Spatiotemporal Evaluation and Future Projection of Diurnal Temperature Range over the Tibetan Plateau in CMIP6 Models

The diurnal temperature range(DTR) serves as a vital indicator reflecting both natural climate variability and anthropogenic climate change. This study investigates the historical and projected multitemporal DTR variations over the Tibetan Plateau. It assesses 23 climate models from phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project(CMIP6) using CN05.1 observational data as validation, evaluating their ability to simulate DTR over the Tibetan Plateau. Then, the evolution of DTR over the Tibetan Plateau under different shared socioeconomic pathway(SSP) scenarios for the near,middle, and long term of future projection are analyzed using 11 selected robustly performing models. Key findings reveal:(1) Among the models examined, BCC-CSM2-MR, EC-Earth3, EC-Earth3-CC, EC-Earth3-Veg, EC-Earth3-Veg-LR,FGOALS-g3, FIO-ESM-2-0, GFDL-ESM4, MPI-ESM1-2-HR, MPI-ESM1-2-LR, and INM-CM5-0 exhibit superior integrated simulation capability for capturing the spatiotemporal variability of DTR over the Tibetan Plateau.(2) Projection indicates a slightly increasing trend in DTR on the Tibetan Plateau in the SSP1-2.6 scenario, and decreasing trends in the SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SPP5-8.5 scenarios. In certain areas, such as the southeastern edge of the Tibetan Plateau, western hinterland of the Tibetan Plateau, southern Kunlun, and the Qaidam basins, the changes in DTR are relatively large.(3) Notably, the warming rate of maximum temperature under SSP2-4.5, SSP3-7.0, and SPP5-8.5 is slower compared to that of minimum temperature, and it emerges as the primary contributor to the projected decrease in DTR over the Tibetan Plateau in the future.

Effect of cold stratification on the temperature range for germination of Pinus koraiensis

Germination at low spring temperatures may offer a competitive advantage for the growth and survival of plant species inhabiting temperate forest ecosystems.Pinus koraiensis is a dominant species in temperate forests of northeastern China.Its seeds exhibit primary morphophysiological dormancy following dispersal in autumn,limiting natural or artificial regeneration:direct seeding and planting seedlings in spring.The aim of this study was to determine the optimum cold stratification temperature that induces germination to increase towards lower temperatures.Seeds from two populations(Changbaishan and Liangshui)were cold stratified at 0,5 and 10℃.Germination to incubation temperatures(10/5,20/10,25/15 and 30/20℃;14/10 h day/night)were determined after 2 and 4 weeks,and 5.5 and6.5 months of cold stratification.After 5.5 months,approximately 68-91%of seeds from both populations germinated at incubation temperatures of 25/15℃and 30/20℃,regardless of cold stratification temperatures.When the cold stratification temperature was reduced to 0℃and the period increased to 6.5 months,germination at 10/5℃significantly improved,reaching 37%and 64%for the Changbaishan and Liangshui populations,respectively.After 6.5 months of cold stratification,there was a significant linear regression between cold stratification temperatures and germination at10/5℃.The range in temperatures allowing for germination gradually expanded to include lower temperatures with decreasing cold stratification temperatures from 10 to 5℃and further to 0℃.

Gel-state polybenzimidazole proton exchange membranes with flexible alkyl sulfonic acid side chains for a wider operating temperature range(25–240 ℃)

