Optimum harvesting time of herbaceous peony buds for cutting flowers

The herbaceous peony is one of the cut flowers that has become increasingly popular in the international market in recent years. In the study, 11 cultivars of herbaceous peonies suitable for cutting flowers were selected; different harvesting stages （three or four stages） were identified according to bud development observation （bud firmness, bud diameter, sepal angle, petal angle, and color showing）. Moreover, flower development and vase life were also recorded in the experiment of vase. Bud development observation shows that there are great differences in optimum harvesting stage between the culti- vars, especially between the hybrid peony group and lactiflora group. This implies that bud diameter could not be the only indicator for optimum harvesting stage. Bud description, including sepal opening angle, sepal color, petal color showing, and degree of firmness, is necessary for the determination of the harvesting stage. Among the 11 cultivars,‘Pink Hawaiian Coral＇, ‘Red Charm＇, ‘Edulis Superba＇, ‘Red Magic＇, and ‘Sarah Bernhardt＇ should be harvested at stage 1. ‘Duchesse de Nemours＇, ‘Taff＇, ‘Sorbet＇ and ‘Monsieur Jules Elie＇ should be harvested at stage 2. ‘Kansas＇ should be at stage 3 and ‘Karl Rosenfield＇ at stage 4. The determination of optimum harvesting stage for each cultivar is an important element in cut flower production.

Research on the Vase Preservative of Anthurium seherzerianum Cut Flowers

[Objective] The research aimed to study the vase preservative of Anthurium seherzerianum cut flowers and provide reference for the planting and preservative method selection of A.seherzerianum.[Method] Using Tropical＇s spathe,one kind of common cut blossoms of A.seherzerianum as experimental materials,three different formula of vase solutions were used.And it was compared with common preservative formula of A.seherzerianum to study the vase preserved liquid of A.seherzerianum.[Result] Formula 3 was the optimum vase preservative,which was composed of 4% sucrose,0.08% NaCl,0.01% Ca（H2PO4）2·H2O,0.01% Chinese medicine antiseptic （ethonal extract from coptis）,0.1 mol/L NaOH,0.1 mol/L citric acid and 10 mg/L 6-BA.The preserved period reached 23 days,13 days longer than CK.The appreciative period reached 31 days,18 days longer than CK,with significant effects.In formula 3,water loss in A.seherzerianum spathe was decreased obviously,which was favorable for maintaining water content in tissues.The cell membrane permeability was reduced and the peroxidation of membrane ester was inhibited.The accumulation of MDA was decreased and SOD activity was increased.The protective enzyme activity of cells was enhanced and the content of proline and soluble sugar were increased and the respiration rate was reduced.[Conclusion] The formula（4% sucrose ＋ 0.08% NaCl＋ 0.01% Ca（H2PO4）2＋0.01% Chinese medicine antiseptic（ethonal extract from coptis）＋ 0.1 mol/L NaOH＋0.1 mol/L citric acid and 10 mg/L 6-BA）achieved the purpose of prolonging the preservative period of A.seherzerianum spathe and prolonging the preservative period of A.seherzerianum effectively.

Current progress in application of 1-Methylcyclopropene to improve postharvest quality of cut flowers

Floral senescence or petal abscission that determine cut flower quality and longevity are primarily caused by the regulation of endogenous ethylene and perception of endogenous and exogenous ethylene in floral organs(such as the petals and gynoecium),in ethylene-sensitive species.Several attempts have been made to prolong flower quality and longevity using silver ions and other chemicals that inhibit ethylene production and perception in floral organs.Among the available compounds,1-methylcyclopropene(1-MCP)has been increasingly used as ethylene-action/perception inhibitor because of its ability to inhibit ethylene action/perception and it is environmentally safe.Although 1-MCP has been used in several cut flower crops for about 25 years,there has been no review yet that critically emphasizes the benefits or difficulties of using this compound for the prolongation of cut flower quality and longevity.Here,we outline the role of 1-MCP in inhibiting ethylene action/perception and petal senescence in cut flowers through the blocking of receptor binding sites,and we discuss how various factors affecting efficacy of 1-MCP(such as concentration,treatment time and temperature,genotype,and flower stage)are involved in the achievement of flower longevity.Moreover,we highlight the advantages of applying nonvolatile and liquid 1-MCP formulation types,as opposed to using the conventional 1-MCP treatment(powder formulation type).We expect that this review will provide useful information for the future utilization of 1-MCP for the maintenance of cut flower longevity.

