Ion beam figuring of continuous phase plates based on the frequency filtering process

Ion beam figuring （IBF） technology is an effective technique for fabricating continuous phase plates （CPPs） with small feature structures. This study proposes a multi-pass IBF approach with different beam diameters based on the frequency filtering method to improve the machining accuracy and efficiency of CPPs during IBF. We present the selection principle of the frequency filtering method, which incorporates different removal functions that maximize material removal over the topographical frequencies being imprinted. Large removal functions are used early in the fabrication to figure the surface profile with low frequency. Small removal functions are used to perform final topographical correction with higher fre- quency and larger surface gradient. A high-precision surface can be obtained as long as the filtering frequency is suitably selected. This method maximizes the high removal efficiency of the large removal function and the high corrective capability of the small removal function. Consequently, the fast convergence of the machining accuracy and efficiency can be achieved.

Third-order active-RC complex filter with automatic frequency tuning for ZigBee transceiver applications

A 3rd-order Butterworth active-RC complex band-pass filter was presented for Zig Bee(IEEE802.15.4) transceiver applications. The filter adopted cascaded complex pole stages to realize the 3 MHz bandwidth with a centre frequency of 2 MHz which was required by the Zig Bee transceiver applications. An automatic frequency tuning scheme was also designed to accommodate the performance deterioration due to the process, voltage and temperature(PVT) variations. The whole filter is implemented in a 0.18 μm standard process and occupies an area of 1.3 mm×0.6 mm. The current dissipation is 1.2 m A from a 1.8 V single power supply. Measurement results show that the image rejection ratio(IRR) of the filter is 24.1 d B with a pass-band ripple less than 0.3 d B. The adjacent channel rejection is 29.8 d B@7 MHz and alternate channel rejection 47.5 d B@12 MHz, respectively.

Wavelength-Tunable Single Frequency Ytterbium-Doped Fiber Laser with Loop Mirror Filter

By using a loop mirror filter, a novel wavelength-tunable single-frequency ytterbium-doped fiber laser is developed to select single longitudinal modes in a linear cavity. The output wavelength could be tuned 2.4 nm intervals range from 1063.3 to 1065.Tnrn with the temperature change of the fiber Bragg grating. The maximum output power could reach 32 m W while the pump power increases to 120 m W. The corresponding optical-to-optical conversion efficiency is 26.7% and the slope efficiency is 33.9%, respectively. The output power fluctuation is below 2%, and its highest signal-to-noise ratio is 60 dB.

Frequency Domain Approach for Face Recognition Using Optical Vanderlugt Filters

In this paper human face machine identification is experienced using optical correlation techniques in spatial frequency domain. This approach is tested on ORL dataset of faces which includes face images of 40 subjects, each in 10 different positions. The examined optical setup relies on optical correlation based on developing optical Vanderlugt filters and its basics are described in this article. With the limitation of face database of 40 persons, the recognition is examined successfully with nearly 100% of accuracy in matching the input images with their respective Vanderlugt synthesized filters. Software simulation is implemented by using MATLAB for face identification.

Effects of Resonator Loss on Output Characteristics of Ring Microresonator Filter

The ring microresonator filter considering resonator inner loss is analyzed theoretically, which has one input port and two output ports. Some universal relations for coupling of optical power between microresonator and dielectric waveguides are presented. The analytical expressions of filter bandwidth or the full width at half maximum(FWHM), free spectral range and finesse of resonator are derived. The characteristics of the ring microresonator filter are discussed numerically. It is demonstrated that the loss of the ring resonator reduces the peak value of transmission, widens the filter bandwidth, and reduces the finesse of the resonator filter.