High-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells(HT-PEMFC) possess distinct technical advantages of high output power, simplified water/heat management, increased tolerance to fuel impurities and diverse fuel sources, within the temperature range of 120–200 ℃. However, for practical automobile applications, it was crucial to broaden their low-temperature operating window and enable cold start-up capability. Herein, gel-state phosphoric acid(PA) doped sulfonated polybenzimidazole(PBI) proton exchange membranes(PEMs) were designed and synthesized via PPA sol-gel process and in-situ sultone ring-opening reactions with various proton transport pathways based on absorbed PA, flexible alkyl chain connected sulfonic acid groups and imidazole sites. The effects of flexible alkyl sulfonic acid side chain length and content on PA doping level, proton conductivity, and membrane stability under different temperature and relative humidity(RH) were thoroughly investigated. The prepared gel-state membranes contained a self-assembled lamellar and porous structure that facilitated the absorption of a large amount of PA with rapid proton transporting mechanisms. At room temperature, the optimized membrane exhibited a proton conductivity of 0.069 S cm^(-1), which was further increased to 0.162 and 0.358 S cm^(-1)at 80 and 200 ℃, respectively, without additional humidification. The most significant contribution of this work was demonstrating the feasibility of gel-state sulfonated PBI membranes in expanding HT-PEMFC application opportunities over a wider operating range of 25 to 240 ℃.

Moderately concentrated electrolyte enabling high-performance lithium metal batteries with a wide working temperature range

The electrolyte integrated with lithium metal anodes is subjected to the issues of interfacial compatibility and stability,which strongly influence the performances of high-energy lithium metal batteries.Here,we report a new electrolyte recipe viz.a moderately concentrated electrolyte comprising of 2.4 M lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide(LiFSI)in a cosolvent mixture of fluorinated ethylene carbonate(FEC)and dimethyl carbonate(DMC)with relatively high ion conductivity.Owing to the preferential decomposition of LiFSI and FEC,an inorganic-rich interphase with abundant Li_(2)O and LiF nanocrystals is formed on lithium metal with improved robustness and ion transfer kinetics,enabling lithium plating/stripping with an extremely low overpotential of~8 mV and the average CE of 97%.When tested in Li||LiFePO_(4) cell,this electrolyte provides long-term cycling with a capacity retention of 98.3%after 1000 cycles at 1 C and an excellent rate performance of 20 C,as well as an areal capacity of 1.35 mA h cm^(-2)at the cathode areal loading of 9 mg cm^(-2).Moreover,the Li||LiFePO_(4) cell exhibits excellent wide-temperature performances(-40~60℃),including long-term cycling stability over 2600 cycles without visible capacity fading at 0℃,as well as extremely high average CEs of 99.6%and 99.8% over 400 cycles under-20℃ and 45℃.

Progress in Electrolyte Engineering of Aqueous Batteries in a Wide Temperature Range

Aqueous rechargeable batteries are safe and environmentally friendly and can be made at a low cost;as such,they are attracting attention in the field of energy storage.However,the temperature sensitivity of aqueous batteries hinders their practical application.The solvent water freezes at low temperatures,and there is a reduction in ionic conductivity,whereas it evaporates rapidly at high temperatures,which causes increased side reactions.This review discusses recent progress in improving the performance of aqueous batteries,mainly with respect to electrolyte engineering and the associated strategies employed to achieve such improvements over a wide temperature domain.The review focuses on fi ve electrolyte engineer-ing(aqueous high-concentration electrolytes,organic electrolytes,quasi-solid/solid electrolytes,hybrid electrolytes,and eutectic electrolytes)and investigates the mechanisms involved in reducing the solidifi cation point and boiling point of the electrolyte and enhancing the extreme-temperature electrochemical performance.Finally,the prospect of further improving the wide temperature range performance of aqueous rechargeable batteries is presented.

A phenomenological model for plastic flow behavior of rotating band material with a large temperature range

The plastic flow behavior of the rotating band material is investigated in this paper. The rotating band material is processed from H96 brass alloy, which is hardened to a much higher yield strength compared to the annealed one. The dynamically uniaxial compression behavior of the material is tested using the split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB) with temperature and strain rate ranging from 297 to 1073 K and500 to 3000 s^(-1), respectively, and a phenomenological plastic flow stress model is developed to describe the mechanical behavior of the material. The material is found to present noticeable temperature sensitivity and weak strain-rate sensitivity. The construction of the plastic flow stress model has two steps. Firstly, three univariate stress functions, taking plastic strain, plastic strain rate and temperature as independent variable, respectively, are proposed by fixing the other two variables. Then, as the three univariate functions describe the special cases of flow stress behavior under various conditions, the principle of stress compatibility is adopted to obtain the complete flow stress function. The numerical results show that the proposed plastic flow stress model is more suitable for the rotating band material than the existing well-known models.

