Study on Pesticide Residues of Phorate and Emamectin Benzoate in Cauliflower with Ball Well Protected

In order to study the difference between cauliflower varieties with ball well protected and unprotected in terms of pesticide residue and its causes, Jinpin 70, a new male sterile cauliflower variety with ball well protected, and Xuebao with ball unprotected were sprayed with high-toxic pesticide phorate and efficient bio-pesticide emamectin benzoate at a regular dose to investigate the impact of different cauliflower varieties on the pesticide residue. The results showed that from the 3rd to the 5th day after spraying, phorate and emamectin benzoate residues in Jinpin 70 with ball well protected reduced by 76.47%-87.65% and 67.86%-80.82% re- spectively compared with Xubao, and decreased by 9.23%-81.82% and 57.14%- 79.84% respectively compared with Jinpin 70 with ball unprotected. The results above demonstrates that inner leaves of cauliflower with ball well protected can prevent the ball from being polluted by phorate and emamectin benzoate, thereby improving its edible safety.

Draft genome sequence of cauliflower(Brassica oleracea L.var.botrytis)provides new insights into the C genome in Brassica species

Cauliflower is an important variety of Brassica oleracea and is planted worldwide.Here,the high-quality genome sequence of cauliflower was reported.The assembled cauliflower genome was 584.60 Mb in size,with a contig N50 of 2.11 Mb,and contained 47,772 genes;56.65%of the genome was composed of repetitive sequences.Among these sequences,long terminal repeats(LTRs)were the most abundant(32.71%of the genome),followed by transposable elements(TEs)(12.62%).Comparative genomic analysis confirmed that after an ancient paleohexaploidy(γ)event,cauliflower underwent two whole-genome duplication(WGD)events shared with Arabidopsis and an additional whole-genome triplication(WGT)event shared with other Brassica species.The present cultivated cauliflower diverged from the ancestral B.oleracea species~3.0 million years ago(Mya).The speciation of cauliflower(~2.0 Mya)was later than that of B.oleracea L.var.capitata(approximately 2.6 Mya)and other Brassica species(over 2.0 Mya).Chromosome no.03 of cauliflower shared the most syntenic blocks with the A,B,and C genomes of Brassica species and its eight other chromosomes,implying that chromosome no.03 might be the most ancient one in the cauliflower genome,which was consistent with the chromosome being inherited from the common ancestor of Brassica species.In addition,2,718 specific genes,228 expanded genes,2 contracted genes,and 1,065 positively selected genes in cauliflower were identified and functionally annotated.These findings provide new insights into the genomic diversity of Brassica species and serve as a valuable reference for molecular breeding of cauliflower.

Developmental Response of <i>Pieris brassicae</i>(L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) on Different Cauliflower Cultivars under Laboratory Conditions

Cauliflower is popular vegetable in Pakistan and it is severely attacked by Pieris brassicae (L). There are different cauliflower cultivars available in this area. The aim of this study was to determine the developmental response of Pieris brassicae on ten cauliflower cultivars. An experiment was conducted during 2012-13 at the Entomology section of the Agriculture Research Institute Tarnab Peshawar under laboratory conditions of 20&degC ± 2&degC, 50% ± 5% RH and 12:12h photoperiod. Pieris brassicae eggs were collected from a cauliflower field ARI Tarnab and the larvae placed after hatching on fresh leaves often cauliflower cultivars. The results showed that the larval development of P. brassicae was short (35 days), longer larval length (32.41 mm), larval mortality was low (6.6%) and pupal weight was high (0.50 g) on Clima cultivar. On the other hand, a longer larval developmental period (37 days), higher larval mortality (86.66%), shorter larval length (24.55 mm) and lower pupal weight (0.42 g) were recorded on cultivar AX-2034.

