Pragma-Dialectics:语用-辩证法,还是语用论辩学?

荷兰Pragma-Dialectics学派的论辩理论在我国的影响越来越大。但是,对Pragma-Dialectics这个词本身的翻译发生了重大变化。Pragma-Dialectics最初传入我国时,被译作"语用-辩证法",后来出现了"语用论辩术(学)"的译法。两种译法孰优孰劣,关涉不少理论和历史问题,需要辨明。"语用论辩术(学)"的译法有诸多危险:不能保证相关术语翻译的一致性;抹煞了作为一种颇具特色的论辩理论——Pragma-Dialectics的一个突出特性;割裂了Dialectics的历史,忽视了Dialectics的各种表现形式。

Kosik＇s Dialectics of Concrete Totality

Setting out from the categories of totality and histori（ci）sm in Kosik＇s Dialectics of the Concrete, we look at the relationship between theory and praxis： empty, abstract totality versus concrete, reified and alienated practice （Lukacs, Habermas, Honneth）; a bad totality, in which the real polydimensional subject is replaced by the one-dimensional, mythologized, fetishized, and economistically reduced ＂subject＂ of consummation （Marcuse, Baudrillard）. The dialectics of concrete totality implies a marxistic critique of the ethical and juristic universalism, in the context of the ＂positive＂ side of globalization and political unilateralism, as a concrete, militant, hegemonistic, post-colonial, and neo-imperial practice （Apel, Habermas, Chomsky, Zinoviev）; globalization as totali（tari）zation, the ＂last man,＂ the ＂end of history,＂ and the ＂end＂ of dialectics in its neo-liberal, eschatological, empty ideological ＂realization＂ （Hegel, Marx, Fukuyama, Arendt）; the totality of the （invariable） being as a pseudo-concrete and pseudo-dialectical ontologistic speculation （Heidegger）： A ＂return＂ to a concrete history and a return of the ＂positive＂ dialectics as a critical awareness, mind, and method in the discourse ＂game＂ of human＇s cognitive, creative, and practical powers. The assumption of Kosik＇s humanism is a synchrony of nature and history in the ＂absolute＂ totality of human＇s concrete existence （Lukacs, Goldmann, Adorno, Sartre, Kosik）.

How to Make a Story Beautiful： On Aesthetic Dialectics of Liao zhai zhi yi

How to write a beautiful story？ It is an important question to Chinese writers because novel has not been regarded as a formal genre until late Qing Dynasty. Pu Songling answers this question with his work Liao zhai zhi yi （Strange tales from a Chinese studio）. This paper aims to study his narrative arts. There are four sections included. In part 1, this paper introduces a definition of the aesthetic dialectics and its embodiment in Chinese classical literary theory; in part 2, this paper takes the Liao zhai story as example to interpret Pu Songling＇s dialectic relation between description and narration; in part 3, I will show how Liao zhai presents beauty by unexpected but reasonable changes; and in last part, I give more importance to the stories concerning ordinary things for the reason that Pu Songling could make them interesting and beautiful. In the end, the paper concludes that Pu Songling is successful storyteller by using dialectic arts, which should be learned by Chinese writers.

Five Dialectics of Xi Jinping's Theory on Ecological Progress

Xi Jinping's theory on ecological progress expands and deepens Marx's views on ecology and spells out the five dialectics between economic development and ecological conservation, the will of the nation and the will of the people, Chinese characteristics and global approaches, cultural concepts and institutional design, as well as the community of life and the community of shared future for mankind. It carries significance for our time and is weighted with theoretical value. At this stage, learning and studying the dialectics and value orientation of Xi Jinping's theory on ecological progress offers scientific guidance and value-based directions for China's efforts to promote an ecological civilization.

An Overview of the Study of the Materialist Dialectics of Late Engels and the Marxist Dialectical Debate

This year marks the 200th anniversary of the birth of the great proletarian revolutionary mentor Engels,and the theoretical community has once again started a wave of research on his thought.On the basis of Hegel’s dialectic,Engels inherited and developed Marx’s dialectic,and founded the materialist dialectic,which he called“the best tool and the sharpest weapon”.However,the relationship between Engels’materialist dialectics and Marx’s dialectics has been debated for more than a hundred years in the theoretical circles both at home and abroad,and it is of great significance to correctly summarize and elaborate the domestic and international views in order to clarify the internal logic and truth of Engels’materialist dialectics.