Mixed salts for lithium iron phosphate-based batteries operated at wide temperature range

To achieve good performance for LiFePO4-based batteries operated at a wide temperature range,mixed salts of LiBF4 LiBOB（lithium bis（oxalato）borate） and LiTFSI（lithium bis（trifluoromethanesulfonyl）imide）-LiBOB were investigated as alternative lithium salts to LiPF6 in non-aqueous electrolytes.LiFePO4/Li half cells using LiPF6,LiBF4-LiBOB and LiTFSI-LiBOB slats as lithium salts were investigated by galvanostatic cycling,cyclic voltammetry,thermogravimetric analysis.The results show that LiBF4-LiBOB and LiTFSI-LiBOB mixed salts are much more thermally stable than LiPF6.Corrosion of Al foil in the LiTFSI-based electrolytes can be suppressed successfully by the addition of LiBOB as a co-salt.The electrochemical performance of LiBF4-LiBOB and LiTFSI-LiBOB mixed salts based cells are both better than that of LiPF6-based cell.LiTFSI-LiBOB mixed salt based electrolyte is considered to be a very promising electrolyte candidate for Li-ion batteries that will be used in wide-temperature applications.

Association Between Diurnal Temperature Range and Respiratory Tract Infections

Objective This study aimed to assess the association between emergency-room visits for respiratory tract infection （RTI） with diurnal temperature range （DTR）, a weather parameter closely associated with urbanization and global climate change. Methods We conducted a semiparametric time-series analysis to estimate the percentage increase in emergency-room visits for RTI associated with changes in DTR after adjustment for daily weather conditions （temperature and relative humidity） and outdoor air pollution. Results DTR was significantly associated with daily emergency-room visits for RTI. An increase of 1 ~C in the current-day （LO） and in the 2-day moving average （L01） DTR corresponded to a 0.94% [95% confidence interval （CI）, 0.34%-1.55%] and 2.08% （95% CI, 1.24%-2.93%） increase in emergency-room visits for RTI, respectively. Conclusion DTR was associated with increased risk of RTI. More studies are needed to understand the impact of DTR on respiratory health.

On the Contrasting Decadal Changes of Diurnal Surface Temperature Range between the Tibetan Plateau and Southeastern China during the 1980s–2000s

The diurnal surface temperature range （DTR） has become significantly smaller over the Tibetan Plateau （TP） but larger in southeastern China, despite the daily mean surface temperature having increased steadily in both areas during recent decades. Based on ERA-Interim reanalysis data covering 1979-2012, this study shows that the weakened DTR over TP is caused by stronger warming of daily minimum surface temperature （Tmin） and a weak cooling of the daily maximum surface temper- ature （Tmax）; meanwhile, the enhanced DTR over southeastern China is mainly associated with a relatively stronger/weaker warming of Tmax/Tmin. A further quantitative analysis of DTR changes through a process-based decomposition method-- the Coupled Surface-Atmosphere Climate Feedback Response Analysis Method （CFRAM）--indicates that changes in radia- tive processes are mainly responsible for the decreased DTR over the TR In particular, the increased low-level cloud cover tends to induce the radiative cooling/warming during daytime/nighttime, and the increased water vapor helps to decrease the DTR through the stronger radiative wanning during nighttime than daytime. Contributions from the changes in all radiative processes （over -2℃） are compensated for by those from the stronger decreased surface sensible heat flux during daytime than during nighttime （approximately 2.5℃）, but are co-contributed by the changes in atmospheric dynamics （approximately -0.4℃） and the stronger increased latent heat flux during daytime （approximately -0.8℃）. In contrast, the increased DTR over southeastern China is mainly contributed by the changes in cloud, water vapor and atmospheric dynamics. The changes in surface heat fluxes have resulted in a decrease in DTR over southeastern China.

