An Investigation of Frequency-Domain Pruning Algorithms for Accelerating Human Activity Recognition Tasks Based on Sensor Data

The rapidly advancing Convolutional Neural Networks(CNNs)have brought about a paradigm shift in various computer vision tasks,while also garnering increasing interest and application in sensor-based Human Activity Recognition(HAR)efforts.However,the significant computational demands and memory requirements hinder the practical deployment of deep networks in resource-constrained systems.This paper introduces a novel network pruning method based on the energy spectral density of data in the frequency domain,which reduces the model’s depth and accelerates activity inference.Unlike traditional pruning methods that focus on the spatial domain and the importance of filters,this method converts sensor data,such as HAR data,to the frequency domain for analysis.It emphasizes the low-frequency components by calculating their energy spectral density values.Subsequently,filters that meet the predefined thresholds are retained,and redundant filters are removed,leading to a significant reduction in model size without compromising performance or incurring additional computational costs.Notably,the proposed algorithm’s effectiveness is empirically validated on a standard five-layer CNNs backbone architecture.The computational feasibility and data sensitivity of the proposed scheme are thoroughly examined.Impressively,the classification accuracy on three benchmark HAR datasets UCI-HAR,WISDM,and PAMAP2 reaches 96.20%,98.40%,and 92.38%,respectively.Concurrently,our strategy achieves a reduction in Floating Point Operations(FLOPs)by 90.73%,93.70%,and 90.74%,respectively,along with a corresponding decrease in memory consumption by 90.53%,93.43%,and 90.05%.

Bunch-length measurement at a bunch-by-bunch rate based on time–frequency-domain joint analysis techniques and its application

This paper presents a new technique for measuring the bunch length of a high-energy electron beam at a bunch-by-bunch rate in storage rings.This technique uses the time–frequency-domain joint analysis of the bunch signal to obtain bunch-by-bunch and turn-by-turn longitudinal parameters,such as bunch length and synchronous phase.The bunch signal is obtained using a button electrode with a bandwidth of several gigahertz.The data acquisition device was a high-speed digital oscilloscope with a sampling rate of more than 10 GS/s,and the single-shot sampling data buffer covered thousands of turns.The bunch-length and synchronous phase information were extracted via offline calculations using Python scripts.The calibration coefficient of the system was determined using a commercial streak camera.Moreover,this technique was tested on two different storage rings and successfully captured various longitudinal transient processes during the harmonic cavity debugging process at the Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility(SSRF),and longitudinal instabilities were observed during the single-bunch accumulation process at Hefei Light Source(HLS).For Gaussian-distribution bunches,the uncertainty of the bunch phase obtained using this technique was better than 0.2 ps,and the bunch-length uncertainty was better than 1 ps.The dynamic range exceeded 10 ms.This technology is a powerful and versatile beam diagnostic tool that can be conveniently deployed in high-energy electron storage rings.

一种直升机的舰船Dechirp实测数据SAR成像方法

直升机由于飞行不稳将会给运动目标成像带来很大的误差,尤其是对复杂运动舰船的成像。该文提出了一种基于利用运动补偿并两次利用广义二阶keystone变换同时结合利用孤立的散射点进行WVD变换估计多普勒参数的方法来分别消除距离弯曲和距离走动并最终对舰船成像。文中对算法做了详细的推导证明,并最终得到了良好的成像结果。最后用3个运动点目标的仿真数据和dechirp实测舰船数据来证明该方法有效。

基于Dechirping技术的宽带全数字阵列雷达时延测量方法研究

该文基于Dechirping技术,提出了一种测量宽带数字阵列中不同T/R组件间相对时延的新方法。为了提高雷达系统的灵活性、可扩展性及减低硬件成本,该方法可全部通过软件实现,利用抽取技术和FFT算法,不仅能有效地降低数据率和提高计算效率,而且有较好的测量精度及实时性,并能在一次测量过程中对多个T/R组件间的相对时延进行同时测量。文中从理论角度分析了影响测量方法性能的各个因素及其特点,并在此基础上确定出测量系统的各项最佳参数。仿真实验结果验证了该方法的有效性。

基于Dechirp和多相滤波结构的超宽带通信系统

该文提出了一种采用Dechirp和复多相滤波器组的超宽带通信系统。其发射信号采用开关键控(OOK)调制和Chirp扩频,接收信号经过Dechirp脉冲压缩、低通滤波和模数转换后,使用复多相滤波器组进行子信道划分,完成子信道选择和最大比合并,最后进行粗同步、精同步、信噪比估计和基于能量检测的OOK解调。通过理论推导与仿真实验,分析了在AWGN信道,IEEE 802.15.3a的CM1和CM4信道下该超宽带通信系统的性能。分析结果证明,该通信系统可以获得较高的处理增益和较强的抗多径性能,所以适合应用于拓展距离通信。