Relationship between the Three Laws of Dialectics of Nature and Agricultural Development

Based on the three laws of dialectics of nature-the law of unity of opposites, the law of mutual change of quality and the law of negation of negation, this paper analyzes the relationship between the three laws and agricultural development, and proposes making good use of the three laws to promote the better development of agriculture and realize agricultural modernization.

New Research on the Building and Developing of Materialistic Dialectics

This paper elaborates the generation of the whole system and the ideological contents of materialistic dialectics from the aspects of building,development by Lenin and Mao Tse Tung and exploration by western Marxists,demonstrating that materialistic dialectics should have two developmental clues,promoting the development of materialistic dialectics together.

Dialectical Thermodynamics’Solution to the Conceptual Imbroglio That Is the Reversible Path

According to the second law of thermodynamics, as currently understood, any given transit of a system along the reversible path proceeds with a total entropy change equal to zero. The fact that this condition is also the identifier of thermodynamic equilibrium, makes each and every point along the reversible path a state of equilibrium, and the reversible path, as expressed by a noted thermodynamic author, “a dense succession of equilibrium states”. The difficulties with these notions are plural. The fact, for example, that systems need to be forced out of equilibrium via the expenditure of work, would make any spontaneous reversible process a consumer of work, this in opposition to common thermodynamic wisdom that makes spontaneous reversible processes the most efficient transformers of work-producing-potential into actual work. The solution to this and other related impasses is provided by Dialectical Thermodynamics via its previously proved notion assigning a negative entropy change to the energy upgrading process represented by the transformation of heat into work. The said solution is here exemplified with the ideal-gas phase isomerization of butane into isobutane.

Dialectic:辩证逻辑的新形态

当代中国辩证逻辑研究的多元进路均不同程度地把辩证法作为研究的理论基础。基于“dialectic”一词具有的辩证法与论辩术的双重含义,当代关于论辩术的种种逻辑研究具有作为辩证逻辑的合法性,这种新形态的辩证逻辑对于深化马克思主义辩证逻辑的研究、把握辩证逻辑和现代性建构与批判之间的关系都具有重要意义。

Reflection on Dialect Interference on Mandarin and the Second Language Acquisition of English Learners of Huangshi Dialect

Many findings have shown that positive and negative transfer from the first language influences the second language acquisition.Some observations illustrate that dialect incurs negative transfer on Mandarin learning.Twenty-nine English learners of Huangshi dialect are surveyed about their living and education environment,their second language acquisition and Mandarin learning in an attempt to prove the existence of dialect interference on Mandarin and the second language acquisition and explain the reasons of the difference among dialect,Mandarin and the second language acquisition,based on sound analysis.

Language and dialect

本文从多个方面论述了语言与方言之间的关系 :两者之间既有区别又有联系。方言虽然是语言的附属变体 ,在使用范围和影响力方面弱于语言 ,但反过来方言又在地域、时间、社会。

Comparing Xi'an and Baoji Dialects in Guanzhong—How Mandarin Influences Two Dialects

As the main components of Northwestern mandarin,Xi'an dialect and Baoji dialect share similarities and disparities in many aspects.By making comparisons between Xi'an and Baoji dialects in terms of lexicon and syntax,this paper observes how mandarin has exerted impact on the two dialects above and finds out that Xi'an dialect is influenced more deeply by mandarin than Baoji dialect.

A Dialectical Way between Literal and Free Translation:Taking the Translation of English Similes as an Exemplar

Simile,as an important figure of speech,is widely used in various texts.And it has its own feature and different subtypes,which require that the translation methods-literal translation and free translation should be adopted dialectically in accordance with the content or form of the similes.Actually,free translation based on literal translation is much better even though adding some extensions or footnotes is employed,too.

The Differences between Dalian Dialect and Standard Chinese

Dalian dialect is one kind of Northern dialect.Its formation is due to many factors including history,geographical location,Shandong dialect and influence from Russia and Japan.This paper analyzes the main difference between Dalian dialect and Standard Chinese,also presents the characteristics of Dalian dialect in four aspects: phonology,morphology,syntax and slangs.

English Phonetics Problems under the Chinese Mother-tongue and Dialect Cultures and its Countermeasures

Many people do believe that the pronunciation just related to the phonetic transcription, if we can master it, then we have good pronunciation. However, during the process of language study, we can found that the phonetics is affected by many factors. The consonants problems or vowels problems or during the process of learning, their phonetics is also affected by their mother tongue and local dialect.

