The Caching and Pricing Strategy for Information-Centric Networking with Advertisers’Participation

As users’access to the network has evolved into the acquisition of mass contents instead of IP addresses,the IP network architecture based on end-to-end communication cannot meet users’needs.Therefore,the Information-Centric Networking(ICN)came into being.From a technical point of view,ICN is a promising future network architecture.Researching and customizing a reasonable pricing mechanism plays a positive role in promoting the deployment of ICN.The current research on ICN pricing mechanism is focused on paid content.Therefore,we study an ICN pricing model for free content,which uses game theory based on Nash equilibrium to analysis.In this work,advertisers are considered,and an advertiser model is established to describe the economic interaction between advertisers and ICN entities.This solution can formulate the best pricing strategy for all ICN entities and maximize the benefits of each entity.Our extensive analysis and numerical results show that the proposed pricing framework is significantly better than existing solutions when it comes to free content.

Dynamic Pricing Strategies Using Artificial Intelligence Algorithm

Pricing strategies can have a huge impact on a company’s success. This paper focuses on the advantages and disadvantages of using artificial intelligence in dynamic pricing strategies. A good understanding of the possible benefits and challenges will help companies to understand the impact of their chosen pricing strategies. AI-driven Dynamic pricing has great opportunities to increase a firm’s profits. Firms can benefit from personalized pricing based on personal behavior and characteristics, as well as cost reduction by increasing efficiency and reducing the need to use manual work and automation. However, AI-driven dynamic rewarding can have a negative impact on customers’ perception of trust, fairness and transparency. Since price discrimination is used, ethical issues such as privacy and equity may arise. Understanding the businesses and customers that determine pricing strategy is so important that one cannot exist without the other. It will provide a comprehensive overview of the main advantages and disadvantages of AI-assisted dynamic pricing strategy. The main objective of this research is to uncover the most notable advantages and disadvantages of implementing AI-enabled dynamic pricing strategies. Future research can extend the understanding of algorithmic pricing through case studies. In this way, new, practical implications can be developed in the future. It is important to investigate how issues related to customers’ trust and feelings of unfairness can be mitigated, for example by price framing.

Maximizing Supermarket Profits:Data-Driven Strategies for Pricing,Sales,and Forecasting

The actual circumstances of daily life are crucial for the purchasing and pricing strategies of supermarkets.Developing strategies based on these circumstances can assist businesses in ensuring profits and fostering win-win cooperation.This paper explores methods to maximize profit through purchasing and sales strategies.Initially,the relevant data for various categories of vegetables is integrated.Through histograms,their sales patterns are directly understood,highlighting the most popular vegetables.Upon analyzing each vegetable category,it becomes evident that their sales data do not conform to normal distributions.Therefore,Spearman correlation coefficients are calculated,revealing strong correlations between certain categories,such as aquatic roots and edible fungi.A line chart depicting the top ten selling vegetables indicates a noticeable periodicity.Traditional fitting methods struggle to adequately model the sales of each vegetable category and their relationship with cost-plus pricing.To address this,additional factors such as holidays,weeks,and months are incorporated using techniques like random forest regression.This approach yields cost-plus pricing dependence curves that better capture the relationship,while effectively managing noise.Regarding sales volume prediction,the original data displays significant volatility,necessitating the handling of outliers using the threshold method.For missing data,linear interpolation is employed to mitigate the impact of continuous missing values on prediction accuracy.Subsequently,Adam-optimized long short-term memory(LSTM)networks are utilized to forecast incoming quantities for the next seven days.By extrapolating from normal sales volume,market capacity is estimated,allowing for additional sales through discount strategies.This framework has the potential to increase original income by 1.1 times.