Effects of Nine Kinds of Household Vase Solutions on Fresh-keeping Effect of Lilium Cut Flowers

[Objective]The paper was to study the effects of nine kinds of household vase solutions on fresh-keeping effect of Lilium cut flowers.[Method]Using Lilium"Sorbonne"as the material,nine kinds of household vase solutions were prepared by edible white granulated sugar,white vinegar,akafen powder and vitamin C tablets,respectively.The morphological and physiological indexes of Lilium cut flowers,including vase life,ornamental grade,flower diameter,fresh weight of flower branches,water balance value,soluble protein content and MDA content of petals,were observed,and the effects of nine kinds of household vase solutions on fresh-keeping effect of Lilium cut flowers were studied.[Result]The household vase solution F8(20 g/L white granated sugar+1 packet/L acafen powder+2 tablets/L vitamin C tablets)had the best fresh-keeping effect on Lilium cut flowers,which was beneficial to prolong the vase life and improve the ornamental value of Lilium cut flowers.[Conclusion]The household vase solution of Lilium cut flowers is optimized,which is not only environmentally friendly but also convenient for ordinary families.

Different Fresh-keeping Effects of Sugar, Aspirin and Vc on Cut Rose Flowers

[Objectives] This study was conducted to develop environmentally-friendly effective vase solutions for cut rose flowers convenient for ordinary household use. [Methods] The vase life, flowering stage, flower diameter variation, petal water content, and soluble protein and malondialdehyde contents were determined on cut rose flowers regularly during the vase period, to study the fresh-keeping effects of the vase solutions prepared from such three components as sugar, aspirin and Vc according to L9(33) orthogonal table design on cut rose flowers during the vase period. [Results] 20 g/L white granulated sugar+460 mg/L aspirin+50 mg/L Vc was the best combination in this study. [Conclusions] This study provides a reference for the research on the fresh-keeping vase solutions of household cut rose flowers.

Effects of Illumination on Growth and Development and Quality of Cut Flowers of Eustoma grandiflorum (Raf.) Shinners

Lucetta,a cultivar of Eustoma grandiflorum( Raf.) Shinners,was subjected to treatments of different light intensities( 100%,85%,70% and 55% of natural light intensity) and different light durations( 10-h natural lighting,12-h natural lighting,12-h natural lighting+ 2-h LED lighting,12-h natural lighting + 4-h LED lighting),and then its plant height,crown width,stem thickness,stalk thickness,total flower number,flowering period and growth situation were analyzed. The results show that E. grandiflorum( Raf.) Shinners is sensitive to the changes in light intensity. Under 85% of natural light intensity( 40 000-50 000 lux),E. grandiflorum( Raf.) Shinners grew faster,bloomed earlier with more flowers,and was taller,thicker,more robust,higher in yield,larger in pedicel length,and better in cut flower quality,without rosette phenomenon. Long-term exposure to low-intensity light would led to slow growth,thin stalk,delayed flowering,low yield and reduced cut flower quality in E. grandiflorum( Raf.) Shinners. The illumination duration of more than 12 h could promote the differentiation of flower buds,increase the plant height,increase the length of pedicels of E. grandiflorum( Raf.) Shinners. Extending the light duration by 2-4 h at night,that is,14-16 h of illumination was the most ideal illumination time for the growth of E. grandiflorum( Raf.)Shinners. A longer photoperiod could promote the growth and bring forward the blooming of E. grandiflorum( Raf.) Shinners. The longer the illumination time,the higher the plant. The optimum illumination time was between 14 and 16 h. When the illumination duration was shorter than 12 h,the growth of E. grandiflorum( Raf.) Shinners was retarded,and its flowering was also delayed.

Status quo and Enhancement of Competitiveness of Cut Flower Industry in China

The research reviewed status quo and problems of China＇s cut flowers and proposed countermeasures and suggestions in improving its competitiveness in order to provide theoretical references for its development.

Observation and Evaluation of New Lily Cutflower Varieties Introduced in Tropical Area

[Objective] New lily varieties were introduced and selected to provide ref- erences for choosing lily varieties with the best comprehensive performance and most appropriate for tropical area. [Method] In winter, six lily cultivars including White Express, Concad＇or, Aktiva, Donato, Star Fighter and Serano were planted outdoors in Hainan. Phenophase, morphological traits and cut flower quality of the tested cultivars were observed and compared in order to choose varieties suitable for Hainan. [Result] Their growth period ranged from 96 to 113 d with the mean of 105.3 d. Six cultivars had obvious differences in biological characteristics and cut- flower quality. Compared with the other 4 cultivars, Aktiva and Serano were superior for their bright color and beautiful shape, height uniformity, long florescence and strong growing. According to the comprehensive evaluation system of lily variety, the sequence was Serano 〉 Aktiva 〉 Concad＇or 〉 Star Fighter 〉 Donato 〉 White Ex- press. [Conclusion] The two cultivars of Aktiva and Serano with good characters are selected for further research and extension in Sanya of Hainan.