IMPROVED METHOD FOR HILBERT INSTANTANEOUS FREQUENCY ESTIMATION

In the mechanical fault detection and diagnosis field, it is more and more important to analyze the instantaneous frequency （IF） character of complex vibration signal. The improved IF estimation method is put forward aiming at the shortage of traditional Hilbert transform. It is based on Hilbert transform in wavelet domain. With the help of relationship between the real part and the imaginary part obtained from the complex coefficient of continuous wavelet transform or the analyti- cal signal reconstructed in wavelet packet decomposition, the instantaneous phase function of the subcomponent is extracted. In order to improve the precise of IF estimated out, some means such as Linear regression, adaptive filtering, resampling are applied into the instantaneous phase obtained, then, the central differencing operator is used to get desired IF. Simulation results with synthetic and gearbox fault signals are included to illustrate the proposed method.

Noise Controlling Methods in Frequency Selection Detecting Radar

Based on time correlation characteristic, width correlation characteristic and frequency correlation characteristic of detecting pulses, several methods are introduced to control random or periodic noise whose width is narrower than 1 ms or wider than 3 ms in Frequency Selection Detecting Radar System. The software flow chart and the results of the experiment are also given.

Backscattering Light Model of Seawater for Modulated Lidar Based on the Stationarity of Light Field

The backscattering signal, which arises from the pulsed laser traveling through water, has limited the lidar system sensitivity and underwater target contrast. The transmitted optical carrier is modulated to be ultrashort pulsed laser and it is effective to suppress the backscattering to adopt the coherent detection technology by identifying the modulation envelope. A nonstationary light field is formed in seawater by the ultrashort pulsed laser. The inherent relationship between the nonstationary light field formed by modulated lidar and the stationary light field formed by conventional lidar was discussed and the backscattering light model of the stationary light field for the ultrashort pulsed laser was proposed. The backscattering signal in modulated lidar system was processed and analyzed in the frequency domain on the basis of the model.

Research on Indoor Passive Positioning Technology Based on WiFi

In recent years,WiFi indoor positioning technology has become a hot research topic at home and abroad.However,at present,indoor positioning technology still has many problems in terms of practicability and stability,which seriously affects the accuracy of indoor positioning and increases the complexity of the calculation process.Aiming at the instability of RSS and the more complicated data processing,this paper proposes a low-frequency filtering method based on fast data convergence.Low-frequency filtering uses MATLAB for data fitting to filter out low-frequency data;data convergence combines the mean and multi-data parallel analysis process to achieve a good balance between data volume and system performance.At the same time,this paper combines the position fingerprint and the relative position method in the algorithm,which reduces the error on the algorithm system.The test results show that the strategy can meet the requirements of indoor passive positioning and avoid a large amount of data collection and processing,and the average positioning error is below 0.5 meters.

Hybrid image of three contents

A hybrid image allows multiple image interpretations to be modulated by the viewing distance.Originally,it can be constructed by combining the low and high spatial frequencies of two different images.The original hybrid image synthesis was limited to similar shapes of source images that were aligned in the edges,e.g.,faces with a different expression,to produce an effective double image interpretation.In our previous work,we proposed a noiseinserted method for synthesizing a hybrid image from dissimilar shape images or unaligned images.In this work,we propose a novel method for adding an image to be seen from a middle viewing distance.The middlefrequency(MF)image is extracted by a special bandpass filter,which generates ringing while extracting only specified frequency bands.With this method,the middle frequency should be perceived as a meaningless pattern when viewed from a far distance and close up.A parameter tuning experiment was performed to determine the suitable cutoff frequencies for designing the filter for the MF image.We found that ringings of a suitable size could be used to make the middle frequency less noticeable when seen from far away.

Evolution of low-frequency noise passing through a spatial filter in a high power laser system

The theoretical model of spatial noise passing through a spatial filter is established in high power laser system under the small signal approximation. The transmission characteristic for a noise signal passing through spatial filters with different magnifications is analyzed by numerical simulation, according to the actual structure of the high power laser system. The results show that the spatial modulation period of low-frequency noise getting through the pinhole will be proportional to the magnification of the spatial filter. When the magnification is less than 1, the safe low-frequency noise will be extruded into the high-frequency region, which is the fast increasing part, and finally develops into the most dangerous part which can damage the optical devices. The conclusion of this research improves the relay imaging theory of a spatial filter and provides an important theoretical basis for a general design of high power laser systems.