Coordinating pricing strategies in supply chain under asymmetric information and disruptions

The coordinating pricing strategies with asymmetric cost information under disruptions are investigated in a one-supplier-one-retailer supply chain system.While the retailer's cost structure is asymmetric information,supply chain pricing contract models(a wholesale price contract and an all-unit quantity discount contract)under asymmetric information are proposed by employing the principal-agent principle in a regular scenario.When the retailer's cost distribution is fluctuated by disruptions,we obtain the optimal emergency strategies of the supply chain under asymmetric information by considering deviation costs and show how to effectively handle the cost uncertainty.Using numerical methods,impacts of cost disruptions on the optimal wholesale price,the retailer price,the order quantity and the expected profits of the retailer,the supplier,as well as the total system are analyzed.It is found that the all-unit quantity discount policy can obtain better performance than the wholesale pricing policy.

Altruism and Pricing Strategy in Dual-Channel Supply Chains

With the development of behavioral operational management, human behavior such as altruism, fairness and trust has received considerable attention. This paper studies the effect of altruism on retailer’s and manufacturer’s pricing strategy in two classic dual-channel supply chains by presenting Stackelberg game models. The analysis shows that the player’s altruism preference strongly affects their pricing strategies. The more altruistic one player is, the more profits the other player obtains. Moreover, the effect of manufacturer’s altruistic preference is larger than that of retailer’s. In addition, online price is always lower than offline price in dual-channel supply chain, which still holds true considering altruism. The results also reveal that the product web-fit has significant effect on the player’s optimal pricing strategies. The more compatible with online market the product is, the lower the retail price is set, and the more profit the manufacturer obtains whereas the less the retailer gets.

Price leadership strategy or branding strategy:an empirical test of indigenous Chinese exporters

The effects of price leadership strategies and branding strategies on the export performance of indigenous Chinese exporters with a focus on developing country markets and developed country markets are examined based on the principles of strategy-environment co-alignment and marketing segmentation theory. Findings suggest that when focusing on developing country markets, the use of a branding strategy is more likely to enhance export performance. When focusing on developed country markets, neither the use of a price leadership strategy nor the use of a branding strategy enhances export performance. Finally, theoretical and managerial implications of the findings are discussed.

Low cost development strategy for oilfields in China under low oil prices

By reviewing the challenges in the development of oilfields in China under low oil prices,this study analyzes the root causes of cost rising,put forwards the low cost oilfield development strategy and specific paths to realize the strategy,and predicts the development potential and prospect of oilfields in China.In addition to the low grade of the reservoir and high development maturation,the fundamental reasons of development full cost rising of oilfields in China are as follows:(1)Facing the problem of resources turning poorer in quality,we have built production capacity at a pace too fast before making enough technical and experimental preparation;(2)technical engineering service model leads to high service cost;(3)team of oil development expertise and matched engineering system cannot satisfy the technical requirements of stabilizing oil production,controlling water cut and fine development.To realize development at low cost,the core is to increase economic recoverable reserves.The concrete paths include:(1)to explore the"Daqing oilfield development culture",improve the ability of leaders in charge of development,and inspire potential of staff;(2)to improve the ability of reservoir dynamics control,and implement precise development by following scientific principles;(3)to speed up integration of water flooding and enhanced oil recovery(EOR)and technological upgrading in order to enhance oil recovery;(4)to innovate key techniques in gas flooding and accelerate the industrial popularization of gas flooding;(5)to break the related transaction barriers and create new management models;and(6)to collaboratively optimize strategic layout and cultivate key oil bases.Although oilfield development in China faces huge challenges in cost,the low-cost development strategy will succeed as long as strategic development of mature and new oil fields is well planned.The cores to lower cost are to control decline rate and enhance oil recovery in mature oil fields,and increase single well productivity through technical innovation and improve engineering service efficiency through management innovation in new oil fields.

Study on the Strategy of Pricing for Enterprise Merger and Acquisition

Enterprise merger and acquisition is one of the property right exchanges. This paper researches the strategy of pricing for enterprise merger and acquisition, displays finance decision-making model, program and method.