Optimizing Teacher-Student Collaborative Assessment in the Production-Oriented Approach:A Dialectical Research

Teacher-student collaborative assessment(TSCA)aims to address the challenges of responding to students’work in the Production-Oriented Approach:low efficiency and poor effectiveness.As part of a bigger project carried out in a Chinese university over a period of three years,the present study explored how the teacher prepared and implemented TSCA in class,especially with a focus on how she determined the assessing objective and worked collaboratively with her students in class to achieve it,using the students’written and translated texts as examples.By adopting the dialectical research(DR)method,this paper collected qualitative data such as teaching plans,classroom recordings,and reflective journals of the teacher-researcher(the author),along with students’written drafts and translated texts.TSCA theory and classroom practice have been refined simultaneously by means of putting theory into practice and reflecting upon it.The optimized pre-class and in-class procedures may shed some light on applying TSCA to L2 classrooms.

Study on Dialect Words in Chinese Neologism——Based on the Research of Beijing,Guangdong,Hunan and Jiangxi Dialects

In recent years,a large number of dialect words merged with Chinese mandarin,becoming a main source of Chinese new words and contributing to the diversity of Chinese.Targeting this phenomenon,the researchers conducted research on those words.By studying literature,sending out questionnaires,making field trips and observations,this paper analyzes the main factors influencing the dialect words'absorption in Chinese mandarin and the channels involved,summarizes the traits of their formula tion.

Looking at the Effects of Language Contact With Hakka as Reflected by the Characteristics of the Pingshan Zhanmi Dialect

The special Economic Zone of Shenzhen has been endowed with plentiful of language resources. Apart from various Yue dialects in the west and Hakka dialect in the east, there are also many indigenous Chinese dialects such as the Dapeng dialect (大鹏话), the Danjia dialect (疍家话) and also the Zhanmi dialect (占米话). The last one is not ever reported. Out of curiosity, we went to investigate the dialect which is spoken in isolate patches in the easternmost townships of Pingshan (坪山), Kengzi (坑梓) and Pingdi (坪地). The Pingshan Zhanmi dialect (PZD)seems to be an intermediate between Yue and Hakka dialects. According to our observation, PZD is quite similar to the Dongguan-Baoan Yue dialects (DBYD, 莞宝片粤语) in the western part of the city and has obvious correspondence with them, such as having the onset [m] in the Middle Chinese (MC) Wei (微) characters, little literal/colloquial discrepancies in the Fei Group (非组), [a/?] contrast, literal/colloquial readings in the Geng rime group all with [?/k] as codas, etc. However, because of long term contact with the surrounding Hakka dialects, PZD has also a lot of characteristics of Hakka, such as aspirated readings in all MC voiced stops and affricates onsetsafter devoicing, lack of rounded frontal vowels, no Ying-yang contrast in the Shang tone. More influences of Hakka can be found in the vocabulary, which PZD has been borrowing for centuries.

亚里士多德《修辞学》中“dialectic”一词的翻译

正确理解术语"dialectic"是理解亚里士多德修辞学的关键之一。这一术语在亚里士多德《修辞学》的两个中译本中有着"论辩术"和"辩证法"两个不同的译名。文章试从词源、词义的演变、词的译介以及亚里士多德本人的观点四个方面探讨"dialectic"的意义和翻译,指出"辩证法"译名的不科学性,并提出了翻译处理的建议。

The Appropriate Relevance between Putonghua and Dialects

Putonghua is the lingua franca of People’s Republic of China,so the government of People’s Republic of China has made laws to promote it and require the citizens of People’s Republic of China use it in certain formal occasions;Promoting Putonghua is the actual needs of China in the current times and in the long future to come.It must be kept in the mind that we must also protect the dialects when promoting Putonghua and we can not afford to let them perish.Putonghua and dialects fulfill different social function in our daily life,so the appropriate relationship between Putonghua and dialects is complementary coexistence in harmony,not in conflicts.And the success of promoting Putonghua should not base on the death of dialects.In order to ensure Putonghua and dialects to fulfill their different social functions better,measures must be taken to safeguard the long-term complementary harmonious coexistence of Putonghua and dialects and to protect endangered dialects.