Transformation of insect-resistant gene into cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L.var. botrytis)

Cowpea Trypsin Inhibitor (CpTI) gene was transferred into the cotyle dons and hypocotyls of cauliflower by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation met hod. The best selective concentration of kanamycin (kan) was 15 mg L-1. The con centration of carbencillin (carb) was 500 mg L-1. 14 transgenic cauliflower pla nts were obtained. The putative transformants were assayed by PCR and Southern b lotting analysis. The results indicated that CpTI gene was transferred into caul iflower successfully.

Effects of fresh-cut and storage on glucosinolates profile using broccoli as a case study

Glucosinolates(GLS) contribute to the unique flavour, nutrition, and plant defence of the Cruciferous vegetables. Understanding the GLS changes through postharvest processing is essential for defined preservation. In this study, four different fresh-cut types, whole flower(W),floret(F), quarterly cut floret(QF) and shredded floret(FS) of broccoli, were stored for 0, 1, 2 and 3 day(s) to explore GLS responses to postharvest treatments. As a result, seven GLS were identified, mainly including glucoraphanin(RAA), neoglucobrassicin(NEO), and glucobrassicin(GBC)and accounting for 52.69%, 20.12% and 14.99% of the total GLS(21.92 ± 0.48) μmol · g ^(-1 )DW, respectively. FS had the sharpest decrease in GLS after three days of storage(6.55 ± 0.37) μmol · g-1DW, while QF had the least(10.16 ± 0.33) μmol · g ^(-1 )DW. All GLS components decreased over storage, except for 4-methoxyglucobrassicin(4 ME) in FS and QF, suggesting its key role in serious wound defence. The results suggested certain postharvest approaches influenced the flavour and nutrition of broccoli.

Control Effects of Ten Kinds of Insecticides on Main Lepidopteran Pests of Cauliflower

[Objective]The paper was to screen out effective insecticides against main lepidopteran pests of cauliflower.[Method]Field trials were carried out in 2018,and 11 treatments were designed in the test.The population decline rate and corrected control effect were calculated.[Result]16%Indoxacarb+tebufenozide EC and 35%methoxyfenozide+indoxacarb SC had quick bioactivity and persistence,and the control effects at 1 and 10 d post spraying were greater than 85%.11%Emamectin benzoate+lufenuron ME,1 billion PIB/mL of Autographa californica NPV SC and 10%alpha-cypermethrin+lufenuron EC had good persistence,and the control effect at 10 d post spraying was greater than 90%.[Conclusion]Compound preparations of indoxacarb and tebufenozide or methoxyfenozide are recommended for controlling lepidopteran pests of cauliflower.

Improving the Nutritional Values of Wheat and Rice Crackers by Using Cauliflowers

The present study described the enhancement of the nutritional values of wheat and rice crackers by adding cauliflowers. The results showed that 25% - 75% cauliflower replaced in crackers increased the consumer acceptability, nutritional value, antioxidant activity, minerals, and anti-carcinogenic effect. Moreover, it also improved the functional properties and sensory quality. The results revealed that the raw samples of cauliflower recorded the highest value of moisture, ash, protein and fiber 89.29%, 7.68%, 19.04% and 10.18% on dry weight, respectively. The crackers formula of cauliflower: wheat 75%:25% and cauliflower: rice 75%:25% recorded the highest values in ash, protein, fat, and fiber. The data showed that increasing cauliflower percentage in crackers formula causing a parallel increase in all determined chemical composition. Cauliflower samples exhibited the highest antioxidant activity (92.94%). Also, crackers samples of cauliflower: wheat 75%:25% crackers, recorded 57.6% for antioxidant activity. The highest values of phenols and flavonoids for cauliflower cracker samples (cauliflower: wheat 75%:25% and cauliflower: rice 50%:50%) have increased up to (5.75 and 5.49) respectively. The results showed that the higher mineral content is the sulfur (635.96 mg/100g) in raw cauliflower, while (1.00 mg/100g, and 0.99 mg/100g sulfur content) in wheat and rice respectively. Moreover, the result found that as the cauliflower percentage increases, the minerals contents especially sulfur increase. Furthermore, the cauliflower displayed moderate activity for human hepatocellular carcinoma, colon cancer and intestinal epithelial barrier treatment, (IC50 = 183.4 ± 6.8, 175.8 ± 7.1 and 207.2 ± 8.5 μg/mL, respectively). There were significant differences in the taste property;the highest degree of acceptance of the taste was obtained to crackers samples which were replaced with cauliflower more than the control.