Profit Strategy of CNPC＇s Overseas Business in a Oil Price Downturn

In 2016,CNPC managed to achieve a profit even despite the fact that the international oil price was lingering at a decade low.This was the third year in a row for the group to gain profit.Moreover,2016 was a year that marked significant gains for both CNPC’s operational and non-operational business,and the company also did excellent work in terms of international trading。

Price Paradox and Strategic Choice of "Vegetable Basket" in China

By using the analysis method of game theory,this paper analyzes the phenomenon of price paradox of "vegetable basket" in China and its reason as follows:the price paradox of "vegetable basket" in China is that if the vegetable is cheap,it will harm farmers,and if the vegetable is expensive,it will harm people;high-cost logistics,low negotiation status of vegetable growers and cooperation predicament are responsible for price paradox.Based on the theoretical basis of strategic choice-theory of intermediaries,it indicates that the intermediaries can realize effective transaction and save transaction cost.The strategic choice of solving price paradox of "vegetable basket" is put forward as follows:support vegetable growers' cooperatives,reduce transaction cost and raise the negotiation status of vegetable growers;develop the model of connection of agricultural products and supermarkets,and reduce the cost of transport and distribution;innovate upon intermediaries and develop the third-party logistics.

Comparative Analysis of the Effects of False Low-Price Marketing Strategy on Multiple Platforms

In order to make full use of the characteristics of commodity prices,merchants on e-commerce platforms have adopted the low-price marketing strategy.Regular promotional discounts can bring new vitality to the commodity sales market,but extreme discount marketing methods would lead to serious impacts on the sales of competing products,thus affecting the stable development of the online shopping market.The sales data of four electrical products using the false low-price marketing strategy on three e-commerce platforms(Taobao,JD,and Amazon)were used in this study.The sales data from different e-commerce platforms and different time periods were analyzed,and one-way ANOVA was used on the factors affecting the effect of marketing strategy.The results showed that there is a significant difference between the direct marketing of high-priced products and low-priced products on Taobao;the difference between the marketing effects of high-priced products and mid-priced products on JD and Amazon is significant.This analysis would help businesses formulate reasonable marketing strategies and promote the stable development of the online shopping market.

Research on Optimal Configuration of Energy Storage in Wind-Solar Microgrid Considering Real-Time Electricity Price

Capacity allocation and energy management strategies for energy storage are critical to the safety and economical operation of microgrids.In this paper,an improved energymanagement strategy based on real-time electricity price combined with state of charge is proposed to optimize the economic operation of wind and solar microgrids,and the optimal allocation of energy storage capacity is carried out by using this strategy.Firstly,the structure and model of microgrid are analyzed,and the outputmodel of wind power,photovoltaic and energy storage is established.Then,considering the interactive power cost between the microgrid and the main grid and the charge-discharge penalty cost of energy storage,an optimization objective function is established,and an improved energy management strategy is proposed on this basis.Finally,a physicalmodel is built inMATLAB/Simulink for simulation verification,and the energy management strategy is compared and analyzed on sunny and rainy days.The initial configuration cost function of energy storage is added to optimize the allocation of energy storage capacity.The simulation results show that the improved energy management strategy can make the battery charge-discharge response to real-time electricity price and state of charge better than the traditional strategy on sunny or rainy days,reduce the interactive power cost between the microgrid system and the power grid.After analyzing the change of energy storage power with cost,we obtain the best energy storage capacity and energy storage power.

基于经济学视角的数据要素定价研究

随着数字化时代的到来,数据作为一种重要的生产要素正在引起越来越多经济学家的关注。数据要素定价作为一个关键议题,涉及数据的价值评估、交易和分配等方面的研究。首先,结合经济学的视角,阐释数据要素的非竞争性、非排他性、外部性、经济增值性、网络效应以及要素的价格决定理论。其次,对比定量评估、综合市场与非常因素评估,并讨论定价协商、拍卖、订阅与授权等市场机制。再次,基于供需分析、边际分析、效用分析、市场结构阐述经济学理论在数据要素定价中的应用。最后,讨论在经济学视角下数据要素定价面临的挑战,并提出优化数据市场的机制设计、考虑非经济因素的影响、重视数据隐私与知识产权保护、结合新兴技术的应用以及积极开展跨学科研究,以期为我国数据要素及其流通理论体系的建立、数据要素市场体系的建立和发展提供理论支撑。

