Particle flow study on strength and meso-mechanism of Brazilian splitting test for jointed rock mass

A discrete element method （DEM） called particle flow code （PFC2D） was used to construct a model for Brazilian disc splitting test in the present study. Based on the experimental results of intact Brazilian disc of rock-like material, a set of micro-parameters in PFC2D that reflected the macro-mechanical behavior of rock-like materials were obtained. And then PFC2D was used to simulate Brazilian splitting test for jointed rock mass specimens and specimen containing a central straight notch. The effect of joint angle and notch angle on the tensile strength and failure mode of jointed rock specimens was detailed analyzed. In order to reveal the meso-mechanical mechanism of crack coalescence, displacement trend lines were applied to analyze the displacement evolution during the crack initiation and propagation. The investigated conclusions can be described as follows. （1） The tensile strength of jointed rock mass disc specimen is dependent to the joint angle. As the joint angle increases, the tensile strength of jointed rock specimen takes on a nonlinear variance. （2） The tensile strength of jointed rock mass disc specimen containing a central straight notch distributes as a function of both joint angle and notch angle. （3） Three major failure modes, i.e., pure tensile failure, shear failure and mixed tension and shear failure mode are observed in jointed rock mass disc specimens under Brazilian test. （4） The notch angle roles on crack initiation and and joint angle play important propagation characteristics of jointed rock mass disc specimen containing a central straight notch under Brazilian test.

Tensile strength of sea ice using splitting tests based on the digital image correlation method

The splitting test is a competitive alternative method to study the tensile strength of sea ice owing to its suitability for sampling.However,the approach was questioned to the neglect of local plastic deformation during the tests.In this study,splitting tests were performed on sea ice,with 32 samples subjected to the regular procedure and 8 samples subjected to the digital image correlation method.The salinity,density,and temperature were measured to determine the total porosity.With the advantage of the digital image correlation method,the full-field deformation of the ice samples could be determined.In the loading direction,the samples mainly deformed at the ice-platen contact area.In the direction vertical to the loading,deformation appears along the central line where the splitting crack occurs.Based on the distribution of the sample deformation,a modified solution was derived to calculate the tensile strength with the maximum load.Based on the modified solution,the tensile strength was further calculated together with the splitting test results.The results show that the tensile strength has a negative correlation with the total porosity,which agrees with previous studies based on uniaxial tension tests.

Surrounding rock pressure in the tunnel portal section through moraine under freeze-thaw action

Moraines,characterized by the accumulation of rock and soil debris transported by glacial activity,present unique challenges for tunnel construction,particularly in portal sections,due to prevailing geographical and climatic conditions that facilitate freeze-thaw action.Despite these challenges,there is a dearth of studies investigating the influence of freeze-thaw action and water content on the mechanical properties of moraines,and no research on calculating surrounding rock pressure in moraine tunnels subjected to freeze-thaw conditions.In this study,direct shear tests under freeze-thaw cycles were conducted to examine the effects of freeze-thaw cycles and water content on the mechanical properties of frozen moraine.A comprehensive parameter K,integrating the number of freeze-thaws and water content,was introduced to model cohesion c.Drawing on Terzaghi Theory,we propose an improved algorithm for calculating surrounding rock pressure at the portal section of moraine tunnels.Using a tunnel as a case study,surrounding rock pressure was calculated under various conditions to validate the Improved Algorithm's efficacy.The results show that:(1)Strength loss exhibits a linear trend with the number of freeze-thaw cycles at water content levels of 4%and 8%,while at 12%water content,previous freeze-thaw cycles induce more significant damage to the soil.(2)Moraine saturation peaks between 8%and 12%water content.Following repeated freeze-thaw cycles,moraine shear strength initially increases before decreasing with varying water content.(3)The internal friction angle of moraine experiences slight reductions with prolonged freeze-thaw cycles,but both freeze-thaw cycles and water content significantly influence cohesion.(4)Vertical surrounding rock pressure increases after the initial freeze-thaw cycle,particularly with higher water content,although freeze-thaw cycles have minimal effect on it.(5)Freeze-thaw cycles lead to a substantial increase in lateral surrounding rock pressure,necessitating reinforced support structures at the arch wall,arch waist,and arch foot in engineering projects to mitigate freeze-thaw effects.This study provides a foundation for designing and selecting tunnel support structures in similar geological conditions.