Persistence of Indoxacarb on Cauliflower (<i>Brassica oleracea var. botrytis.</i>L.) and Its Risk Assessment

A rapid, simple and an efficient method for the determination of indoxacarb in cauliflower and soil samples was developed and validated using QuEChERS technique (Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe). Recoveries at four different spiking concentrations of 0.01, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2 mg kg–1 ranged from 87 to 96% were achieved with good repeatability and RSD of 1% - 6%. The average initial deposits of 0.23 and 0.45 mg kg–1 were observed after last application of indoxacarb @ 52.2 and 104.4 g. a.i. ha–1 at recommended and double the recommended dosages, respectively. The residues in cauliflower dissipated below its LOQ of 0.01 mg kg–1 after 7 days and its half-life periods were observed to be 1.12 and 1.31 days, respectively, at single and double the dosages. Keeping in view 80 g consumption of cauliflower curds per day for a 55 kg person, theoretical maximum residue contribution (TMRC) of indoxacarb when calculated from maximum residues observed on 0 day samples at recommended and double the recommended dosages, respectively, were found to be 20.8 and 36.8 μg in comparison to its acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 550 μg, which is quite safe.

Residue patterns of indoxacarb and pyridalyl in treated cauliflower

The biological half-life and final residue levels of indoxacarb and pyridalyl were determined in cauliflower over a 10-day cultivation period following applications of a standard (100 g a.i.ha–1 and 200 g a.i.·ha–1, respectively) and double dose (200 g a.i.·ha–1 and 400 g a.i.·ha–1, respectively). The residue levels were analyzed by gas chromatography with recovery ranging from 92.1% to 109.7%. The biological half-lives of indoxacarb and pyridalyl were 6.33 and 7.74 days for the standard dose, and 6.26 and 7.44 days for the double dose, respectively. The initial and persisting concentrations of indoxacarb and pyridalyl were all below the Korean maximum residue limits for broccoli of 1.0 mgkg–1 and 3.0 mgkg–1, respectively.

The expression of foreign gene under the control of cauliflower mosaic virus 35s RNA promoter

The promoter region of cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35s RNA was employed to construct an intermediate expression vector which can be used in Ti plasmid system of Agro-bacterium tumefaciens. The original plasmid, which contains a polylinker between CaMV 35s RNA and its 3' termination signal in pUC18 was modified to have another antibiotic resistance marker (kanamycin resistance gene Kmr) to facilitate the selection of recombinant with Ti plasmid. Octopine synthase (ocs) structural gene was inserted into this vector downstream of CaMV 35s RNA promoter. This chimaeric gene was introduced into integrative Ti plasmid vector pGV3850, and then transformed into Nicotiana tobaccum cells. A binary plasmid vector was also used to introduce the chimaeric gene into tobacco cells. In both cases, the expression of ocs gene was demonstrated. The amount of oc-topine was much more than the nopaline synthesized by no-paline synthase (nos) gene transferred at the same time with Ti plasmid vector. This demonstrated that CaMV 35s RNA promoter is stronger in transcriptional function than the promoter of nos in tobacco cells.

