Transcriptome-Wide Identification and Functional Analysis of PgSQE08-01 Gene in Ginsenoside Biosynthesis in Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.

Panax ginseng C.A.Mey.is an important plant species used in traditional Chinese medicine,whose primary active ingredient is a ginsenoside.Ginsenoside biosynthesis is not only regulated by transcription factors but also controlled by a variety of structural genes.Nonetheless,the molecular mechanism underlying ginsenoside biosynthesis has always been a topic in the discussion of ginseng secondary metabolites.Squalene epoxidase(SQE)is a key enzyme in the mevalonic acid pathway,which affects the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites such as terpenoid.Using ginseng transcriptome,expression,and ginsenoside content databases,this study employed bioinformatic methods to systematically analyze the genes encoding SQE in ginseng.We first selected six PgSQE candidates that were closely involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis and then identified PgSQE08-01 to be highly associated with ginsenoside biosynthesis.Next,we constructed the overexpression vector pCAMBIA3301-PgSQE08-01 and the RNAi vector pART27-PgSQE08-01 and transformed ginseng adventitious roots using Agrobacterium rhizogenes,to obtain positive hairy-root clones.Thereafter,quantitative reverse transcriptionpolymerase chain reaction and high-performance liquid chromatography were used to determine the expression of relevant genes and ginsenoside content,respectively.Then,we focused on the function of PgSQE08-01 gene,which was noted to be involved in ginsenoside biosynthesis.Thus,these findings not only provided a molecular basis for the identification of important functional genes in ginseng but also enriched genetic resources for the biosynthesis of ginsenosides using synthetic biology.

Efficacy of ginseng-based Renshenguben oral solution for cancer-related fatigue among patients with advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma:A prospective multicenter cohort study

Background:Cancer-related fatigue(CRF)is a common and debilitating symptom experienced by patients with advanced-stage cancer,especially those undergoing antitumor therapy.This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Renshenguben(RSGB)oral solution,a ginseng-based traditional Chinese medicine,in alleviating CRF in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)receiving antitumor treatment.Methods:In this prospective,open-label,controlled,multicenter study,patients with advanced HCC at BCLC stage C and a brief fatigue inventory(BFI)score of≥4 were enrolled.Participants were assigned to the RSGB group(RSGB,10 mL twice daily)or the control group(with supportive care).Primary and secondary endpoints were the change in multidimensional fatigue inventory(MFI)score,and BFI and functional assessment of cancer therapy-hepatobiliary(FACT-Hep)scores at weeks 4 and 8 after enrollment.Adverse events(AEs)and toxicities were assessed.Results:A total of 409 participants were enrolled,with 206 assigned to the RSGB group.At week 4,there was a trend towards improvement,but the differences were not statistically significant.At week 8,the RSGB group exhibited a significantly lower MFI score(P<0.05)compared to the control group,indicating improved fatigue levels.Additionally,the RSGB group showed significantly greater decrease in BFI and FACT-Hep scores at week 8(P<0.05).Subgroup analyses among patients receiving various antitumor treatments showed similar results.Multivariate linear regression analyses revealed that the RSGB group experienced a significantly substantial decrease in MFI,BFI,and FACT-Hep scores at week 8.No serious drug-related AEs or toxicities were observed.Conclusions:RSGB oral solution effectively reduced CRF in patients with advanced HCC undergoing antitumor therapy over an eight-week period,with no discernible toxicities.These findings support the potential of RSGB oral solution as an adjunctive treatment for managing CRF in this patient population.

Sensory Evaluation of Freeze-Dried Facial Mask and Analysis of User Profile

To thoroughly understand market opportunity of freeze-dried facial mask and deeply get insight of consumers’usage behavior and needs,evaluate sensory feelings of 10 screened commercial freeze-dried facial mask products,group test products according to the differences of sensory attributions via Principal Component Analysis(PCA)and Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering(AHC),pick up the representative products.Freeze-dried facial mask users evaluate satisfaction degree of picked up products and participate survey of usage behavior/cognition.Analyze consumer data by AHC to get consumer segmentations and their profile.The test results show that,sensory data and consumer data,which is from consumers test of screened representative products by performing PCA and AHC on sensory data,can be verified mutually.It is helpful to understand the needs of consumer segmentations and reason to buy by combining sensory data and consumer test.