Effect of the Policies to Prevent Drug Shortage and Stabilize Drug Prices in Medical Institutions

Objective To evaluate the effect of some policies to prevent drug shortage and stabilize drug prices,and to provide reference for improving relevant policies.Methods With a combination of random stratified sampling and quota sampling,532 medical institutions in 20 provinces were selected to carry out questionnaire surveys.Then,a comparative analysis was made to study the changes of drugs on the shortage list and drugs on non-shortage list before and after the release of the policy of ensuring supply and stabilizing prices.Results and Conclusion The policy played an important role in curbing the growth of drug shortage in the medical institutions,but it did not curb the growth of drugs on non-shortage list.Besides,the drugs on non-shortage list showed an overall fluctuation and upward trend.Meanwhile,from the perspective of drug prices,the price stability problem of drugs on the shortage list and on the non-shortage list became more serious,and the average price increase was 256% and 239%,respectively.The implementation of policies related to the supply and price stability of drugs prevents the growth trend of drug shortages in the list of medical institutions,which has been recognized by most medical institutions.However,there is an increasing trend in the number of drugs on non-shortage list.In addition,the price increase of drugs on both the shortage list and non-shortage list is severe.Some medical institutions report that they have difficulties in using the information reporting system of drug shortage and the classification,grading and the alternative use of drug shortages.It is recommended to strengthen the management of price stabilization of drugs on the shortage list.Further attention should be paid to the supply and price stabilization of drugs on non-shortage list.At the same time,trainings in the classification and substitution of drug shortage and information reporting system should be actively organized,thus comprehensively improving the capabilities of medical institutions at all levels to deal with the problem of drug shortage.

基于效果定价模式的网络直播广告定价决策研究

网络直播广告作为一种新型营销方式快速发展,优化直播广告运营主体努力水平及定价策略是一项值得深入研究的课题。本文基于广告投放效果的两种定价模式,构建了包含两个广告商和一个主播的网络直播广告定价决策模型,探索广告商与主播的最优努力水平选择及广告定价策略。研究发现:CPW(cost per watch)定价模式下,广告商承担了消费者是否购买的不确定性风险,当消费者敏感性系数偏低时,广告商会提交较低的出价,且B/D两类广告商赢得竞拍的概率相等;对比CPW模式,在CPA(cost per action)定价模式下广告商的努力水平更低,且CPA定价模式中B型(品牌型)广告商赢得竞拍的概率更大,但赢得竞拍的广告商边际利润往往较低;与广告商相反,主播在CPA定价模式下的收益大于CPW,且随消费者敏感性系数的增加,两种定价模式下的收益差逐渐增大;CPW定价模式下预期观看直播的用户量和购买率均高于CPA,网络直播市场倾向于从CPW广告定价合同中获得较大收益。

基于混合博弈的综合能源多园区运行策略研究

为了解决多园区综合能源系统联合调度运行后出现的复杂利益关系和隐私保护问题,提出一种基于博弈论的多园区分布式协调优化策略。由综合能源供应商作为上层领导者制定能源价格,引导下层园区运营商优化园区运行,构成主从博弈关系;下层园区以非合作博弈方式各自追求园区运行成本最小,并应用Kriging元模型结合粒子群算法,实现双层博弈模型的求解。通过算例对比分析,证明了所提多园区分布式协调优化策略可降低各园区的运行成本,并且综合能源供应商制定的能源定价策略也为自身带来了收益。