基于Dechirp处理的雷达宽带测量技术

介绍了基于Dechirp处理的地基雷达宽带测量技术,讨论了基于Dechirp处理的宽带线性调频信号处理原理和HRRP成像模型,阐明了由于宽带信号线性调频非线性、运动目标的多普勒调制以及宽带测量系统幅相误差等造成的距离像失真和补偿方法,并给出了仿真验证结果。

Dechirp及频谱分析技术的目标分辨率分析

Dechirp(去调频)及频谱分析是大带宽线性调频信号的一种常用处理方式,在高分辨率雷达,如合成孔径雷达和逆合成孔径雷达中得到广泛应用。Dechirp处理的一个优点是可以降低输入信号的带宽,从而减小了接收机中A/D变换器在变换速度上的压力。本文的目的是分析、研究经Dechirp及频谱分析而得到的两点目标间的分辨率与匹配滤波得到的两点目标间的分辨率之间的关系;说明了从时域上看,如何从概念上理解在时宽一定的条件下,调频率越大,经Dechirp及谱分析处理后的目标间分辨率也越高。文中还通过仿真说明了Dechirp及频谱分析技术的目标分辨特性。

天基ISAR空间目标的去斜回波相参性恢复方法及其基于FPGA的快速实现技术

逆合成孔径雷达(ISAR)具备二维高分辨成像能力,可实现对空间目标的高精度探测和监视。相比于地基ISAR,天基ISAR能够对空间目标进行更灵活、更大范围的探测成像,为实现空间态势感知提供有利支撑。去斜接收回波体制可以大幅降低采样率,减轻系统硬件负担,现有ISAR系统通常采用此种方式。然而在观测时间内空间目标相对于星载ISAR的相对斜距变化大,雷达需要不断改变录取波门以保证对空间高速目标的稳定跟踪,这严重破坏了雷达回波的相参性。同时,星载ISAR相对空间目标的复杂运动几何导致运动补偿精度下降。针对空间目标ISAR成像问题,文中提出了一种去斜回波相参性恢复方法,此方法可以逐脉冲处理回波,能有效恢复不同距离波门的回波相参性,并利用估计的参数对回波进行精确的运动补偿。基于此方法,设计了一种基于现场可编程逻辑门阵列的去斜接收相参性恢复快速实现方案。仿真实验验证了所提方法及其现场可编程逻辑门阵列实现方案的有效性。

一种结合时频分析与Dechirp技术提高运动目标参数估计精度的多通道方法

传统相位中心偏置天线(DPCA)和沿迹干涉(ATI)方法无法解决动目标方位向速度引起的散焦对于动目标检测和参数估计带来的影响,而且无法对动目标方位向速度做出估计。为了解决这一问题,该文提出一种结合修正离散Chirp-Fourier变换(MDCFT)与去调频(Dechirp)技术的多通道动目标检测方法,通过对动目标多普勒参数的精确估计,完成对动目标的聚焦,从而提高动目标距离向速度和方位向位置的估计精度,同时还可以较精确地估计出动目标的方位向速度,弥补了DPCA和ATI方法的不足。理论分析和计算机仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性。

The research on the highly efficient calculation method of 3-D frequency-domain Green function

The traditional calculation method of frequency-domain Green function mainly utilizes series or asymptotic expansion to carry out numerical approximation, however, this method requires very careful zoning, thus the computing process is complex with many cycles, which has greatly affected the computing efficiency. To improve the computing efficiency, this paper introduces Gaussian integral to the numerical calculation of the frequency-domain Green function and its partial derivatives. It then compares the calculation result with that in existing references. The comparison results demonstrate that, on the basis of its sufficient accuracy, the method has greatly simplified the computing process, reduced the zoning and improved the computing efficiency.