Screening and Identifying Two Specifi c Molecular Markers in Maintainer Line of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis)

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) is a maternally inherited trait that prevents the production of function pollen, but maintains female fertility. It has been widely used in breeding programs to product F_1 hybrid seed

Development and Evaluation of Self-propelled Cabbage/Cauliflower Harvester

In the present study,self-propelled cabbage/cauliflower harvester was designed,developed and evaluated.The machine consisted of different components like engine,frame,shearing(cutting)unit and power transmission unit.The power transmission unit consisted of main clutch,shearing blade operating clutch,belt drive unit,chain and sprocket drive,universal joint and cutter blade assembly.The main working principle of harvester is based on shearing of crop stem against high-speed rotating blade.The power from the engine is transmitted by belt-pulley drive unit to transmission shaft on which chain and sprocket is mounted on one side and then power is transmitted to shearing blade coupling with the help of a stationary pulley and fixed socket.Average mean head diameter of the selected cabbage and cauliflower was 89.5±15.24 mm and 107.5±15.24 mm,respectively.Average mean stem(plant)diameter of the selected cabbage and cauliflower was 18±4.85 mm and 21.5±3.08 mm,respectively.The shearing force increased with increase in diameter of stem.The optimum performance of the machine was achieved when it was operated at 1.5 km/h forward speed and the shearing blade moving at speed of 147 rpm.The mean field capacity for developed prototype was observed as 0.063 ha/h and 0.053 in case of cabbage and cauliflower,respectively with field efficiency of 91.97 and 90.48%.The average head damage was negligible(0.15%)for both the crops.The average untrimmed percentage with developed harvester was 3.2 and 3.0%in case of cabbage and cauliflower crop,respectively.The developed machine helps to increase the field capacity in cabbage/cauliflower harvesting due to 7-times more capacity and 50%cheaper compared to traditional method of cabbage/cauliflower harvesting.At the operating condition of forward speed(1.5 km/h)and shearing blade speed(147 rpm),the machine could harvest 0.5 ha of cabbage and 0.42 ha of cauliflower farm per day of 8-h.This same task would have required between 15 labour per day if entirely done manually.

Density of Standing of Plants at Cultivation of Cauliflower Seeds in Uzbekistan

The results of researches aimed to establish the optimum growing space and density of standing of plants at cultivation of cauliflower seeds in Uzbekistan are stated in the article. Researches were spent in the suburb of Tashkent with a mid-early grade ＂Domestic＂. In experiences were compared 5 densities of standing （31746, 35714, 40806, 47620 and 57142 pieces/hectare） received at planting of sprouts with row-spacing of 70 sm and distance between plants in a row 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 sm. Experiences were pawned in quadruple frequency with the area of an allotment 10 M2. 60-65 day sprouts were planted under film tunnel shelters on February 11-12. Film shelters were kept over plants till the end of March. Seed plants were grown up without formation. Experiences were accompanied by phonological control, calculation of leaves quantity, an establishment of average weight of a head, definition of quantity of the plants, which have given seeds, the account of a crop of seeds from a bush and of a unit of area. It has been defined that reception of seeds of a cauliflower at cultivation under film tunnels is quite possible in Uzbekistan. It is established that with representation of the big growing space the plants form more leaves, earlier and larger form the heads, develop the testicles acceleration and increase their seed efficiency. It has been revealed that the more plants thickness is, the bigger share of them does not give seeds. In this connection the greatest crop of seeds has been received at growing space 70x45 sm at which 31.7 thousand Pl/ha had been planted. It is proved that in the conditions of Uzbekistan it is possible to cultivate high-grade seeds of cauliflower with productivity of 127-147 kg/ha.

Effect of Magnetic Field Technology on Preservation Quality of Fresh-cut Apple

[Objectives]The paper was to study the effect of magnetic field technology on physicochemical properties of fresh-cut apple during storage.[Methods]Using fresh-cut apples as materials,magnetic field assisted refrigeration and conventional refrigeration control groups were set up,and the preservation effects of magnetic field assisted refrigeration on fresh-cut apples were tested by measuring the changes of microorganisms and physicochemical indicators.In this experiment,the conditions of magnetic field assisted refrigeration group was set as follows:temperature 4℃,magnetic field intensity 5 mT,static magnetic field,and storage for 6 d.[Results]At 6 d post storage,the weight loss rate,total number of colonies and total number of fungi of fresh-cut apples increased;the L value and hardness showed a downward trend;the soluble solid content first increased and then decreased;and the total acid decreased first and then increased.The above indicators in magnetic field assisted refrigeration group changed more gently than that in conventional refrigeration group.Compared with conventional assisted refrigeration,the weight loss rate of fresh-cut apples treated by magnetic field combined with 4℃refrigeration was reduced by 68.00%;the hardness was increased by 12.23%;the total number of colonies and total number of fungi were reduced by 64.15%and 37.50%;and the L value did not change much.High content of soluble solids and total acid was maintained.[Conclusions]Magnetic field assisted refrigeration delays quality deterioration of fresh-cut apples during storage,prolongs shelf life,and further improves their edible quality and commodity value.

