SLWR with large deformation characteristics under internal wave excitation.A numerical scheme of the SLWR is constructed using the slender-rod theory,and the internal solitary wave(ISW)with a two-layer seawater model is simulated by the extended Korteweg-deVries equation.The finite element method combined with the Newmark-βmethod is applied to discretize the equations and update the time integration.The ISW excitation combined with vessel motion on the dynamic deformation and stress of the SLWR is investigated,and extensive simulations of the ISW parameters,including the interface depth ratio and density difference,are carried out.Case calculation reveals that the displacement of the riser in the lower interface layer increases significantly under the ISW excitation,and the stresses at a part of both ends grow evidently.Moreover,the mean value of riser responses under a combination of vessel motion and ISW coincides with the ISW-induced ones.Furthermore,the dynamic responses along the whole riser,including the displacement amplitudes,bending moment amplitudes,and stress amplitudes,almost increase with the increase in interface depth ratios and density differences.

Dynamic Properties of Steel Catenary Riser near Touchdown Point Under Coplanar Vessel Heave and Vortex Induced Vibration

The present study establishes a simple numerical model for the coupled response of a steel catenary riser(SCR) subjected to coplanar vessel motion and vortex-induced vibration(VIV). Owing to the large deflection of the SCR, the geometric nonlinearity is considered in this model. The hydrodynamic force comprises the excitation force and hydrodynamic damping, where the excitation force that only exists when the non-dimensional frequency is located in the lock-in range, is associated with the VIV. The hydrodynamic force model is validated based on the published VIV test data.As for the seabed resistance at the touchdown zone(TDZ), integrated with an initial seabed trench, the hysteretic feature is modeled. Based on the model, the study emphasizes on the coupled response characteristics near the touchdown point(TDP) induced by coplanar vessel heave and VIV, and analyzes the sensitivity of the coupled response to the heaving amplitude and frequency. It is found that with the increase of the heave amplitude and frequency, the VIV can be obviously mitigated, but the heave-related response in the coupled analysis seems to be close to that in the heave-only simulation. Finally, the fatigue damage near TDP is parametrically investigated based on the separate analysis and the coupled analysis. The results demonstrate that the coupled effect plays a significant role in the fatigue assessment near TDP. Besides, the proportion of the coupled effect accounting for the total fatigue damage decreases with the increasing seabed stiffness, while increases with the increasing seabed trench depth.

基于Hertz模型的海洋立管束碰撞力计算方法研究

立管是海洋油气开采的关键设备之一,其在流致振动作用下,相邻立管可能会发生振动碰撞损伤。基于Hertz模型,针对不同夹角下的两根立管碰撞的碰撞力计算开展研究。借助有限元方法探讨海洋立管局部碰撞过程,立管的直径选取为工程应用较为广泛的30.48 cm,截取长度基于相关碰撞参与长度来确定,径厚比范围为16~60,分别设置立管碰撞时的速度为0.25 m/s、1.5 m/s、2.4 m/s和3 m/s,分析两根立管夹角和立管径厚比等对于Hertz模型计算精度的影响。研究发现:两根立管夹角越小和径厚比越小,Hertz模型得到的碰撞力误差越大;通过在Hertz模型中添加与径厚比相关的系数,对Hertz模型进行了修正,最终得到了关于立管束碰撞力的精确计算方法。

深水半潜式钻井平台水下设备作业虚拟仿真教学平台构建

深水油气钻井与陆地及浅水的同类作业存在显著差异,给海洋油气工程专业学生的现场实习、实践带来了诸多困难。为加深学生对深水油气钻井工程装备的认知,采用虚拟仿真技术,构建还原度高、实战性强的深水半潜式钻井平台水下设备作业虚拟仿真教学平台,实现隔水管运移存储及下放、隔水管与上部升沉补偿装置及底部立管总成的连接、水下防喷器结构及安装等功能,帮助学生在无需前往深水平台的前提下、在虚拟环境中系统掌握水下设备的操控方法及作业程序,提升学生的深水钻井作业的工程实践能力。