Dynamic mechanical characteristics of frozen subgrade soil subjected to freeze-thaw cycles

As a widely-applied engineering material in cold regions, the frozen subgrade soils are usually subjected to seismic loading, which are also dramatically influenced by the freeze-thaw(F-T)cycles due to the varying temperature. A series of dynamic cyclic triaxial experiments were conducted through a cryogenic triaxial apparatus for exploring the influences of F-T cycles on the dynamic mechanical properties of frozen subgrade clay.According to the experimental results of frozen clay at the temperature of-10℃, the dynamic responses and microstructure variation at different times of F-T cycles(0, 1, 5, and 20 cycles) were explored in detail.It is experimentally demonstrated that the dynamic stress-strain curves and dynamic volumetric strain curves of frozen clay are significantly sparse after 20F-T cycles. Meanwhile, the cyclic number at failure(Nf) of the frozen specimen reduces by 89% after 20freeze-thaw cycles at a low ratio of the dynamic stress amplitude. In addition, with the increasing F-T cycles,the axial accumulative strain, residual deformation,and the value of damage variable of frozen clay increase, while the dynamic resilient modulus and dynamic strength decrease. Finally, the influence of the F-T cycles on the failure mechanisms of frozen clay was discussed in terms of the microstructure variation. These studies contribute to a better understanding of the fundamental changes in the dynamic mechanical of frozen soils exposed to F-T cycles in cold and seismic regions.

Effect of PVA Fiber on the Dynamic and Static Mechanical Properties of Concrete under Freeze-thaw Cycles at Extremely Low Temperature(-70℃)

In order to study the effect of PVA fiber on the dynamic and static mechanical properties of low-temperature freeze-thaw concrete under the saturated surface dry state,different contents of PVA fiber were added to prepare concrete in this experiment.The concrete was subjected to compression,flexural and SHPB impact tests combined with scanning electron microscopy for microstructure analysis,after different times of freeze-thaw cycles in the temperature range of 20-70℃.The experimental results show that the compressive strength of the PVA fiber reinforced concrete first increases and then decreases after freeze and thaw cycles,and the compressive strength is positively correlated with the fiber content.The flexural strength gradually decreases with freeze-thaw cycles.The flexural strength of the concrete with 1.2 kg/m^(3) of PVA fiber presents the lowest strength loss after 45 freeze and thaw cycles,which is about 14%.The dynamic failure strength gradually decreases with the increase of freeze-thaw times,and the reduction amplitude decreases with the increase of PVA fiber content.The best impact resistance is achieved when the PVA fiber dosage is 1.2 kg/m^(3).

Complete splitting process of steel fiber reinforced concrete at intermediate strain rate

The complete splitting process of steel fiber reinforced concrete(SFRC)at intermediate strain rate was studied by experiment.The basic information of a self-developed SFRC dynamic test system matching with Instron 1342 materials testing machine was given,and the experiment principle and the loading mode of cubic split specimen were introduced.During the experiment,30 cubes of 150 mm×150 mm×150 mm and 36 cubes of 100 mm×100 mm×100 mm,designed and prepared according to C20 class SFRC with different volume fractions of steel fiber(0,1%,2%,3%,4%)were tested and analyzed.At the same time,the size effect of SFRC at intermediate strain rate was investigated.The experimental study indicates that SFRC size effect is not influenced by the loading speed or strain rate.When the steel fiber content increases from 0 to 4%,the splitting strength of SFRC increases from 100%to 261%,i.e.increasing by 161%compared with that of the common concrete.The loading rate increases from 1.33 kN/s to 80.00 kN/s,and the splitting tensile strength increases by 43.55%.

Approach to minish scattering of results for split Hopkinson pressure bar test

Split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB) apparatus, usually used for testing behavior of material in median and high strain-rate, is now widely used in the study of rock dynamic constitutive relation, damage evolvement mechanism and energy consumption. However, the possible reasons of sampling disturbance, machining error and so on often lead to the scattering of test results, and bring ultimate difficulty for forming general test conclusion. Based on the stochastic finite element method, the uncertain parameters of specimen density ρs, specimen radius Rs, specimen elastic modulus Es and specimen length Ls in the data processing of SHPB test were considered, and the correlation between the parameters and the test results was analyzed. The results show that the specimen radius Rs has direct correlation with the test result, improving the accuracy in preparing and measuring of specimen is an effective way to improve the accuracy of test and minish the scattering of results for SHPB test.