不同成熟期对花椰菜种子活力及相关生理生化指标的影响

花椰菜种子收获时常依据经验进行,易导致采收时期不当,对种子质量造成较大的影响。为研究花椰菜杂交种子成熟期与种子活力的关系,确定适宜的种子收获期,本研究以花椰菜品种瓯松60天为材料,分析了授粉后40、45、50、55、60、65 d不同成熟期种子物理性状、种子活力和抗氧化酶活性等指标变化。结果表明,随着种子成熟期延长,种子含水量、鲜种子千粒重呈降低趋势,种子浸泡液电导率和丙二醛(MDA)含量先降低后趋于稳定,规定水分千粒重、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性、发芽率、发芽势、活力指数、苗高、根长先增加后趋于稳定。不同授粉后天数之间比较结果表明,授粉后55、60、65 d,活力指数、苗高和根长差异不显著,但均显著高于50 d;规定水分千粒重、SOD活性、POD活性、MDA含量、电导率在授粉后55 d趋于稳定。回归分析结果表明,活力指数与鲜种子千粒重、种子含水量、MDA含量、电导率显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)线性负相关,与SOD和POD活性极显著线性正相关(P<0.01)。活力指数、SOD活性、POD活性、MDA含量、电导率与种子发育天数符合二项式函数变化:y_(活力指数)=-0.131x2+16.957x-344.480,y_(SOD活性)=-0.020x2+2.668x-10.420,y_(POD活性)=-0.112x2+14.417x-368.610,y_(MDA含量)=0.113x2-13.771x+433.780,y_(电导率)=0.088x2-10.319x+338.680,达显著或极显著水平,可用来预测不同发育天数种子的活力、保护酶清除活性氧自由基能力和细胞膜结构的完整性。综上,授粉后55 d,瓯松60天种子已达可采收程度,发芽率98%,规定水分千粒重4.364 g,种子活力和种子生理也趋于稳定,且对幼苗生长没有影响,还可降低种子易落粒损失风险。本研究结果为花椰菜杂交种子适时采收提供了理论依据。

外源褪黑素处理对花椰菜采后贮藏品质及生理变化的影响

为探究褪黑素(melatonin,MT)处理对花椰菜保鲜效果的影响,该研究以花椰菜为实验材料,采用浓度为50μmol/L的MT处理,以不喷施MT作为对照,处理后PE膜包装并于0℃冷库进行贮藏,并对贮藏60 d内样品的感官品质、营养指标、生理指标、衰老指标及生理变化相关酶活性进行测定,研究外源MT处理对花椰菜采后贮藏品质和生理变化的影响。结果表明,MT处理组腐烂率更低,贮藏60 d时腐烂率为15%,CK组腐烂率为35%,显著高于MT处理组(P<0.05),采后外源MT处理能够更好地维持还原糖、可溶性固形物、维生素C和可溶性蛋白含量,抑制呼吸速率和乙烯生成速率,延缓相对电导率含量的增加,维持过氧化物酶、超氧化歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性,抑制多酚氧化酶活性的升高及H_(2)O_(2)含量的积累。该实验结果可以为花椰菜采后贮藏保鲜提供理论依据与数据支撑,并为花椰菜采后贮运提供新的思路及方法。