基于Keystone变换与Dechirping补偿的雷达运动目标检测跟踪算法研究

对目标回波信号进行长时间积累,是在不对雷达硬件系统进行升级改造的情况下,提高回波信噪比及雷达系统探测能力的低成本实现方法。本文主要对目标沿雷达径向匀加速运动时导致的距离徙动和多普勒走动问题进行研究,提出了基于Keystone变换和Dechirping补偿的积累算法。在没有先验信息的情况下通过Keystone变换实现包络对齐,而后利用对加速度进行搜索补偿,来补偿多普勒走动以提高雷达积累增益。最后基于AR模型的卡尔曼滤波算法实现机动目标的跟踪。利用空天杯比赛数据可以证明算法在检测微弱运动目标方面的优势。

Spatial sensitivity to absorption changes for various near-infrared spectroscopy methods:A compendium review

This compendium review focuses on the spatial distribution of sensitivity to localized absorption changes in optically diffuse media,particularly for measurements relevant to near-infrared spectroscopy.The three temporal domains,continuous wave,frequency domain,and time domain,each obtain different optical data types whose changes may be related to effective homogeneous changes in the absorption coefficient.Sensitivity is the relationship between a localized perturbation and the recovered effective homogeneous absorption change.Therefore,spatial sensitivity maps representing the perturbation location can be generated for the numerous optical data types in the three temporal domains.The review first presents a history of the past 30 years of work investigating this sensitivity in optically diffuse media.These works are experimental and theoretical,presenting one-,two-,and three-dimensional sensitivity maps for different Near-Infrared Spectroscopy methods,domains,and data types.Following this history,we present a compendium of sensitivity maps organized by temporal domain and then data type.This compendium provides a valuable tool to compare the spatial sensitivity of various measurement methods and parameters in one document.Methods for one to generate these maps are provided in Appendix A,including the code.This historical review and comprehensive sensitivity map compendium provides a single source researchers may use to visualize,investigate,compare,and generate sensitivity to localized absorption change maps.

基于方位dechirp处理的SAR实时成像研究

文章首先简要阐述了dechirp成像原理,在此基础上,分析了方位dechirp之后的信号分辨率与采样率,并推导了方位信号频域采样对应的时域间隔。根据成像原理,利用仿真数据进行了测试验证,最后,对不同方位位置点目标的方位分辨率进行了研究,由于方位dechirp处理必然存在频谱混叠,提出了利用FIR滤波器抑制方位混叠,并利用实测数据进行了验证。验证结果表明,此方法简单高效,具有很强的鲁棒性。基于方位dechirp处理的SAR成像,具有非常强的实际应用价值,已经成功应用于雷达工程实现中。

Frequency-domain elastic full-waveform multiscale inversion method based on dual-level parallelism

The complexity of an elastic wavefield increases the nonlinearity of inversion, To some extent, multiscale inversion decreases the nonlinearity of inversion and prevents it from falling into local extremes. A multiscale strategy based on the simultaneous use of frequency groups and layer stripping method based on damped wave field improves the stability of inversion. A dual-level parallel algorithm is then used to decrease the computational cost and improve practicability. The seismic wave modeling of a single frequency and inversion in a frequency group are computed in parallel by multiple nodes based on multifrontal massively parallel sparse direct solver and MPI. Numerical tests using an overthrust model show that the proposed inversion algorithm can effectively improve the stability and accuracy of inversion by selecting the appropriate inversion frequency and damping factor in low- frequency seismic data.

2.5D forward modeling and inversion of frequency-domain airborne electromagnetic data

Frequency-domain airborne electromagnetics is a proven geophysical exploration method.Presently,the interpretation is mainly based on resistivity-depth imaging and onedimensional layered inversion;nevertheless,it is difficult to obtain satisfactory results for two- or three-dimensional complex earth structures using 1D methods.3D forward modeling and inversion can be used but are hampered by computational limitations because of the large number of data.Thus,we developed a 2.5D frequency-domain airborne electromagnetic forward modeling and inversion algorithm.To eliminate the source singularities in the numerical simulations,we split the fields into primary and secondary fields.The primary fields are calculated using homogeneous or layered models with analytical solutions,and the secondary（scattered） fields are solved by the finite-element method.The linear system of equations is solved by using the large-scale sparse matrix parallel direct solver,which greatly improves the computational efficiency.The inversion algorithm was based on damping leastsquares and singular value decomposition and combined the pseudo forward modeling and reciprocity principle to compute the Jacobian matrix.Synthetic and field data were used to test the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Frequency-domain auto-adapting full waveform inversion with blended source and frequency-group encoding

As a high quality seismic imaging method, full waveform inversion （FWI） can accurately reconstruct the physical parameter model for the subsurface medium. However, application of the FWI in seismic data processing is computationally expensive, especially for the three-dimension complex medium inversion. Introducing blended source technology into the frequency-domain FWI can greatly reduce the computational burden and improve the efficiency of the inversion. However, this method has two issues： first, crosstalk noise is caused by interference between the sources involved in the encoding, resulting in an inversion result with some artifacts; second, it is more sensitive to ambient noise compared to conventional FWI, therefore noisy data results in a poor inversion. This paper introduces a frequency-group encoding method to suppress crosstalk noise, and presents a frequency- domain auto-adapting FWI based on source-encoding technology. The conventional FWI method and source-encoding based FWI method are combined using an auto-adapting mechanism. This improvement can both guarantee the quality of the inversion result and maximize the inversion efficiency.