Comparative analysis of physicochemical properties,ginsenosides content andα-amylase inhibitory effects in white ginseng and red ginsen

Ginseng(Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer)as a common dietary adjunct is widely applied in Traditional Chinese Medicine due to its health-promoting properties,but the differences between white ginseng and red ginseng was rarely studied.In the present study,color parameters and scanning electron microscope(SEM)were determined to evaluate the differences of ginseng color and microstructure induced by processing procedure.Quantitative analysis of multi-components by a single-marker(QAMS)method and anti-α-amylase activity test were used to assess variations of chemical ingredients and pharmacological activity between white and red ginseng.Finally,molecular docking studies were carried out to screen out the most effective compound againstα-amylase.Results indicated that processing had a significant impact on the physicochemical properties and pharmacological activity of white and red ginseng.After processing,the color value of L*declined significantly.Red ginseng sample displayed a compact structure and presented of a gel layer on the surface compared to white ginseng.Additionally,the content of ginsenosides and the activity of anti-α-amylase decreased.The contents of total ginsenosides were positively correlated with the anti-α-amylase activities of ginseng,and ginsenoside Rb1 might be the most effective compound to inhibit the activity ofα-amylase.

The protective effect of oleic acid on Lactiplantibacillus plantarum during freeze-drying

Membrane characteristics are determined by the fatty acids composition,which affects survival rates after freeze-drying.However,it is unknown which composition provides the greatest effect.In this study,we found that the addition of Tween 80 and Tween 20 significantly increased survival rates of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum,which reached a maximum of 93.1%.Conversely,Tween 60 caused a significant decrease.We further found that the difference between the effects of adding Tween 80 and Tween 60 was the change in oleic acid contents.To verify the role of oleic acid,we used CRISPR-Cas9 to knock-out the key synthesis gene cla-er.The survival rates of L.plantarum AR113Δcla-er declined to 5.48%.The addition of oleic acid restored the rates to those of wild type strains.Moreover,the membrane integrity and fl uidity of knockout strains markedly decreased.This is the fi rst confi rmation that Tween 80 or Tween 20 increases the survival rate by increasing the content of oleic acid in the cell membrane.These fi ndings also indicated that oleic acid in cell membranes has a substantial protective effect on L.plantarum during freeze-drying.

High-throughput transcriptional profiling of perturbations by Panax ginseng saponins and Panax notoginseng saponins using TCM-seq

Panax ginseng(PG)and Panax notoginseng(PN)are highly valuable Chinese medicines(CM).Although both CMs have similar active constituents,their clinical applications are clearly different.Over the past decade,RNA sequencing(RNA-seq)analysis has been employed to investigate the molecular mechanisms of extracts or monomers.However,owing to the limited number of samples in standard RNA-seq,few studies have systematically compared the effects of PG and PN spanning multiple conditions at the transcriptomic level.Here,we developed an approach that simultaneously profiles transcriptome changes for multiplexed samples using RNA-seq(TCM-seq),a high-throughput,low-cost workflow to molecularly evaluate CM perturbations.A species-mixing experiment was conducted to illustrate the accuracy of sample multiplexing in TCM-seq.Transcriptomes from repeated samples were used to verify the robustness of TCM-seq.We then focused on the primary active components,Panax notoginseng saponins(PNS)and Panax ginseng saponins(PGS)extracted from PN and PG,respectively.We also characterized the transcriptome changes of 10 cell lines,treated with four different doses of PNS and PGS,using TCM-seq to compare the differences in their perturbing effects on genes,functional pathways,gene modules,and molecular networks.The results of transcriptional data analysis showed that the transcriptional patterns of various cell lines were significantly distinct.PGS exhibited a stronger regulatory effect on genes involved in cardiovascular disease,whereas PNS resulted in a greater coagulation effect on vascular endothelial cells.This study proposes a paradigm to comprehensively explore the differences in mechanisms of action between CMs based on transcriptome readouts.