Fresh-keeping Effects of Different Concentrations of 6-BA and B9 on Carnation Cut Flower

Using sucrose, citric acid and vitamin C as the basic liquid, different concentrations of 6-BA and B9 preservatives were added, and the carnation variety ＇ Master＇ was treated. The results showed that the formula of 3% sucrose ＋ 50 mg/L citric acid ＋ 600 mg/L vitamin C ＋ 20 mg/L 6-BA could effectively maintain the water balance of the cut flower, prolong the vase life of the cut flower to 16.4 d, and maximize the flower diameter and the crown height.

The Analysis and Prospect of Development of Fresh Cut Flower Industry Based on the Patent Analysis

Cut flower industry is an important branch of floral industry, characterized by less occupation of lands, high output values per unit area and export capacity.Therefore, it enjoys promising economic profits and development potential. The research conducted relevant analysis on patents of cut flowers at home and abroad,including development trend, regional distribution, applicants, and technology classification. Besides, the research discussed status quo, characteristics, and development trend of cut flower industry, providing references for policy formulation for governments.

切花多头菊品种茎枝数量性状比较与因子分析

以20个切花多头菊品种为试材,采用统计分析方法,研究了11个茎枝数量性状的相关性和品种间差异,并采用标准化后的因子分析结果对供试品种茎枝数量性状进行评价,以期为切花多头菊的品种选择提供参考依据。结果表明:供试品种的11个数量性状指标变异系数在8.93%~26.83%,品种间茎枝性状差异主要体现在栽培时期的株高、茎粗、叶片数、花蕾大小与数量,以及采收时期切花枝的花序总长、节间长和花枝粗等性状,11个数量性状之间有极显著相关性。利用因子分析方法提取出3个因子,根据对应指标分别命名为F1长度、F2数量、F3粗度,方差解释率分别为30.51%、29.58%和19.41%。权重较高的指标为开放花头数、花枝粗,权重值分别为10.46%和10.32%。根据评价值结果,仅“爱之槟”“柠檬酒”“瑞丽”和“爱之黄”的综合评价等级为良好。

不同保鲜剂组合对非洲菊切花保鲜效果的影响

以非洲菊(Gerbera jamesonii Bolus)鲜切花珍爱为试材,研究不同预处理液与瓶插保鲜液组合对丙二醛含量(MDA)、细胞膜透性、细菌含量及瓶插寿命的影响。结果表明,非洲菊切花经预处理液处理12 h后,MDA含量、细菌菌落数均显著低于对照(去离子水),且预处理能降低细胞膜的相对透性。非洲菊切花在瓶插处理期间MDA含量及细胞膜透性出现先下降后上升的变化趋势,瓶插14 d时达到最大值。花茎及瓶插液的细菌菌落数在瓶插过程中呈逐渐上升趋势,鲜花营养剂和免切通用鲜花营养液2种瓶插液表现了较好的抑菌效果。保鲜效果最佳的保鲜剂组合为可利鲜专业1号醒花液+鲜花营养剂,该处理可显著延长切花的瓶插寿命,其预处理及瓶插期间MDA含量、细胞膜透性和细菌菌落数的累积值均显著低于对照。

保鲜剂对杜鹃切花采后品质的影响

为探究不同保鲜剂对杜鹃切花采后观赏品质的影响,并筛选出杜鹃切花的适合保鲜剂配方,以东洋杜鹃品种‘红元宝’为研究对象,采用不同保鲜剂对其进行瓶插处理,测定不同处理对切花瓶插寿命、鲜质量变化、水分平衡、质膜稳定性等生理指标和观赏品质的影响。结果表明:100~300 mg/L 8-羟基喹啉对‘红元宝’切花的保鲜具有积极作用,可有效延缓花瓣边缘卷曲和萎蔫,促进花径的增大并保持更长的开花时间(18 d),维持切花体内水分平衡,减缓其鲜质量变化及质膜透性的增加。而0.2~0.6 mmol/L硫代硫酸银处理不利于‘红元宝’杜鹃切花采后品质的保持,反而加剧了切花的衰老。经筛选,确定30 g/L蔗糖+200 mg/L 8-羟基喹啉为‘红元宝’杜鹃切花的最适保鲜剂。