深水隔水管-防喷器组耦合系统动力学建模与仿真验证

在深水钻井过程中,隔水管与防喷器组系统是整个作业环节的重要一环。由于在作业过程中面临着诸多风险,因此,建立精确的隔水管-防喷器组耦合系统力学分析模型,准确分析其力学行为和性能,对指导钻井作业安全进行具有重要意义。目前大多只关注于对隔水管的独立建模而忽视防喷器组的潜在影响,这将导致所建模型与实际情况存在差异,使得隔水管系统的力学特性无法得到精确分析。提出了隔水管与防喷器组刚柔耦合概念,推导耦合系统动能、势能,采用拉格朗日方法建立理论模型,用Newmark-β直接积分法对动力学模型进行数值计算。采用ADAMS软件进行了仿真建模,开展不同工况条件下的动态响应对比分析。结果表明,理论模型得到的隔水管横向位移包络线、弯矩包络线、隔水管中部节点横向位移时程曲线和底部弯矩时程曲线与ADAMS仿真结果吻合良好,从而表明了该理论模型的重要性,可为我国隔水管的设计和分析提供参考和支持。

管卡位置对海管立管的敏感性分析

以海洋平台海管立管为研究对象,考虑实际海况和立管实际结构特点,研究多层立管之间及多层立管与平台之间的受力耦合作用。通过有限元分析软件,建立具有典型代表性的海洋多层立管数值模型。针对管卡位置对海管立管的结构影响,基于管卡位置对海管立管的结构强度和疲劳寿命进行分析。根据分析结果,对管卡的安装位置进行优化,为现场作业提供理论指导,进一步为海上工程设计和施工提供科学依据和安全保障。

内孤立波作用下缓波形立管动力特性研究

我国南海活跃着大量内孤立波,严重威胁海洋工程作业的安全。本文采用向量式有限元方法分析内孤立波作用下深海缓波形钢悬链立管动力特性,建立考虑触地段土反力和内孤立波载荷的缓波形钢悬链立管动力模型,根据mKdV方程求解内孤立波载荷,基于向量式有限元梁单元编制Fortran计算程序。分析不同入射角内孤立波作用下立管的位移极值、张力及弯矩变化趋势,并比较缓波形立管与简单钢悬链立管在内孤立波作用下的动力特性。结果表明:内孤立波作用下,缓波形钢悬链立管会有较大的位移响应,特别是顶部悬垂段会有较大的水平位移;缓波形立管比简单钢悬链立管有更显著的张力变化幅值,有更加复杂的弯矩变化趋势。

基于拉法尔喷管的新型放空立管可行性研究

针对传统放空立管介质出口速度小、扩散高度低等缺点。文章基于理论分析和模拟的手段对新型放空立管进行可行性研究。结果表明,放空介质动能来源于进出口压差及介质焓值,放空过程是一个压降、温降过程;通过对新型放空立管合理设计,在不改变进出口条件下,可比传统立管出口速度提高37.5%~41.7%,提高可燃气体的扩散高度,降低对地面工作人员的潜在危害。该新型放空立管切实可行,可为今后放空立管的设计提供新的思路。

考虑“筒中筒”耦合作用的深水隔水管柱与钻柱碰摩运动规律

深水钻井时,旋转钻柱与海洋环境力作用下发生振动的隔水管柱易发生接触,造成钻柱与隔水管柱的碰撞或者摩擦。为了解隔水管柱与钻柱间的运动状态,减轻两者间碰摩,保证作业安全性,提出了一种模拟深水隔水管柱-钻柱组成的“筒中筒”耦合系统模型,通过分析二者间的位移与接触力,实现海洋深水钻井作业时隔水管柱与钻柱的耦合动力学模拟的建立。模拟结果表明,考虑隔水管柱与钻柱接触的情况下,海流作用和涡激作用对钻柱的动力学特征具有较大影响;海流速度增加,隔水管柱弯曲程度变大,隔水管柱的振动特征会限制钻柱运动;井口转速增加对钻柱的涡动特征影响小,但会增大钻柱与隔水管柱内壁的接触力,增大钻柱与隔水管柱的失效风险。该理论为海洋深水钻井摩阻分析提供了新的借鉴。