Detecting the possibility of a type of photon number splitting attack in decoy-state quantum key distribution

The existing decoy-state quantum key distribution(QKD)beating photon-number-splitting(PNS)attack provides a more accurate method to estimate the secure key rate,while it still considers that only single-photon pulses can generate secure keys in any case.However,multiphoton pulses can also generate secure keys if we can detect the possibility of PNS attack in the channel.The ultimate goal of this line of research is to confirm the absence of all types of PNS attacks.In particular,the PNS attack mentioned and detected in this paper is only the weaker version of PNS attack which significantly changes the observed values of the legitimate users.In this paper,under the null hypothesis of no weaker version of PNS attack,we first determine whether there is an attack or not by retrieving the missing information of the existing decoy-state protocols,extract a Cauchy distribution statistic,and further provide a detection method and the type I error probability.If the result is judged to be an attack,we can use the existing decoy-state method and the GLLP formula to estimate the secure key rate.Otherwise,the pulses with the same basis received including both single-photon pulses and multiphoton pulses,can be used to generate the keys and we give the secure key rate in this case.Finally,the associated experiments we performed(i.e.,the significance level is 5%)show the correctness of our method.

Residual stress in the cylindrical drawing cup of SUS304 stainless steel evaluated by split-ring test

The residual stresses in the wall of a SUS304 stainless steel cylindrical drawing cup were evaluated by split-ring tests, and the influences of stamping die parame- ters on the residual stress were investigated. A new theoretical model of a split-ring test was developed to evaluate the resid- ual stress in a ring, which was verified to be reasonable and reliable by numerical simulations with ABAQUS code and by nanoindentation tests. Seven groups of split-ring tests were completed, and the residual stresses were calculated according to the theoretical model. The split-ring test results showed that the circumferential residual stress in the wall of the SUS304 stainless steel cylindrical drawing cup was very large and did not change with the different die comer radius. The circumferential residual stress first increased with the increase of drawing punch-die clearance, then was almost unchanged when the clearance increased greater than blank thickness 1 mm. Thus, a smaller clearance was suggested to be chosen to reduce the residual stress in the wall of the SUS304 stainless steel drawing cup.

Dynamic behaviors of water-saturated and frozen sandstone subjected to freeze-thaw cycles

In high-altitude cold areas,freeze-thaw(F-T)cycles induced by day-night and seasonal temperature changes cause numerous rock mass slope engineering disasters.To investigate the dynamic properties of rock in the natural environment of a high-altitude cold area,standard specimens were drilled from the slope of the Jiama copper mine in Tibet,and dynamic compression tests were performed on watersaturated and frozen sandstone with different numbers of F-T cycles(0,10,20,30,and 40)by the split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)system with a cryogenic control system.The influence of water-saturated and frozen conditions on the dynamic performance of sandstone was investigated.The following conclusions are drawn:(1)With increasing strain rate,the attenuation factor(la)of water-saturated sandstone and the intensifying factor(li)of frozen sandstone linearly increase.As the number of F-T cycles increases,the dependence factor(ld)of water-saturated sandstone linearly decreases,whereas the ld of frozen sandstone linearly increases.(2)The prediction equation of the dynamic compressive strength of water-saturated and frozen sandstone is obtained,which can be used to predict the dynamic compressive strength of sandstone after various F-T cycles based on the strain rate.(3)The mesoscopic mechanism of water-saturated and frozen sandstone’s dynamic compressive strength evolution is investigated.The water softening effect causes the dynamic compressive strength of water-saturated sandstone to decrease,whereas the strengthening effect of pore ice causes it to increase.(4)The decrease in the relative dynamic compressive strength of water-saturated sandstone and the increase in the relative dynamic compressive strength of frozen sandstone can be attributed to the increased porosity.