不同生长条件下切花向日葵生产效益和碳足迹分析

为探究切花向日葵种植碳足迹和经济效益,调研切花向日葵种植企业,利用生命周期评价法评估露地、拱棚和日光温室3种不同生长条件下切花向日葵碳排放,核算生产成本和效益。结果表明,露地切花向日葵种植碳足迹2174.46 kg/hm^(2)、种植成本51994元/hm^(2)、收入178608元/hm^(2);拱棚切花向日葵种植碳足迹2041.13 kg/hm^(2)、种植成本59443元/hm^(2)、收入175973元/hm^(2);日光温室切花向日葵种植碳足迹2038.92 kg/hm^(2)、生产成本58465元/hm^(2)、收入179544元/hm^(2)。3种不同生长条件下切花向日葵种植的主要成本均来自人工、种子、土地、肥料和设施租金,碳排放最主要的来源均为有机肥和氮肥。在未来切花向日葵种植中,可通过优化生产技术提高肥料利用率,研发专用机械降低劳动力投入,增加轮作等途径来实现减排增收的目的。

核酸酶基因LoENDONUCLEASE1在东方百合花朵衰老过程中的功能分析

为明确百合(Lilium spp.)花朵衰老发生的分子机制,在东方百合‘西伯利亚’(Lilium oriental hybrid‘Siberia’)花被片中克隆了一个衰老相关基因LoENDONUCLEASE 1(SAG10),利用qRT-PCR进行基因表达分析,并通过农杆菌介导的拟南芥稳定表达系统和百合花被片瞬时表达体系验证LoENDONUCLEASE 1基因功能。结果显示,LoENDONUCLEASE 1基因开放阅读框(ORF)为921 bp,编码306个氨基酸;LoENDONU⁃CLEASE 1在百合花朵和叶片的衰老过程中特异表达,且受到脱落酸和水杨酸的诱导;拟南芥过表达LoENDO⁃NUCLEASE 1株系中叶片叶绿素含量显著低于对照株系,百合花被片中瞬时过表达LoENDONUCLEASE 1基因加速了百合花被片的衰老,且过表达花被片中丙二醛和离子渗透率含量显著高于对照。结果表明,LoEN⁃DONUCLEASE 1具有促进花朵和叶片衰老的功能。

秋季剪梢对温室蓝莓芽分化及内源激素的影响

花芽分化是蓝莓开花结实的基础,秋季剪梢是温室蓝莓栽培管理中的重要措施之一,可有效调节其花芽分化。为探明秋季剪梢对温室蓝莓花芽分化及期间芽中内源激素变化的影响,于秋季对日光温室内5年生北高丛‘M7’蓝莓树体上的健旺直立枝条进行剪梢处理,以未剪梢为对照。在明确2种处理下新梢腋芽花芽分化差异的基础上,分析未剪新梢上、中部腋芽与剪梢后的新梢上部腋芽中赤霉素(gibberellin A_(3),GA_(3))、生长素(indoleacetic acid,IAA)、脱落酸(abscisic acid,ABA)和玉米素(zeatin,ZT)含量以及IAA/ABA、ABA/ZT的比值变化。结果表明,与未剪梢相比,剪梢处理明显加快了温室蓝莓花芽分化的进程,花芽数量和花芽率分别显著提高4和7倍,花芽直径显著提高78.26%;剪梢处理上部芽中的GA_(3)含量在其成花诱导期较未剪梢显著降低32.74%,而后花器官原基形成时期又持续升高,且显著高于未剪新梢上、中部芽内GA_(3)含量;剪梢处理上部芽内的IAA含量在其成花诱导期显著高于未剪梢中部芽,却显著低于未剪梢上部芽,在其花器官原基形成期显著低于未剪梢中部腋芽。在剪梢后留存新梢的上部腋芽成花诱导过程中,ABA与IAA呈极显著正相关关系,且ABA/ZT值先大幅升高,且显著高于未剪梢中部芽;而在剪梢上部芽的花器官原基形成过程中,IAA/ABA的值均高于未剪枝中部芽。即秋季剪梢处理通过先大幅降低芽内GA_(3)和ZT的含量、升高IAA含量并提升ABA/ZT的比值来诱导温室蓝莓花芽分化并加快其花芽分化进程,而后通过提高GA_(3)含量、降低IAA含量,并维持较高的IAA/ABA值来促进温室蓝莓花器官原基的发育。以上结果为探讨秋季剪梢对蓝莓花芽分化的作用机理及温室蓝莓花芽分化的调控提供理论依据和技术支撑。