A low-noise widely tunable Gm-C filter with frequency calibration

A fourth-order Gm-C Chebyshev low-pass filter is presented as channel selection filter for reconfigurable multi-mode wireless receivers. Low-noise technologies are proposed in optimizing the noise characteristics of both the Gm cells and the filter topology. A frequency tuning strategy is used by tuning both the transconductance of the Gm cells and the capacitance of the capacitor banks. To achieve accurate cut-off frequencies, an on-chip calibration circuit is presented to compensate for the frequency inaccuracy introduced by process variation. The filter is fabricated in a 0.13 m CMOS process. It exhibits a wide programmable bandwidth from 322.5 k Hz to20 MHz. Measured results show that the filter has low input referred noise of 5.9 n V/（Hz）^（1/2） and high out-of-band IIP3 of 16.2 d Bm. It consumes 4.2 and 9.5 m W from a 1 V power supply at its lowest and highest cut-off frequencies respectively.

Decoder-based transient signal post-processing for ITU-T G.719 at low bit rate

Associated with ITU-T G.719,a post-processing method in frequency domain for enhancing the perceptual quality of the decoded transient audio is proposed only to the audio decoder with no side information from the encoder.The proposed post-filter is used to filter the frequency coefficients of the decoded transient frame and consists of a short-term post-filter and a spectral tilt compensation filter which are derived from linear predictive coding（LPC） predictor based on the discrete cosine transform（DCT） coefficients of the decoded transient frame.As a result,the post-filter in frequency domain shapes the temporal noise in time domain and controls the pre-echo noise effectively while enhancing the transient perception.Listening test results show that the preferring ratio of the post-processed transient signal is higher than that of the original decoded signal at a low bit rate of 32 kbit/s in G.719 and the post-processing module brings a complexity of 12.399 WMOPS to the decoder.

Performanceanalysisofalowpowerlownoisetunablebandpassfilterformultiband RF front end

This paper presents a low power tunable active inductor and RF band pass filter suitable for multiband RF front end circuits. The active inductor circuit uses the PMOS cascode structure as the negative transconductor of a gyrator to reduce the noise voltage. Also, this structure provides possible negative resistance to reduce the inductor loss with wide inductive bandwidth and high resonance frequency. The RF band pass filter is realized using the proposed active inductor with suitable input and output buffer stages. The tuning of the center frequency for multiband operation is achieved through the controllable current source. The designed active inductor and RF band pass filter are simulated in 180 nm and 45 nm CMOS process using the Synopsys HSPICE simulation tool and their performances are compared. The parameters, such as resonance frequency, tuning capability, noise and power dissipation, are analyzed for these CMOS technologies and discussed. The design of a third order band pass filter using an active inductor is also presented.

Enhancement for φ-OTDR Performance by Using Narrow Linewidth Light Source and Signal Processing

In order to enhance the signal-to-noise-ratio of a distributed acoustic sensing system based on phase-sensitive optical time-domain reflectometry （φ-OTDR）, we have proposed a combination of segmented unwrapping algorithm, averaging estimation of phase difference, and infinite impulse response （IIR） filtering method. The enhancement of signal quality is numerically demonstrated. Moreover, we have studied the influence resulted from the light source noise on the φ-OTDR performance. The result has shown that when the linewidth of light source used in the φ-OTDR system is narrower, the performance of the system is better. In a word, such a φ-OTDR system could obtain higher quality demodulated signals when the narrower linewidth light source is chosen and the method of averaging estimation phase difference is used.