Molecular Mechanism of Ginseng in Treating Nephrotic Syndrome Based on Network Pharmacology and Experimental Verification

[Objectives]To study the potential molecular mechanism of ginseng in treating nephrotic syndrome(NS)by using network pharmacology,molecular docking and experimental verification methods.[Methods]The active components and targets of ginseng were obtained through the network pharmacology database,and the potential targets for the treatment of NS were predicted.The STRING data platform and Cytoscape software were used to construct protein interaction network,and carry out GO and KEGG enrichment analysis.Molecular docking of active components of ginseng and core targets was performed.The in vitro experiment verified the improvement effect of kaempferol,a key active ingredient of ginseng,on podocyte injury.[Results]After screening,17 active components of ginseng and 38 key targets for treating NS were obtained.GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that NF-κB,MAPK and other inflammatory pathways were involved.Molecular docking results show that the core components had good binding activity to key targets.The results of in vitro experiments show that kaempferol can reduce the phosphorylation level of AKT1,down-regulate the expression levels of NF-κB p65 and p-NF-κB p65,play an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB pathway,and improve podocyte injury.[Conclusions]Ginseng may play a role in the treatment of NS by regulating multiple targets and pathways such as inflammatory response,substance metabolism,and signal transduction.

Effects of Ginseng Protein on Gut Microbiota and BDNF/TrkB Signaling Pathway in Alzheimer s Disease Mice

[Objectives] To investigate the effects of ginseng protein on gut microbiota and BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway in Alzheimer s disease (AD) mice. [Methods] D-galactose/AlCl 3 co-induction was used to establish AD model, and mice were randomly divided into normal group 1, normal group 2, model group 1, model group 2, ginseng protein group, and microbiota transplantation group. Morris water maze experiment was used to evaluate learning and memory ability, and Western blot method was used to detect the expression of APP, p-Tau, BDNF, TrkB, p-TrkB proteins in brain tissue, and 16S rDNA was used to detect diversity of fecal microbiota. [Results] Ginseng protein and microbiota transplantation can shorten the escape latency of mice ( P <0.05), increase the number of crossing platforms ( P <0.05), reduce the expression of APP and p-Tau proteins in brain tissue ( P <0.05, P <0.01), increase the expression of BDNF, p-TrkB, p-TrkB/TrkB proteins ( P <0.05, P <0.01), and reduce the abundance of Alloprevotella, Ruminococcaceae _UCG-014, Prevotellaceae _UCG-001, and Ruminococcus _1 ( P <0.05, P <0.01). [Conclusions] The action mechanism of ginseng protein anti AD may be through regulating gut microbiota diversity and activating the BDNF/TrkB signaling pathway.

Effects of ginseng powder on chemical composition, antioxidant and sensory properties of biscuits

This work aimed to evaluate the quality of biscuits incorporated with ginseng powder.This powder was incorporated into wheat flour at levels ranging from 0 to 4%and used in the production of biscuits.The biscuits were analysed for proximate composition,sensory attributes,phytochemical content,and antioxidant properties.Results revealed that the moisture and fat contents of the biscuits significantly decreased with the incorporation of ginseng powder.Conversely,protein(3.15 to 4.55 g/100 g DM),carbohydrate(27.80 to 31.10 g/100 g DM)and fiber contents(6.21 to 13.74 g/100 g DM)significantly increased with incorporation.The total polyphenols,saponins,and total flavonoid contents increased from 1.67 to 1.99 mgGAE/100 g DM,0 to 0.69 mg,and 0.87 to 1.83 QE/100g DM respectively.Ginseng powder also significantly increased the DPPH scavenging activity,from 42.05%to 52.62%,and FRAP value from 2.25 to 7.71μgGAE/g with increased incorporation.However,the sensory attributes of the biscuits were not affected by the incorporation of ginseng.Ginseng powder can therefore be incorporated in wheat flour at up to 4%level for biscuits production as a functional food for the promotion of human health.