钢支撑-钢筋混凝土掉层框架结构抗震性能试验研究

为改善坡地钢筋混凝土(RC)掉层框架结构抗侧刚度分布的不均匀性,设计了一栋在上接地层设置钢支撑的RC掉层框架结构,按1/4比例提取其顺坡向中榀框架下部5层子结构为试验对象,开展钢支撑-RC掉层框架拟静力试验,观测试件的破坏过程,并对比RC掉层框架试验所得试件的破坏形态,分析试件滞回性能、延性和刚度退化等抗震性能指标。结果表明:试件的最终破坏是以第4层柱底混凝土压溃,梁端混凝土剥落、底部钢筋断裂,顶层柱顶混凝土剥落为标志。与RC掉层框架试验结果相比,钢支撑-RC掉层框架试件上接地柱的破坏明显减轻,柱端破坏分布也更为均匀,避免了掉层框架结构“半层破坏模式”的出现,改善了结构的耗能和抗地震倒塌能力。但试件上接地层相邻上一层的变形和破坏程度较大,应对该楼层的柱端进行适当的抗震加强;设置钢支撑后,试件的滞回曲线较为饱满,并具有良好的延性(正、负向加载的位移延性系数分别可达5.13、5.69),正负向加载的刚度退化曲线也趋于对称。

湿陷性黄土地区碎石排水系统砂岩碎石遇水软化试验研究

为研究延安湿陷性黄土地区进行的平山造地工程碎石排水系统中砂岩的遇水软化特性及其对工程施工稳定性的影响,采用WDW-600微机控制电子万能机对现场所取砂岩岩样开展了岩石单轴压缩试验和圆盘劈裂试验,测定烘干状态、天然状态、浸水饱和状态三种不同含水量的砂岩的强度及软化特性,结果表明:该地区砂岩遇水后会发生较为明显的强度软化,其中岩石抗压强度软化程度稍大,烘干样、天然样和饱和样平均抗压强度分别为14.54MPa、10.58MPa和7.70MPa,软化系数为0.53;烘干样、天然样和饱和样平均抗拉强度分别为1.43MPa、1.30MPa和0.83MPa。试验增强了对延安湿陷性黄土地区砂岩遇水软化力学性能的认识,对岩石遇水软化后排水系统承载性能计算和稳定性分析具有参考价值。

静动态压缩下千枚岩长径比效应影响研究

为了研究长径比效应对层状千枚岩力学特性、能量耗散及破坏模式的影响,文中选用4种倾角(α=0°、30°、60°、90°)下不同长径比(L/D=0.5、0.6、0.8、1.0、1.2、1.6、2.0)的千枚岩分别进行了静载单轴压缩和分离式霍普金森杆(SHPB)试验。结果发现,静载压缩试验条件下,不同倾角下千枚岩随长径比的增大,峰值强度和峰值应变均减小。通过单轴动态压缩试验,发现4种层理倾角千枚岩动态抗压强度与试样长径比呈二次函数关系,随着长径比的增加,动态抗压强度出现一个峰值后逐渐降低;千枚岩峰值应变与试样长径比呈指数函数关系下降;对动态冲击压缩试验进行能量分析,发现不同工况的千枚岩在同一冲击气压下,入射能、反射能、透射能均呈现出先缓慢上升再快速上升最后趋于稳定的三段式变化;随着试样长径比增大,千枚岩反射能比先增大后减小,透射能比先减小后增大;采用能量比值法进行对比分析,发现在长径比L/D=1.2时,千枚岩的反射能比达到最大,透射能比达到最小;对千枚岩的宏观破坏模式进行分析,发现动态冲击压缩下千枚岩的宏观破坏模式受长径比影响较大,长径比越小破坏越完全;长径比越大,破坏越不充分。

微波和传统加热下混凝土劈裂抗拉性能分析

近年来,微波辅助混凝土粗骨料回收技术因其绿色性、高效性及低损伤性引起国内外学者广泛关注。该文采用工业微波多模谐振腔及传统马弗炉对圆柱体混凝土试样进行不同条件下的加热实验,探讨了混凝土在两种加热方式下的加热效率、宏观裂纹扩展与破坏模式、劈裂抗拉强度弱化规律以及加热参数对能耗和能效的影响规律。此外,借助扫描电镜分析了微波照射下混凝土的抗拉强度弱化机理。实验结果表明:微波加热技术具有更高的加热效率,能够有效地促使裂纹沿砂浆-骨料界面扩展,从而削弱混凝土强度;并且高微波功率下混凝土加热效率更高,强度损失更大,能量消耗更少。反之,传统加热下砂浆-骨料界面结构紧凑,未出现可见裂纹,加热过程能量利用率仅1%左右。