False-target image synthesizer for countering ISAR via inverse dechirping

For real-time jamming signal generation in deceiving inverse synthetic aperture radar（ISAR）,the target characteristics modulation is always processed in the expensive field programmable gate array（FPGA）.Due to the large computational complexity of the traditional modulating operation,the size and structure of simulated false-target are limited.With regard to the principle of dechirping in range compression of linear frequency modulated（LFM） radar,a novel algorithm named ＂inverse dechirping＂ is proposed for target characteristics modulation.This algorithm only needs one complex multiplier in the FPGA to generate the jamming signal when the radar signal is intercepted,which can be obtained by multiplication of radar signal samplings and the equivalent dechirped target echo in the time domain.As the complex synthesis of dechirped target echo can be realized by cheap digital signal processor（DSP） within the interpulse time,the overall cost of the jamming equipment will be reduced and the false-target size will not be limited by the scale of FPGA.Numerical simulations are performed to verify the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.

Three-dimensional frequency-domain full waveform inversion based on the nearly-analytic discrete method

The nearly analytic discrete(NAD)method is a kind of finite difference method with advantages of high accuracy and stability.Previous studies have investigated the NAD method for simulating wave propagation in the time-domain.This study applies the NAD method to solving three-dimensional(3D)acoustic wave equations in the frequency-domain.This forward modeling approach is then used as the“engine”for implementing 3D frequency-domain full waveform inversion(FWI).In the numerical modeling experiments,synthetic examples are first given to show the superiority of the NAD method in forward modeling compared with traditional finite difference methods.Synthetic 3D frequency-domain FWI experiments are then carried out to examine the effectiveness of the proposed methods.The inversion results show that the NAD method is more suitable than traditional methods,in terms of computational cost and stability,for 3D frequency-domain FWI,and represents an effective approach for inversion of subsurface model structures.

Safety and efficacy of frequency-domain optical coherence tomography in evaluating and treating intermediate coronary lesions

AIM To establish whether frequency-domain optical coherence tomography(FD-OCT) is safe and effective in the evaluation and treatment of angiographicallyintermediate coronary lesions(ICL) METHODS Sixty-four patients with 2-dimensional quantitativecoronary angiography(2D-QCA) demonstrating ICL were included. OCT imaging was performed. According to predetermined OCT criteria, patients were assigned to either of 2 groups: OCT-guided percutaneous coronary intervention(PCI) or OCT-guided optimal medical therapy(OMT). The primary efficacy endpoint was to demonstrate the superiority and higher accuracy of FD-OCT compared to 2D-QCA in evaluating stenosis severity in patients with ICL. The primary safety endpoint was the incidence of 30-d major adverse cardiac events(MACE). Secondary endpoints included MACE at 12 mo and other clinical events.RESULTS Analysis of the primary efficacy endpoint demonstrates that 2D-QCA overestimates the stenosis severity of ICL in both the OCT-guided PCI and OMT groups, proving FD-OCT to be superior to and more precise than 2D-QCA in treating this subset of lesions. The primary safety endpoint was fully met with the incidence of 30-d MACE being nil in both the OCT-guided PCI and OCTguided OMT groups. Incidences of secondary endpoints were found to be low in both arms, the only exception being the relatively high incidence of recurrent episodes of angina which was, however, very similar in the 2 groups.CONCLUSION FD-OCT is safe and effective in the evaluation and treatment of ICL. Larger studies are needed to firmly establish the efficacy and safety of FD-OCT in treating ICL across all coronary artery disease population subgroups.

Acoustic viscoelastic modeling by frequency-domain boundary element method

Earth medium is not completely elastic, with its viscosity resulting in attenuation and dispersion of seismic waves. Most viscoelastic numerical simulations are based on the finite-difference and finite-element methods. Targeted at viscoelastic numerical modeling for multilayered media, the constant-Q acoustic wave equation is transformed into the corresponding wave integral representation with its Green＇s function accounting for viscoelastic coefficients. An efficient alternative for full-waveform solution to the integral equation is proposed in this article by extending conventional frequency-domain boundary element methods to viscoelastic media. The viscoelastic boundary element method enjoys a distinct characteristic of the explicit use of boundary continuity conditions of displacement and traction, leading to a semi-analytical solution with sufficient accuracy for simulating the viscoelastic effect across irregular interfaces. Numerical experiments to study the viscoelastic absorption of different Q values demonstrate the accuracy and applicability of the method.