气相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定人参中33种农药残留量的不确定度评定

目的探究影响气相色谱-串联质谱法测定人参中33种农药残留量时测量不确定度的主要因素。方法采用气相色谱-串联质谱法对人参中33种农药残留量进行测定,根据JJF 1059.1-2012《测量不确定度评定与表示》和JJF 1135-2005《化学分析测量不确定度评定》要求,建立不确定度评定的数学模型,分析在测定过程中的主要不确定度来源,即从样品的称量、标准溶液的稀释、样品的前处理和仪器测定的重复性等方面对各个分量进行评估。结果测量不确定度主要来源于回收率实验,样品平均回收率为79.61%~116.70%,33种农药残留在0.010~0.20 mg·kg^(-1)范围测量结果的扩展不确定度为±0.000718~±0.0252 mg·kg^(-1)。结论本评定方法为气相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定人参中33种农药残留量在临界点附近的结果判定提供了理论依据。

基于土壤微生物群落结构的参地土壤改良研究进展

改良参地土壤是缓解参地资源紧缺、促进人参种植业健康持续发展的有效途径。综述土壤微生物群落结构改变与连作障碍关系,参地土壤化学消毒、农业改良和微生物防治对土壤微生物的影响。结果显示:微生物制剂可以通过调整土壤微生物群落结构、拮抗病原菌、激活养分等有效防治人参病害及改良参地土壤;开发高效、具有广谱抑菌活性的微生物混合菌剂,辅以化学消毒、农业改良等土壤改良技术是改良参地土壤及防治人参病害的关键。

人参汤剂干预老年重症肺炎患者的临床疗效和安全性研究

目的探讨人参汤剂干预老年重症肺炎患者临床疗效和安全性。方法收集2022年4月—2023年6月于上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院重症医学病区治疗的100例老年重症肺炎病例,根据随机数字法,将100例重症肺炎病例分为对照组与试验组,每组各50例,对照组给予常规治疗,试验组在常规治疗的基础上加用人参汤剂,然后统计2组患者在治疗后症状(包括发热、咳嗽、乏力、厌食、气喘)消失时间、实验室指标(WBC、NA、L、AST、LDH、CRP)变化情况、CT影像肺部病灶吸收情况和住院时间。记录服用人参汤剂后发生的不良事件(腹痛、恶心、呕吐及肾功能损伤)。结果经过治疗后,试验验组的发热、咳嗽、乏力、厌食、气喘等症状消失时间显著低于对照组,且差异具有统计学意义。2组实验室指标有所改善,其中试验组L、LDH、CRP水平较对照组相比明显改善,且差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05),其余指标无统计学意义(P>0.05)。2组在治疗后肺部吸收情况差异有统计意义(P<0.05)。试验组住院时间为(12.14±2.01)d,对照组住院时间为(13.10±2.47)d,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。50例患者服用人参汤期间,共3人次出现轻微恶心、腹泻,均未停药,均未见肝、肾功能损害。结论人参汤剂可以有效辅助改善老年重症肺炎患者症状,降低炎症指标,促进肺部病灶的吸收,安全性良好,值得在大规模人群中推广研究。

人参播种机设计与试验

人参在我国是一种传统的滋补中药,被誉为“百草之王”,是东北三省最具地方特色的药用植物。为实现人参播种全程机械化,提高人参产量,设计了一种能够实现人参播种、精量施肥的自动人参播种机。文章详细分析了人参播种机关键部件的结构设计和主要参数。此研究为人参播种全程机械化提供了理论参考。