Surface roughness measurement and analysis of mechanical parts based on digital holography

We measure the surface roughness of the mechanical parts based on digital holography. A digital off- axis hologram recording setup for reflective samples is built. Firstly, the height reconstruction error 2.3% of the setup is calibrated by using the quartz step height standard （VLSI- SHS-880QC）. Then, the standard scribed-line model and the grinding roughness specimen are selected as the test samples and their surface roughness are 0.095 6 jam and 0.025 3 jam, with errors 6.3%, 0.9%, respectively. The results are in good agreement with the given roughness parameters. At last, we also analyze the window effect of the filter on the roughness measurement value based on digital holography. In conclu- sion, the paper demonstrated effectively that the digital holography could provide the surface feature for the rough- ness measurement with high accuracy.

NUMERICAL STUDIES OF A CLASS OF COMPOSITE PRECONDITIONERS

In this paper, we study a composite preconditioner that combines the modified tangential frequency filtering decomposition with the ILU（O） factorization. Spectral property of the composite preconditioner is examined by the approach of Fourier analysis. We illustrate that condition number of the preconditioned matrix by the composite preconditioner is asymptotically bounded by O（hp -2/3） on a standard model problem. Performance of the composite preconditioner is compared with other preconditioners on several problems arising from the discretization of PDEs with discontinuous coefficients. Numerical results show that performance of the proposed composite preconditioner is superior to other relative preconditioners.

An Improved Space-Time Joint Anti-jamming Algorithm Based on Variable Step LMS

In wireless communication, the space-time anti-jamming method is widely applied because it shows better performance than the pure airspace and pure temporal anti-jamming methods. However, its application is limited by its computational complexity, and it cannot suppress narrowband interference that is in the same direction as the navigation signal. To solve these problems, we propose improved frequency filter to filter the narrowband interference from the desired signal direction in advance, meanwhile, an improved variable step Least Mean Square （LMS） method is proposed to complete the space-time array weights with fast iteration, thereby reducing computational complexity. The simulation results show that, compared with conventional methods, the anti-jamming capability of the proposed algorithm is significantly enhanced; and its complexity is significantly reduced.

An approach for parameter estimation of combined CPPM and LFM radar signal

In this paper, the problem of parameter estimation of the combined radar signal adopting chaotic pulse position modulation （CPPM） and linear frequency modulation （LFM）, which can be widely used in electronic countermeasures, is addressed. An approach is proposed to estimate the initial frequency and chirp rate of the combined signal by exploiting the second-order cyclostationarity of the intra-pulse signal. In addition, under the condition of the equal pulse width, the pulse repetition interval （PRI） of the combined signal is predicted using the low-order Volterra adaptive filter. Simulations demonstrate that the proposed cyclic autocorrelation Hough transform （CHT） algorithm is theoretically tolerant to additive white Gaussian noise. When the value of signal noise to ratio （SNR） is less than 4 dB, it can still estimate the intra-pulse parameters well. When SNR = 3 dB, a good prediction of the PRI sequence can be achieved by the Volterra adaptive filter algorithm, even only 100 training samples.

Separating cyclostationary signals from spectrally overlapping interference

This paper studies an algorithm about separating spectrally overlapping signals using the cyclostationary properties of signals.On the basis of direct sequence spread system(DSSS),frequency shift filter is added into the re-ceiver of the communication system.Although the structure of frequency shift filter is more complicated than the time-domain filter,it uses both time correlations and fre-quency spectrum correlations so it can achieve better per-formances on separating the overlapping signals.After the analysis of cyclostationary characteristic and frequency spec-trum correlation,the structure of the frequency shift filter can be gained.Then,a self-adaptive algorithm is utilized for the purpose of achieving optimum multidimensional tap weights of frequency shift components.The simulation results indi-cate that this method can efficiently separate overlapping signals,and its error rate is lower than the time-domain filter or DSSS system by two orders of magnitude on the condition that high-power interference is added into the system.