Three-dimensional frequency-domain full waveform inversion based on the nearly-analytic discrete method

The nearly analytic discrete(NAD)method is a kind of finite difference method with advantages of high accuracy and stability.Previous studies have investigated the NAD method for simulating wave propagation in the time-domain.This study applies the NAD method to solving three-dimensional(3D)acoustic wave equations in the frequency-domain.This forward modeling approach is then used as the“engine”for implementing 3D frequency-domain full waveform inversion(FWI).In the numerical modeling experiments,synthetic examples are first given to show the superiority of the NAD method in forward modeling compared with traditional finite difference methods.Synthetic 3D frequency-domain FWI experiments are then carried out to examine the effectiveness of the proposed methods.The inversion results show that the NAD method is more suitable than traditional methods,in terms of computational cost and stability,for 3D frequency-domain FWI,and represents an effective approach for inversion of subsurface model structures.

Evidence of Iron Mineralization Channels in the Messondo Area (Centre-Cameroon) Using Geoelectrical (DC &IP) Methods: A Case Study

A geophysical survey was conducted in the Kelle-Bidjocka village, Messondo subdivision, in the Centre Region, Cameroon. The data acquisition was made by combining Schlumberger profiling and electrical soundings along six (06) profiles of 1500 m in length for a total of 64 geoelectrical stations’ survey conducted through a variable mesh 100 m × 200 m, or 100 m × 300 m. The equipment used is the DC resistivimeter Syscal Junior 48 (Iris Instrument). Processing and modelling of field data are made by using the Res2Dinv, Qwseln and Surfer software. The investigation methods used are electrical resistivity (DC) and induced polarization (IP) methods. The analyses and interpretations have helped to highlight areas of weakness or conductive discontinuities (fractures, faults, shear zones, etc.) in Precambrian gneiss formations, sometimes undergoing weathering processes. They identify the weathering or mineralogical accumulation horizons, the most promising is a mineralization channel identified in the NE-SW direction. The highlighted mineralization is characterized by strong gradients of chargeability or polarization. Samples and other geological evidences observed in the area are used to associate the most polarizable structures with ferriferous formations. Weakly polarizable and particularly conductive backgrounds identified by the inverse pseudo-sections are thought to be sulphate minerals or groundwater targets for future hydrogeological studies.

Acoustic viscoelastic modeling by frequency-domain boundary element method

Earth medium is not completely elastic, with its viscosity resulting in attenuation and dispersion of seismic waves. Most viscoelastic numerical simulations are based on the finite-difference and finite-element methods. Targeted at viscoelastic numerical modeling for multilayered media, the constant-Q acoustic wave equation is transformed into the corresponding wave integral representation with its Green＇s function accounting for viscoelastic coefficients. An efficient alternative for full-waveform solution to the integral equation is proposed in this article by extending conventional frequency-domain boundary element methods to viscoelastic media. The viscoelastic boundary element method enjoys a distinct characteristic of the explicit use of boundary continuity conditions of displacement and traction, leading to a semi-analytical solution with sufficient accuracy for simulating the viscoelastic effect across irregular interfaces. Numerical experiments to study the viscoelastic absorption of different Q values demonstrate the accuracy and applicability of the method.

Field Test Results on Natural Field IP Method

In this paper the authors propose the natural field induced polarization (IP) method and present the way to pick up IP effect. The relations between the object and anomaly are studied by taking field experiments as examples. The effectiveness and usability of the method are testified.