Impacts of Regional-Scale Land Use/Land Cover Change on Diurnal Temperature Range

The NCAR Community Atmosphere Model(CAM4.0)was used to investigate the climate efects of land use/land cover change(LUCC).Two simulations,one with potential land cover without significant human intervention and the other with current land use,were conducted.Results show that the impacts of LUCC on diurnal temperature range(DTR)are more significant than on mean surface air temperature.The global average annual DTR change due to LUCC is–0.1℃,which is three times as large as the mean temperature change.LUCC influences regional DTR as simulated by the model.In the mid-latitudes,LUCC leads to a decrease in DTR,which is mainly caused by the reduction in daily maximum temperature.However,there are some diferences in the low latitudes.The reduction in DTR in East Asia is mainly the result of the decrease in daily maximum temperature,while in India,the decrease in DTR is due to the increase in daily minimum temperature.In general,the LUCC significantly controls the DTR change through the changes in canopy evaporation and transpiration.

Breakdown characteristics of CF4 and CF4/N2 hybrid gas in refrigeration temperature range

Common insulation gas cannot normally work in refrigeration temperature range(153-243 K), especially in extremely cold regions. To solve this problem, this essay uses cubic equation combined with two-parameter model in theorem of corresponding states to estimate dew-point of hybrid gas. The influence of temperature on mixing ratio is studied by using van der Waals equation. The result shows that the mixing ratio is stable during temperature-fall period. Insulation property of CF_4 and CF_4/N_2 in refrigeration temperature range is studied through self-designed low-temperature test system. The result shows when the density of hybrid gas is invariable, temperature changing has less influence on breakdown voltage, and when the mixing ratio is 20%, CF_4/N_2 is the greatest potential hybrid gas.

Simulation study on reconstruction model of three-dimensional temperature distribution within visible range in furnace

This paper presents a reconstruction model of three-dimensional temperature distribution in furnace based on radiative energy images captured by charge-coupled device （CCD） cameras within the visible wavelength range. Numerical simulation case was used in this study and a zigzag eccentric temperature distribution was assumed to verify the model. Least square QR-factorization （LSQR） method was introduced to deal with reconstruction equation. It is found that the reconstructed temperature distributions in low-temperature areas had some fluctuations and high-temperature areas were reconstructed well. The whole reconstruction relative error was mainly due to errors in low-temperature areas and the relative error for highest-temperature reconstruction was quite small.

Observed trends in diurnal temperature range over Nigeria

The long-term trend of diurnal temperature range(DTR)over Nigeria was examined using daily station-based datasets for the period 1971–2013.The results show that the regionally averaged DTR has decreased significantly(-0.34°C per decade)over the Nigerian Sahel(north of 10°N),but there has been a slight increasing trend(0.01°C per decade)over the Nigerian Guinea Coast.The annual decreasing trend of DTR in the Nigerian Sahel is mainly attributable to the significant increasing trend in daily minimum temperature(Tmin,0.51°C per decade),which far outstrips the rate of increase in the daily maximum(Tmax,0.17°C per decade).In contrast,the comparable trends in Tmin(0.19°C per decade)and Tmax(0.20°C per decade)may explain the non-significant trend of the DTR averaged over the Guinea Coast region.It is observed that the DTR has decreased more in boreal summer(June–July–August)than in boreal winter(December–January–February)for the regions.Furthermore,it is found that the significant DTR declining trend over the Nigerian Sahel is closely associated with an increasing trend of annual and summer precipitation in the region,but the increasing DTR trend in the Nigerian Guinea Coast region can be attributed to the decreasing trend of cloud cover over the region.