气候灾害、农产品价格策略和农户生计脆弱性——来自生态搬迁安置区的考察

在生态搬迁大背景下,农户面临的外部环境、内在心理和应对策略均发生了明显转变,有必要从外部扰动与内部适应的视角探究农户生计脆弱性。基于生计脆弱性理论,探讨实际气候灾害、感知气候灾害和农产品价格策略对农户生计脆弱性的影响,基于广东韶关南水湖生态搬迁安置区425位农户的调研数据进行验证。通过单因素方差分析、回归分析和Bootstrap中介效应检验,得出结论:首先,生态搬迁安置区农户感知气候灾害有其特殊性,与村子位置、社会关系和生计转换能力有关;其次,实际气候灾害和感知气候灾害均会加剧农户生计脆弱性,但感知气候灾害的影响力大于实际气候灾害,这与以往研究观点不同,也反映出农户对于气候灾害的担忧心理较为突出;最后,气候灾害及其后续的农产品价格策略是影响农户生计脆弱性的重要因素。

市场情绪与基金投资策略:迎合还是修正?

基金投资策略选择是学术界、监管者和市场参与者共同关注的焦点.本文根据行为资产定价理论将基金投资策略量化为组合收益的市场情绪敏感度,首次在微观层面对其按照市场状态分类界定为迎合情绪策略与修正情绪策略,通过理论模型和实证检验探究基金的投资策略选择对其流量、风险和经理努力程度产生的系统影响,从行为委托代理视角剖析基金业绩的影响机制.研究发现:基金采取迎合策略时,对投资者特别是个体投资者更有吸引力,但会对投资者利益造成隐性侵害,表现为基金未来的风险增大、收益降低,且基金经理在无需付出更多努力的情况下可获得更高报酬.进一步分析表明,基金经理为取悦投资者的消极放任行为是其业绩表现不佳的重要原因;基金采取修正策略时,产生的系列影响则完全相反.本研究为中小投资者的投资实践、基金治理与监管,及解释基金市场异象提供了新的思路与启示.

考虑风光消纳与电动汽车灵活性的调度策略

针对新能源随机性较大而出现一些极端情况时,现有分时电价下弃风、弃光与火电机组调节能力不足而导致切负荷成本较大的问题仍较为突出的现象,提出了一种考虑风光消纳与电动汽车灵活性的调度策略。首先,制定综合考虑风电、光伏、火电机组调节能力与基础负荷的分时电价,新增凹谷与尖峰电价时段,并引入价格弹性系数定量描述电动汽车对新增时段的响应;其次,基于电价信息建立电动汽车充放电模型,确定电动汽车充放电调度的电量信息;再次,统筹考虑电网、电动汽车聚合商以及电动汽车用户的三方利益,构建以负荷波动最小,弃风、弃光与用户充电成本最小和最大化聚合商收益为目标的电动汽车充放电优化调度模型;最后,通过算例验证所提模型的可行性与有效性。

发电商合作博弈策略下跨区输电电价优化方法

由于负荷中心与可再生资源在地理位置上分布的不均匀,更大范围的资源合理配置需要跨区输电,而随着电力市场的深化发展,参与跨区电力市场出清的发电商将可能出现通过合作博弈策略行使市场力以争取自身利益最大的行为,此举可能导致跨区输电通道利用率降低,进而影响线路准许收入的稳定回收。为应对上述问题,提出了一种电力市场环境下考虑参与跨区出清的区外发电商合作博弈策略的跨区输电电价三层优化模型,上层为以准许收入稳定回收为目标的输电电价优化模型,中层为由区外发电商组成的跨区出清利益联盟的以联盟收益最大为目标的报量决策模型,下层为计及区外发电商参与的区内电力市场出清模型。为求解所提三层模型,采用了一种改进列和约束生成算法(C&CG)算法,将模型分解为主、子问题迭代求解,其中对于作为双层模型的主、子问题采用卡罗需-库恩-塔克条件(KKT)和大M法转化为等效单层模型后进行求解,而主、子问题模型中的双线性项则采用强对偶定理及变量离散参数化的方法进行线性转化以便于求解。最后通过PJM-5节点系统验证了所提三层优化模型能较好地体现区外发电商因合作博弈策略组成的跨区出清利益联盟的策略性决策和市场力行为,令输电电价的制定能在考虑区外发电商合作博弈策略影响下,实现线路准许收入的稳定回收。