SQUARE WAVE COHERENT METHOD FOR EXTRACTING IP EFFECT

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Gold Mineralization Channels Identification in the Tindikala-Boutou Area (Eastern-Cameroon) Using Geoelectrical (DC &IP) Methods: A Case Study

To achieve the current study, geoelectrical surveys along six (06) profiles of 4 km long in a 100 m × 200 m grid defined according to the triangulation principle in the Ngoura area (Tindikala-Boutou villages) have been made through electrical sounding and profiling following Schlumberger array. The instrument is the resistivimeter Syscal Junior 48 (IRIS Instrument) which uses the electrical current. The data have been processed and modelled with Res2Dinv and Winsev softwares then interpolated with Surfer software. Electrical methods used are the Direct current (DC) and the Induced Polarization (IP). Interpretation and analyses of results from each investigation method highlight weak zones or conductive discontinuities and mineralized zones. Conductive zones have been identified as shear zones within granitic structures of the Precambrian basement, according to the geologic and tectonic background of the area. The structural trend of these shear zones is E-W. The mineralization within it is N-S and characterized by high values of chargeability, essentially in the eastern part of the area under study. This mineralization proves the presence of metalliferous or sulphide heaps disseminated in weathered quartz veins which cross shear zones. Also, the poor mineralization and conductive structures in shear zones characterize the groundwater zones. The intense activities of gold washers encountered in the area enable to link that mineralization to gold within quartz veins. The near surface gold mineralization is eluvial or alluvial, and in depth this mineralization is primary.

Combined Geoelectrical Approach DC and IP Methods in the Identification of the Mineralized Bodies Parallel to the NE-SW Tectonic Line of Kadei River: Case of Quartz or Pegmatite Gold Bearing Veins of Ngoura Subdivision (East Cameroon)

A geophysical investigation of subsurface structures using the Syscal Junior 48 resistivity-meter was conducted in Ngoura subdivision (East Cameroon) following a combined geoelectrical direct current (DC) approach involving Resistivity and IP methods. This investigation was allowed to collect data on forty-five (45) profiling lines at three acquisition levels (AB = 100 m, MN = 10 m;AB = 200 m, MN = 20 m and AB = 500 m, MN = 50 m) and two electric panels L1 and L4, using the Schlumberger array. Processing, modeling and interpretation of data collected using the Winsev, Res2Dinv and Surfer software helped in highlighting a conductive and strongly mineralized discontinuity in granite formations, which lined up with the NE-SW Kadei tectonic line. It extends beyond 100 m depth over an average width of 600 m. The mineralization associated with this discontinuity is identified by a high concentration of disseminated metalliferous minerals in quartz or pegmatite veins. The mining reconnaissance works in the study area and those of several authors have characterized this anomaly to a lode gold quartz or large pegmatite. The results of this study correlate with geological and tectonic data for the region marked by NE-SW Kadei tectonic line. Therefore, they confirm the reliability of a geoelectrical DC investigation method combining Resistivity and IP to the identification of ore bodies.

基于IP网络的视频会议可靠性评估方法

随着时代的发展,视频会议已经成为了日常办公的重要工具,视频会议为异地用户提供了一种不受空间制约的沟通手段,其能够提高工作效率,降低办公成本,因而在政府、医疗和军事的领域中也开始广泛运用。但是随着网络、高清技术的普及,视频会议的可靠性也面临严峻的挑战,因此需要建立一套系统运行的评估方法,从而定位系统运行可靠性的薄弱环节,并提出相应的改进方法。

浅析IP形象图案在服装设计中的应用

在当代服装设计领域,IP形象图案已成为一种重要的设计元素,它不仅丰富了服装的视觉效果,也成为传达品牌个性和文化内涵的独特方式。文章分析了不同类型IP形象在服装设计中应用特征,概述了IP形象在提升服装品牌商业价值方面的作用,重点研究了IP形象在服装设计上的具体实现方法,还讨论了IP服装的市场定位、受众分析和推广策略等关键商业策略,为服装设计师和品牌提供了将IP形象应用于服装设计的实用指导。

IP承载网中QOS策略的设计与优化

在网络世界中,网际互连协议(Internet Protocol,IP)承载网扮演着信息流动的骨干角色,其运行表现和服务水准至关重要。文章详细探讨了IP承载网中服务质量(Quality of Service,QoS)策略的设计与优化方法,重点涵盖分类服务与标记、流量控制与优先级队列管理以及链路和节点策略的具体实现。通过流量分析与预测、智能资源分配与调度、动态策略调整以及故障检测与容错机制,提出一系列提升网络性能和用户体验的有效措施。