超高性能混凝土-石材界面黏结性能试验研究

超高性能混凝土(UHPC)加固修复既有石结构中,UHPC与石材之间优异的黏结性能是保证加固效果的关键。因此,为探究UHPC-石材界面的黏结性能,通过劈裂抗拉试验和双L型剪切试验,考察不同界面处理方式对UHPC-石材界面黏结性能的影响。结果表明,UHPC-石材界面破坏模式主要分为三种,其中发生模式C破坏(石材UHPC破坏)时界面黏结强度最大。界面键槽处理方式能显著提高UHPC-石材界面黏结强度、界面剪切刚度,且在改变破坏形态的同时有效提升试件的延性,当键槽深度为20 mm时,试件表现出较好的界面黏结性能。另外,试件剪切荷载-位移曲线包含滑移前阶段和滑移后阶段,凿毛试件在滑移后阶段没有经历塑性变形。相同界面处理方式下,UHPC-石材的界面抗剪强度与界面劈裂抗拉强度呈正相关关系。

预制裂隙砂岩巴西劈裂特性试验研究

为研究裂隙对岩石宏观破裂形态的影响,开展了单裂隙、共线双裂隙、平行双裂隙3种裂隙类型下砂岩的巴西劈裂试验,分析3种裂隙类型不同裂隙倾角下的破裂形态并对其分类,同时分析不同裂隙倾角下3种裂隙类型抗拉强度的变化。试验结果表明:裂隙会削弱岩石的抗拉强度,裂隙数量、裂隙倾角及裂隙间几何排布对试样的破裂形态及抗拉强度造成影响;单裂隙、共线双裂隙与平行双裂隙砂岩试样分别存在5种、4种与3种类型的破裂形式,岩石非均质性导致同一裂隙倾角下试样的破裂形态有所不同;单裂隙与共线双裂隙砂岩的抗拉强度总体在0°裂隙倾角时最大,随着裂隙倾角的增大,单裂隙砂岩抗拉强度呈先下降后上升再下降的变化规律,共线双裂隙砂岩抗拉强度呈现下降趋势,而平行双裂隙砂岩的抗拉强度在45°裂隙倾角时最大。

实时监测铣削力的分体式智能刀柄设计与切削测试

实时监测切削过程可提升表面质量和切削效率,为解决台式测力仪价格昂贵、布置装置过程费时费力等问题,提出了一种可同时测量三轴切削力和相应扭矩的分体式智能刀柄设计方法,搭建了实时监测铣削力的无线传输智能刀柄系统,并基于Kistler 9257B测力平台开展动态测试,验证了智能刀柄铣削力数据的准确性。

冲击荷载作用下纤维混凝土动态劈裂试验与分析

为研究不同纤维材料对混凝土动态劈裂力学性能的影响以及作用效果的差异,采用直径为100 mm的分离式霍普金森压杆试验装置和V2512超高速数字摄像机,分别对素混凝土、棕榈纤维混凝土以及钢纤维混凝土试件进行了巴西圆盘动态劈裂试验研究。通过DIC软件技术分析不同纤维混凝土试件的破裂过程和裂纹扩展规律,获得不同纤维混凝土试件的动态抗拉性能与动态断裂韧性等。试验与分析结果表明:在相同冲击荷载作用下,纤维的掺入能够提高混凝土的抗冲击韧性,减少试件加载端部因应力集中而产生的崩坏现象,延缓试件的破坏时间并有效抑制裂纹的扩展,其中钢纤维对混凝土的阻裂作用时间长于棕榈纤维。在相同荷载作用时间情况下,棕榈纤维混凝土和钢纤维混凝土的峰值应变都低于素混凝土。钢纤维的掺入能够显著阻滞混凝土试件内部的破裂过程,损伤变量变化相对缓慢,试件开裂后在相同裂纹宽度下,钢纤维混凝土具有更大的残余应力。