微生物菌肥替代部分化肥对花椰菜产量、品质及土壤微生物的影响

于2018—2020年在甘肃省兰州市榆中县开展连续3 a的定点试验,监测微生物菌肥替代部分化肥对花椰菜产量、品质及土壤环境的影响。试验共设3个处理:A,全量化肥(当地常用化肥施用量,100%化肥);B,菌肥(60 kg·hm^(-2))+当地常用化肥施用量的60%;C,菌肥(120 kg·hm^(-2))+当地常用化肥施用量的40%。结果表明:在2018年和2020年,B处理的产量分别达到了32.41、33.61 t·hm^(-2),较同年的A处理分别显著(P<0.05)高出7.7%和2.1%;但在2019年,A处理的产量显著高于其他处理。与A处理相比,B、C处理在2019年的V C含量分别显著提高了72.2%和94.3%;B处理的花椰菜花球在2020年的硝酸盐含量显著降低了7.0%。经过3 a试验,与A处理相比,B、C处理的土壤蔗糖酶活性和有效磷含量显著升高;C处理的土壤速效钾含量显著下降,而全磷含量显著升高。较全量化肥而言,施用微生物菌肥不仅增加了有益微生物,如浮霉菌门(Planctomycetota)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和被孢霉属(Mortierella)等的相对丰度,而且降低了病原菌,如油壶菌属(Olpidium)和小壶菌属(Spizellomyces)的相对丰度,降幅分别为2.98%~42.97%、80.69%~85.31%。综上所述,用适量的微生物菌肥替代部分化肥有助于提高土壤质量,平衡微生物区系,改善高原种植区花椰菜的品质,在本试验条件下,以B处理的效果最佳。

灰霉病早期胁迫下花椰菜多酚氧化酶活性的高光谱研究

利用高光谱技术实现灰霉病早期胁迫下花椰菜多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性的快速无损检测。为了使预测效果更好,在900~1700 nm光谱范围内采集253个健康花椰菜样本及257个染病花椰菜样本的光谱信息,并使用分光光度计法对样本中多酚氧化酶活性进行测定。对健康及染病花椰菜样本PPO活性均值进行分析,发现健康花椰菜PPO活性均值(10.257 U·g^(-1))小于染病花椰菜PPO活性均值(12.324 U·g^(-1))。利用光谱-理化值共生距离(SPXY)算法对样本进行校正集(健康样本193个,染病样本197个)和预测集(健康样本60个,染病样本60个)的划分,对划分后的样本集进行六种单一预处理(卷积平滑算法SG、去趋势算法DT、中值滤波MF、归一化处理NOR、标准正态变量变换SNV、基线校正Baseline)。利用相关系数(R)和均方根误差(RMSE)作为模型评价指标,发现预处理能够有效提高模型的精度和稳定性,其中健康样本经NOR预处理后的预测集建模效果最好;染病样本经DT预处理后的预测集建模效果最好。采用连续投影算法(SPA)与回归系数法(RC)提取特征波长,建立PPO活性值的偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)、最小二乘支持向量机(LS-SVM)及BP神经网络三种预测模型,探究不同特征波长提取方法对模型精度的影响,比较不同建模方式对花椰菜PPO活性预测的准确度。结果说明提取特征波长可以优化光谱信息,SPA和RC对两种样本提取的波长个数分别为9,12,7和11,其中SPA优化后的光谱数据对健康样本PPO活性预测效果较好,RC优化后的光谱数据对染病样本PPO活性预测效果较好。对比分析模型效果,发现LS-SVM模型对两种样本和其对应的酶活性产生了很好的拟合效果。最终发现,SPA-LS-SVM模型对于健康花椰菜PPO活性预测效果较好,其预测相关系数(Rp)为0.832,预测均方根误差(RMSEP)为1.676;RC-LS-SVM模型对于染病花椰菜PPO活性预测效果较好,其Rp为0.848,RMSEP为1.156。研究结果表明高光谱技术可以实现灰霉病早期胁迫下花椰菜多酚氧化酶活性的测定,为快速检测花椰菜多酚氧化酶活性及便携式仪器开发提供了科学依据。