3D anisotropic modeling and identification for airborne EM systems based on the spectral-element method

The airborne electromagnetic （AEM） method has a high sampling rate and survey flexibility. However, traditional numerical modeling approaches must use high-resolution physical grids to guarantee modeling accuracy, especially for complex geological structures such as anisotropic earth. This can lead to huge computational costs. To solve this problem, we propose a spectral-element （SE） method for 3D AEM anisotropic modeling, which combines the advantages of spectral and finite-element methods. Thus, the SE method has accuracy as high as that of the spectral method and the ability to model complex geology inherited from the finite-element method. The SE method can improve the modeling accuracy within discrete grids and reduce the dependence of modeling results on the grids. This helps achieve high-accuracy anisotropic AEM modeling. We first introduced a rotating tensor of anisotropic conductivity to Maxwell＇s equations and described the electrical field via SE basis functions based on GLL interpolation polynomials. We used the Galerkin weighted residual method to establish the linear equation system for the SE method, and we took a vertical magnetic dipole as the transmission source for our AEM modeling. We then applied fourth-order SE calculations with coarse physical grids to check the accuracy of our modeling results against a 1D semi-analytical solution for an anisotropic half-space model and verified the high accuracy of the SE. Moreover, we conducted AEM modeling for different anisotropic 3D abnormal bodies using two physical grid scales and three orders of SE to obtain the convergence conditions for different anisotropic abnormal bodies. Finally, we studied the identification of anisotropy for single anisotropic abnormal bodies, anisotropic surrounding rock, and single anisotropic abnormal body embedded in an anisotropic surrounding rock. This approach will play a key role in the inversion and interpretation of AEM data collected in regions with anisotropic geology.

The analysis on IP signals in TEM response based on SVD

During transient electromagnetic method （TEM） exploration of a copper mine, we detected the late-channel TEM signal reversal phenomenon （a voltage change from positive to negative） caused by the influence of the induced polarization （IP） effect, which affects the depth and precision of the TEM detection. The conventional inversion method is inefficient because it is difficult to process the data. In this paper, the Cole-Cole model is adopted to analyze the effect of Dc resistivity, chargeability, time constant, and frequency exponent on the TEM response in an homogeneous half space model. Singular Value Decomposition （SVD） is used to invert the measured TEM data, and the Dc resistivity, chargeability, time constant and frequency exponent were extracted from the measured TEM data in the mine area. The extracted parameters are used for interpreting the detection result as a supplement. This reveals why the TEM data acquired in the area has a low resolution. It was found that the DC resistivity and time constant do not significantly change the results, however, the chargeability and frequency exponent have a significant effect. Because of these influences, the SVD method is more accurate than the conventional method in the apparent resistivity profile. The area of the copper mine is confined accurately based on the SVD inverted data. The conclusion has been verified by drill and is identical to the practical geological situation.

基于ip-iq方法的畸变电流检测及其实现

研究了基于ip-iq方法提取畸变电流的物理实现过程。设计并制作电网电压信号调理和整形电路、锁相频率合成电路,按照采样点数要求产生无相位差的同步采样信号,利用高精度的A/D转换电路完成负载电流信号的采集,保证了采样精度。ip-iq算法中数字低通滤波器的类型、动静指标等对检测精度的影响较大,给出了给定滤波指标后设计满足要求的数字低通滤波器的方法。在Matlab中对设计的ip-iq算法进行仿真分析,结果表明畸变电流的补偿效果明显,所述方法能够应用在有源电力滤波器的研制中。

面向对象的嵌入式TCP/IP协议栈设计

分析了标准TCP/IP协议的基本原理,从OSI网络体系参考模型出发,给出一个具有较好可扩展性和可维护性的嵌入式TCP/IP协议栈设计模型.通过嵌入式仿真软件SkyEye验证了采用面向对象方法设计嵌入式TCP/IP协议栈的可行性,并对协议栈的设计质量进行了评估.结果表明设计的嵌入式TCP/IP协议栈能够在嵌入式系统中正常工作,具有较好的可扩展性和可维护性.