Correlation between Atmospheric Water Vapor and Diurnal Temperature Range over China

Diurnal temperature range （DTR） is an im- portant measure in studies of climate change and variability. The changes of DTR in different regions are affected by many different factors. In this study, the degree of correlation between the DTR and atmospheric precipitable water （PW） over China is explored using newly homogenized surface weather and sounding observations. The results show that PW changes broadly reflect the geographic patterns of DTR long-term trends over most of China during the period 1970-2012, with significant anticorrelations of trend patterns between the DTR and PW, especially over those regions with higher magnitude DTR trends. PW can largely explain about 40% or more （re 0.40） of the DTR changes, with a d（PW）/d（DTR） slope of -2% to -10% K^-1 over most of northwestern and southeastern China, despite certain seasonal dependencies. For China as whole, the significant anticorrelations between the DTR and PW anomalies range from -0.42 to -0.75, with a d（PW）/d（DTR） slope of-6% to -11% K^-1. This implies that long-term DTR changes are likely to be associated with opposite PW changes, approximately following the Clausius-Clapeyron equation. Furthermore, the relationship is more significant in the warm season than in the cold season. Thus, it is possible that PW can be considered as one potential factor when exploring long-term DTR changes over China. It should be noted that the present study has a largely statistical focus and that the underlying physical processes should therefore be examined in future work.

Characteristic Analysis of Diurnal Temperature Range in Guigang

[ Objective] The aim was to analyze diurnal temperature range in Guigang from 1960 to 2009. [Method] Based on the conventional me- teorological data （mean daily temperature, mean maximum temperature, and mean minimum temperature） of Guigang region during 1960 -2009, the Diurnal Temperature Range （DTR） and the DTR trend were studied. [ Result] The annual minimum temperatures and the annual maximum temperature were significantly increasing. The maximum temperature rose less than minimum temperature and spatial changes of daily temperature narrowed gradually from the Tropic of Cancer to the two sides. The extreme diurnal temperature decreased mostly in stations far away from the Tropic of Cancer and the significance was strong. The extreme diurnal temperature decreased little in stations close to the Tropic of Cancer. Influ- ences of different factors on daily difference varied. DTR positively correlated with sunshine duration, and negatively related to total cloudiness, rel- ative humidity and precipitation. DTR had insignificant relation with average wind speed. [ Conclusion] The study provided basis for the understand- ing of climate changes in Guigang.

Diurnal Temperature Range and Daily Emergency Room Admissions among the Elderly in Beijing,China

In recent years, more attentions have been paid to the association between climate change and human health. Increasing and more variable global surface temperature is one of the key climatic change factors which have been consistently reported about the effect on human health. So far, more researches have revealed that temperature lead not only to direct deaths and illnesses but also to aggravation of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Typically, the relationship between temperature and mortality or morbidity is V-, U-, or J- shaped, with optimum temperature corresponding to the lowest point in the temperature mortality curve.

Supercapacitor electrode based on few-layer h-BNNSs/rGO composite for wide-temperature-range operation with robust stable cycling performance

Currently,developing supercapacitors with robust cycle stability and suitability for wide-temperature-range operations is still a huge challenge.In the present work,few-layer hexagonal boron nitride nanosheets(h-BNNSs)with a thickness of 2−4 atomic layers were fabricated via vacuum freeze-drying and nitridation.Then,the h-BNNSs/reduced graphene oxide(rGO)composite were further prepared using a hydrothermal method.Due to the combination of two two-dimensional(2D)van der Waals-bonded materials,the as-prepared h-BNNSs/rGO electrode exhibited robustness to wide-temperature-range operations from−10 to 50℃.When the electrodes worked in a neutral aqueous electrolyte(1 M Na2SO4),they showed a great stable cycling performance with almost 107%reservation of the initial capacitance at 0℃ and 111% at 50℃ for 5000 charge−discharge cycles.