枯草芽孢杆菌LM 4-2发酵人参芦头生物转化人参皂苷Rd的研究

人参为我国传统的食药同源资源,但由于潜在的催吐等副作用,在人参炮制过程中需要做去芦处理,导致大量的人参芦头被丢弃,造成了严重的资源浪费,如何减少浪费、提高人参的综合应用需要进行相应研究。该研究建立了基于超高液相色谱法的人参皂苷检测方法,通过对13种人参皂苷单体进行测试,验证了该检测方法的准确性与可靠性。采用生物转化的方法,从6株候选菌株中筛选出转化人参皂苷Rd产量最高的菌株Bacillus subtilisLM 4-2,推测人参皂苷Rd经由Rc水解途径转化而来,进一步通过单因素试验与响应面试验设计,确定了菌株LM 4-2的最佳发酵条件为发酵时间20 d,温度30℃,料液比1∶4.3(g∶mL),接种量7.5%,该优化条件下Rd产量为(6.375±0.006)mg/g。同时,研究还对人参芦头发酵提取物的抗氧化性和抑菌效果进行了测定,抗氧化性试验发现DPPH自由基的清除率随着提取物浓度的增加而增加,提取物质量浓度为50 mg/mL时,DPPH自由基的清除率为82.55%;抑菌试验结果表明,在提取物质量浓度达到1.0 mg/mL时,对测试菌株金黄色葡萄球菌,枯草芽孢杆菌和大肠杆菌均能产生抑制作用,发酵液对3种测试菌株的最低抑制浓度分别为1.0、0.75和1.0 mg/mL。这些研究为通过菌株LM 4-2发酵人参芦头转化人参皂苷Rd、提高人参芦头的应用价值提供了参考。

人参播种机施肥要点及技术方法

人参为珍贵药材,具有大补元气、固脱生津、安神益智的功能。目前,人参播种施肥超标严重,因此,如何提高人参播种机施肥技术达到高产高效的生产水平,是当前人参播种机研发急需解决的问题。该文针对人参播种机施肥要点及技术方法的研究现状,探讨了人参播种机施肥要点及技术方法对人参生长周期的影响。通过采用人参播种机施肥要点及技术方法的改良,有效提高肥料利用率,改善土壤结构,促进人参生长和增产。旨在实现农业生产与环境保护的良性循环。

基于网络药理学与动物实验探究人参—黄连—三七药串治疗糖尿病肾病的作用机制

目的 应用网络药理学的研究方法筛选人参—黄连—三七药串治疗糖尿病肾病的作用靶点及相关信号通路,通过动物实验明确其疗效与作用机制。方法 运用Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform(TCMSP)数据库检索获取人参—黄连—三七的主要化学成分以及相关作用靶点;使用DisGeNET筛选胰岛素抵抗与糖尿病肾病的相关靶标基因;通过Venn软件筛选出药物与疾病的共同作用靶点;构建出疾病—靶点—成分—药物网络;使用STRING数据库完成蛋白质—蛋白质相互作用网络(protein-protein interaction networks, PPI)的构建;通过基因本体(gene ontology, GO)富集分析和京都基因与基因组百科全书(Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, KEGG)通路富集分析对有效作用靶点进行分析。以db/db小鼠作为动物模型,于给药第4、第8周后留取各组小鼠8小时尿液,检测各组小鼠尿微量白蛋白排泄水平;采用蛋白免疫印迹法法对网络药理学的研究预测的关键通路及靶点进行进一步的实验验证。结果 本研究共筛选得到人参—黄连—三七药串的人参皂苷Rh2、人参皂苷F2、槲皮素、小檗碱等39种有效成分;获得人参—黄连—三七药串治疗糖尿病肾病潜在靶点18个,其中PTEN、CCL2、IL6、TNF、HIF1A等11个与其他靶点相互作用较强,可能在网络中起到关键作用;通过GO分析和KEGG分析分别获得2595个条目和107条信号通路,其中包括磷脂酰肌醇-3-激酶丝氨酸/苏氨酸特异性蛋白激酶(phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B,PI3K/Akt)信号通路、晚期糖基化终末产物—晚期糖基化终末产物受体信号通路、低氧诱导因子-1信号通路、细胞迁移的正调控、细胞因子活性、细胞因子受体结合、血小板α颗粒等。动物实验显示,在给药第4周及第8周后,中药组小鼠尿微量白蛋白排泄水平均较模型组下降(P<0.05)。对于PI3K/Akt信号通路的相关蛋白检测结果表明,中药组小鼠肾脏PI3K、p-Akt表达水平较模型组明显下降(P<0.05),磷酸酶张力蛋白同源物(phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome ten, PTEN)水平较模型组升高(P<0.05)。结论 人参—黄连—三七药串能够有效改善db/db小鼠糖尿病肾病引起的蛋白尿,其作用机制可能与激活PTEN抑制PI3K/Akt信号通路有关。