以太网MAC层IP软核设计方法研究

主要论述了在SOC产品开发中如何设计以太网MAC层IP软核。针对目前以太网MAC层IP软核设计的实际情况,分析了三种常用的IP软核设计方法的优缺点,提出了一种改进的U型IP软核设计方法。并运用此方法先对以太网MAC层IP软核进行层次化的自顶而下设计,再对其进行自底而上地实现与集成,最后得到该IP软核整体。经过对该软核的测试与结果分析,验证了其能够实现以太网MAC层协议功能,达到了设计目标。该研究将对今后的以太网MAC层IP软核及相关产品开发具有重要的参考价值。

IP时间隐通道抗检测技术的研究

在任何一个网络系统中,时间作为发送方和接收方的共享资源是无法被割断的,这使得IP时间隐通道几乎不可能被根除。通过分析现有的多种IP时间隐通道的检测方法,提出一种不需要计算伪装分布函数反函数的新型抗检测方法,提高了IP时间隐通道的抗检测性。

数字干涉图实时相位提取PSM-IP核的FPGA实现

针对现有数字干涉图相位提取技术多依赖计算机操作系统,不能满足高速信号处理的现状,提出了在FPGA上基于相移法(PSM)设计并实现PSM-IP核提取相位。PSM-IP核包括数字干涉图输入缓存模块、干涉图相移运算模块、干涉图反正切函数运算模块和相位信息输出模块等。在数字干涉图反正切函数运算模块中对坐标旋转数字计算机(CORDIC)算法进行了优化,并实现了流水线结构的反正切运算,从而可完成数字干涉图的实时相位提取。通过对计算机仿真图、云纹干涉仪实测干涉图和光栅投影条纹图测试,结果表明,利用PSM-IP核提取256×256 pixels数字干涉图的相位,均方根误差在1‰量级,运行时间小于1.4 ms,在保证精度的同时有效地缩短了相位提取时间,验证了利用PSM-IP核进行实时相位提取的有效性。

论 TEM 法中的 IP 效应

根据ＥＭ－３７瞬变电磁系统中心感应回线装置下的野外实测数据，并结合前人的研究成果，详细讨论了极化体电阻率与埋深、发射线框尺寸与位置对ＩＰ效应的影响规律；此外，在实践中发现了ＩＰ效应的二次反号现象，总结了一套如何削弱或消除瞬变电磁测量中这种激电效应的实用方法技术。

基于协议集成测试系统的IPv4协议一致性测试

TCP/IP协议实现的一致性测试是保证 Internet网络设备之间互连与互操作的基础 .该文基于协议集成测试环境进行了 IP(Internet protocol)协议一致性测试研究和实际测试 ,并针对 IP端系统和中继系统分别采用了分布式和远程横断式测试法 ,设计生成了 IP一致性测试集 .并且已将 IP协议的一致性测试应用到路由器的开发和研制过程中 .

地～井方位激电(IP)人机交互解释软件开发及应用

基于MSR(Modified Sparse Row)非零元素存储和SSOR-PCG方程求解技术,编制了三维IP的有限元法快速正演程序,在此基础上,利用Delphi等开发了可视化地～井方位IP人机交互解释软件。在地～井方位IP的数据解释中,遵循"先井口,后其他方位"的分析方法,先通过井口方位观测曲线初步断定异常体的电性特征、大致埋深和倾向;然后对比分析其它方位曲线的异常特征,推断出异常的赋存方位。对于异常复杂情况,该软件可利用测井数据、钻孔柱状图等,形成分层背景,通过差值法和比值法数据预处理技术以突出井旁异常,提高异常分辨能力。实测数据的解释结果表明,针对地～井方位IP观测数据量少,充分利用测井、钻孔等信息,用人机交互正演拟合反演方式解释是可行的。