蘸水处理对月季切花保鲜效果的影响

为分析蘸水处理对月季切花的保鲜效果,以‘卡罗拉’月季切花为试材,分别进行蘸水处理和不蘸水处理,于4℃下贮藏,并测定其腐烂指数、萎蔫指数、花朵直径、失重率、呼吸强度、丙二醛(MDA)含量。冷藏试验结果表明,蘸水处理能够降低鲜切花在冷藏过程中膜脂过氧化产物MDA含量和鲜切花呼吸代谢的速率,从而延缓衰老,延长鲜切花的贮藏时间。瓶插试验结果表明,蘸水处理在冷藏15 d后瓶插期间最大花径达6.90 cm,大于不蘸水处理组的6.09 cm,蘸水处理可有效延缓鲜切花腐烂指数、萎蔫指数和失重率的上升,抑制月季切花贮藏和瓶插期间品质的下降。综上,蘸水处理对月季切花具有较好的保鲜效果。本研究结果可为延长‘卡罗拉’月季切花的瓶插寿命及保鲜剂研究提供理论依据。

不同贮藏处理对蝴蝶兰切花保鲜效应的研究

以蝴蝶兰切花品种‘V3大白花(Sogo Yukidian V3)’为试材,采用物理保鲜的方法,将切花蝴蝶兰分别放入4个贮藏温度(8、12、16、20℃)进行贮藏,并且在特定时间点(5、10、15、20 d)拿出放在室温环境内继续瓶插培养,研究了不同贮藏温度和贮藏时间对切花蝴蝶兰保鲜效应的影响,以期为切花蝴蝶兰贮藏运输提供参考依据。结果表明:16℃为切花蝴蝶兰最佳贮藏温度,在该环境内对切花蝴蝶兰进行不同时间的贮藏处理,均可以显著提升切花蝴蝶兰的瓶插寿命,与对照相比分别延长了8.00、12.61、13.52、14.00 d。在整个贮藏期间,16℃的温度环境可以有效降低切花的水分平衡值变化,比对照降低了70%;与对照相比细菌感染率和丙二醛含量也明显降低;同时显著提高超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性。

不同贮藏温度对‘卡罗拉’月季切花保鲜效果的影响

为明确‘卡罗拉’月季切花适宜的贮藏温度,研究比较了在0、4、8℃贮藏下切花的花青素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、总酚含量、总黄酮含量、呼吸强度、乙烯生成速率、丙二醛含量和相对电导率的变化,并测定了切花最大花茎、腐烂指数、瓶插寿命等感官指标,分析不同温度条件下切花保鲜效果的差异。结果表明:相较于0℃和8℃,4℃贮藏能够在一定程度上抑制过高温度导致的切花失水现象及过低温度导致的冷害现象,降低腐烂指数,延缓花青素、可溶性蛋白、总酚和总黄酮含量的减小;贮藏20 d时,0、4、8℃贮藏的切花呼吸强度分别为587.66、508.42、575.49 mg·kg^(-1)·h^(-1),0℃和8℃是4℃的1.15倍和1.13倍;同时4℃能较好地抑制丙二醛含量和相对电导率的上升。利用SPSS对测定指标进行评分,评分结果表明,不同贮藏温度对‘卡罗拉’月季切花综合保鲜效果排序为4℃>0℃>8℃,4℃贮藏的切花品质最佳。综上,‘卡罗拉’月季切花的适宜贮藏温度为4℃,此温度下贮藏的切花外观、营养和生理品质最佳,切花贮藏寿命更长。

不同采收期“卡罗拉”月季切花贮藏效果比较

目的为了延长月季切花“卡罗拉”的贮藏期,选取合适的采收期进行贮藏至关重要。方法分别以提前4 d采收(1级)、提前2~3 d采收(2级)、提前1 d采收(3级)、当天采收(4级)的月季切花“卡罗拉”为试材,于4℃下贮藏20 d,定期观察贮藏及瓶插期间鲜切花品质的变化。结果与其他采收期月季切花相比,2级月季切花乙烯生成速率偏低,贮藏15 d前,2级月季切花在一定程度上呼吸强度较低,丙二醛含量整体呈现较低趋势。在贮藏20 d瓶插8 d时,2级月季切花花朵直径偏大,可维持花朵较高的开放程度,花朵萎蔫指数、腐烂指数、质量损失率仅为40.66%、82.22%、11%,均低于其他采收期的月季切花;色差中L*值较高,b*值较低,表明2级月季切花颜色较为鲜亮,有效延缓了黄化现象。结论经过1d物流运输及20 d左右的贮藏条件下存放时,提前2~3 d采收(2级)的月季切花可维持较好的品质及观赏价值。