中国古代人参的时空分布与近现代野生人参资源分布现状

人参是我国著名的中药材,早在两千多年前就已经被发现于山西上党地区,并记载于本草古籍中。随着朝代更替,在人类活动和生态环境不断变化的双重影响下,我国的人参资源由太行山区、燕山山区、东北山区逐渐向东北方向转移,近现代则仅存于我国东北一隅。对古代本草书籍和地理历史文献进行分析,从中整理出古代人参的朝代与产地变迁过程,总结归纳古代人参产地的时空分布变迁原因,并就近现代野生人参资源的分布进行深入分析,为野生人参的研究和保护提供参考。

基于肠道菌群-短链脂肪酸途径的人参改善运动性疲劳作用机制探索

目的:探索人参提取物通过调节肠道菌群发挥抗疲劳作用的机制。方法:制备大鼠负重游泳运动性疲劳模型,连续灌胃给予人参提取物21 d。采用负重游泳实验评价人参提取物抗疲劳作用;收集大鼠血清、肠道内容物及各组织,采用紫外-可见分光光度法测定人参提取物中总皂苷和总多糖含量;采用比色法检测尿素氮、乳酸和肝/肌糖原水平;采用酶联免疫吸附法检测白细胞介素-6 (IL-6)、IL-1β和C反应蛋白(CRP)水平;采用16S rRNA结合多元统计分析探索肠道菌群变化;采用液相色谱-质谱法(LC-MS/MS)测定血清短链脂肪酸变化。结果:人参提取物中总皂苷和总多糖质量分数分别为205.6、321.8 mg·g~(–1)。与模型组比较,人参提取物给药后能够显著延长大鼠负重游泳时间,同时上调肝脏和骨骼肌组织中糖原水平,下调血清中尿素氮和乳酸水平。与模型组比较,人参提取物可促进生成短链脂肪酸的肠道菌群表达,并提高血清中短链脂肪酸水平,同时下调炎症因子水平。结论:人参提取物具有明显的抗疲劳作用,其机制可能与调控肠道菌群促进短链脂肪酸生成,进而促进糖原生成,同时抑制炎症因子表达有关。

UPLC-MS/MS法同时测定妇康片中11种人参皂苷的含量

目的建立UPLC-MS/MS法同时测定妇康片中拟人参皂苷F_(11)及人参皂苷Rf、Rg_(1)、Re、Rb_(1)、Rb_(2)、Rb_(3)、Rg_(2)、Rg_(3)、Rc、Rd的含量。方法分析采用Phenomenex Kinetex F_(5)色谱柱(2.1 mm×100 mm,1.7μm);流动相乙腈-2 mmol/L甲酸铵,梯度洗脱;体积流量0.3 mL/min;柱温40℃;电喷雾离子源;负离子扫描;多反应监测模式。结果11种人参皂苷在各自范围内线性关系良好(r>0.9900),平均加样回收率97.40%~103.74%,RSD 1.76%~3.48%。结论该方法灵敏实用,重复性好,可用于妇康片中人参的质量控制。

不同分子量黑参多糖对皮肤保湿及光损伤保护作用

以黑参多糖为研究对象,分析两种黑参多糖HSP-1和HSP-2的结构,研究二者对皮肤保湿以及光损伤保护作用的效果。结果表明,HSP-1和HSP-2均含有蛋白质、均具有多糖特征峰,一级结构一致,得率HSP-1<HSP-2,分子量HSP-1<30 kDa、HSP-2>30 kDa。在单糖构成上,HSP-1以半乳糖和鼠李糖为主要单糖成分,HSP-2以阿拉伯糖为主要单糖成分。HSP-1具有三螺旋结构、HSP-2不具有三螺旋结构,二者的空间结构不一致。通过对比吸湿能力、保湿能力以及小鼠皮肤的厚度色度、羟脯氨酸、糖胺多糖和脂质含量以及总抗氧化能力、超氧化物歧化酶和丙二醛含量,发现HSP-1的吸湿保湿、抑制皮肤羟脯氨酸和脂质流失、糖胺多糖累积以及减缓氧化应激产生的炎症状态的能力均优于HSP-2。因此HSP-1多糖对皮肤保湿及光损伤保护的作用效果较佳。