Diurnal Temperature Range as a Novel Risk Factor for Sudden Infant Death

Objective To assess the relationship between diurnal temperature range （DTR） and sudden infant death （SID） between 2001 and 2004 in Shanghai,China.Methods We conducted a time‐stratified case‐crossover analysis to estimate the percent increase of SID associated with changes in DTR after adjustment for daily weather conditions （temperature and relative humidity） and outdoor air pollution.Results DTR was significantly associated with daily SID.An increase of 1 °C in the current‐day （L0） and in the 2‐day moving average （L01） DTR corresponds to a 1.56% （95% CI：0.97%,2.15%） and a 1.89% （95% CI：1.17%,2.60%） increase in SID,respectively.Conclusion An increased DTR was associated with an increased risk of SID in Shanghai.More studies are needed to understand the effect of DTR on infant deaths.

Relation between martensitic transformation temperature range and lattice distortion ratio of NiMnGaCoCu Heusler alloys

In order to study the relation between martensitic transformation temperature range AT （where AT is the difference between martensitic transformation start and finish temperature） and lattice distortion ratio （c/a） of martensitic transforma~ tion, a series of Ni46Mnz8_xGa22Co4Cux （x = 2-5） Heusler alloys is prepared by arc melting method. The vibration sample magnetometer （VSM） experiment results show that AT increases when x 〉 4 and decreases when x 〈 4 with x increasing, and the minimal AT （about 1 K） is found at x = 4. Ambient X-ray diffraction （XRD） results show that AT is proportional to c/a for non-modulated Ni46Mn28_xGa22Co4Cux （x = 2-5） martensites. The relation between AT and c/a is in agreement with the analysis result obtained from crystal lattice mismatch model. About 1000-ppm strain is found for the sample at x = 4 when heating temperature increases from 323 K to 324 K. These properties, which allow a modulation of AT and temperature-induced strain during martensitic transformation, suggest Ni46Mn24Ga22Co4Cu4 can be a promising actuator and sensor.

Improvement in cryosurvival of buffalo bull (Bubalus bubalis) sperm by altering freezing rate within critical temperature range

Objective:To optimize the cryopreservation of buffalo bull semen by altering freezing rates within critical temperature range (4℃ to -60℃). Methods: A total of 20 ejaculates each from 5 Murrah buffalo bulls were cryopreserved using programmable biofreezer in 2 phases. In the 1st phase, 9 freezing rates were applied at -2, -5, -10, -20, -30, -40, -50, -60 or -4℃/min (control) from 4℃ to -15℃;at -40℃/min from -15℃ to -60℃. In the 2nd phase, a fixed freezing rate was applied at -30℃/min from 4℃ to -15℃. Six freezing rates were applied at -10, -20, -30, -40 (control), -50 or -60℃/min from -15℃ to -60℃. The freezing from -60℃ to -140℃ were fixed at -50℃/min in both the phases. Post thaw semen quality was assessed in terms of motility, viability, membrane integrity (hypo-osmotic swelling test), sperm abnormalities, and active mitochondria. Data were arc sine transformed and analyzed through one-way analysis of variance using SPSS software. Results: In the 1st phase, percent individual motility, progressive motility and viability were similar among various protocols. Percent hypo-osmotic swelling reactive sperm was higher with freezing at -30℃/min. In the 2nd phase, percent individual motility, viability and hypo-osmotic swelling reactive sperm was higher with freezing at -50℃/min. Sperm head abnormalities were lower at -30℃/min in the 1st phase, but were similar among the protocols of the 2nd phase. Percent active mitochondria were higher at -30℃/min in the 1st phase and at -50℃/min in the 2nd phase.Conclusions:The optimum post thaw semen quality of buffalo bull could be obtained by applying freezing rate at -30℃/min (4℃ to -15℃) and at -50℃/min (-15℃ to -140℃), followed by plunging of straws in into liquid nitrogen for storage.