Analysis of Force Characteristic and Friction State on the Sealing Ring Used in Composite Transmission

Based on analysis of flow field of the rotary seal using sealing ring, mechanical models under the condition of full film friction and mixed film friction were established respectively. The influence of friction state of the sealing ring on seal performance was also discussed. The relation between force characteristic and structural parameters of the sealing ring was analyzed. Analytical results indicate that friction state mainly depends on structural parameters of the sealing ring. The expression of calculating friction torque under the condition of mixed film friction was deduced. Experiment verification had been done. Experimental results agree with the deducing theoretical conclusions on the whole. It lays the foundation for design of new type of sealing ring used in composite transmission.

Effect of varying normal stress on stability and dynamic motion of a spring-slider system with rate- and state-dependent friction

Incorporating rate and state friction laws, stability of linearly stable （i.e., with stiffness greater than the critical value） spring-slider systems subjected to triggering perturbations was analyzed under variable normal stress condition, and comparison was made between our results and that of fixed normal stress cases revealed in previous studies. For systems associated with the slip law, the critical mag- nitude of rate steps for triggering unstable slips are found to have a similar pattern to the fixed normal stress case, and the critical velocity steps scale with a/（b - a） when k = kcr for both cases. The rate-step boundaries for the variable normal stress cases are revealed to be lower than the fixed normal stress case by 7 %-16 % for a relatively large ct = 0.56 with （b - a）/a ranging from 0.25 to 1, indicating easier triggering under the variable normal stress condition with rate steps. The difference between fixed and variable normal stress cases decreases when the α value is smaller. In the same slip- law-type systems, critical displacements to trigger instability are revealed to be little affected by the variable normal stress condition. When k 〉 kcr（V,）, a spring-slider system with the slowness law is much more stable than with the slip law,suggesting that the slowness law fits experimental data better when a single state variable is adopted. In stick-slip motions, the variable normal stress case has larger stress drops than the constant normal stress case. The variable normal stress has little effect on the range of slip velocity in systems associated with the slowness law, whereas systems associated with the slip law have a slowest slip velocity immensely smaller than the fixed normal stress case, by ~ 10 orders of magnitude.

Dual Extended Kalman Filter for Combined Estimation of Vehicle State and Road Friction

Vehicle state and tire-road adhesion are of great use and importance to vehicle active safety control systems. However, it is always not easy to obtain the information with high accuracy and low expense. Recently, many estimation methods have been put forward to solve such problems, in which Kalman filter becomes one of the most popular techniques. Nevertheless, the use of complicated model always leads to poor real-time estimation while the role of road friction coefficient is often ignored. For the purpose of enhancing the real time performance of the algorithm and pursuing precise estimation of vehicle states, a model-based estimator is proposed to conduct combined estimation of vehicle states and road friction coefficients. The estimator is designed based on a three-DOF vehicle model coupled with the Highway Safety Research Institute（HSRI） tire model; the dual extended Kalman filter （DEKF） technique is employed, which can be regarded as two extended Kalman filters operating and communicating simultaneously. Effectiveness of the estimation is firstly examined by comparing the outputs of the estimator with the responses of the vehicle model in CarSim under three typical road adhesion conditions（high-friction, low-friction, and joint-friction）. On this basis, driving simulator experiments are carried out to further investigate the practical application of the estimator. Numerical results from CarSim and driving simulator both demonstrate that the estimator designed is capable of estimating the vehicle states and road friction coefficient with reasonable accuracy. The DEKF-based estimator proposed provides the essential information for the vehicle active control system with low expense and decent precision, and offers the possibility of real car application in future.

Friction assisted solid state lap seam welding and additive manufacturing method

This paper describes results of seam welding of relatively high temperature melting materials, AISI 304, C-Mn steels, Ni-based alloys, CP Cu, CP Ni, Ti6Al4V and relatively low temperature melting material, AA6061. It describes the seam welding of multi-layered similar and dissimilar metallic sheets. The method described and involved advancing a rotating non-consumable rod(CP Mo or AISI 304) toward the upper sheet of a metallic stack clamped under pressure. As soon as the distal end of the rod touched the top portion of the upper metallic sheet, an axial force was applied. After an initial dwell time, the metallic stack moved horizontally relative to the stationery non-consumable rod by a desired length, thereby forming a metallurgical bond between the metallic sheets. Multi-track and multi-metal seam welds of high temperature metallic sheets, AISI 304, C-Mn steel,Nickel-based alloys, Cp Cu, Ti6Al4V and low temperature metallic sheets, AA6061 were obtained. Optical and scanning electron microscopy examination and 180 degree U-bend test indicated that defect free seam welds could be obtained with this method. Tensile- shear testing showed that the seam welds of AISI 304, C-Mn steel, Nickel-based alloy were stronger than the starting base metal counterparts while AA6061 was weaker due to softening. The metallurgical bonding at the interface between the metallic sheets was attributed to localized stick and slip at the interface, dynamic recrystallization and diffusion. The method developed can be used as a means of welding, cladding and additive manufacturing.

A numerical study of comparison of two one-state-variable,rate-and state-dependent friction evolution laws

The two one-state-variable, rate- and state-dependent friction laws, i.e., the slip and slowness laws, are com- pared on the basis of dynamical behavior of a one-degree-of-freedom spring-slider model through numerical simulations. Results show that two （normalized） model parameters, i.e., A （the normalized characteristic slip distance） and β-α （the difference in two normalized parameters of friction laws）, control the solutions. From given values of △, β, and α, for the slowness laws, the solution exists and the unique non-zero fixed point is stable when △〉（β-α）, yet not when △ 〈（β-α）. For the slip law, the solution exists for large ranges of model parameters and the number and stability of the non-zero fixed points change from one case to another. Results suggest that the slip law is more appropriate for controlling earthquake dynamics than the slowness law.

Direct Calculation of Unsteady-State Weymouth Equations for Gas Volumetric Flow Rate with Different Friction Factors in Horizontal and Inclined Pipes

Direct calculations of unsteady-state Weymouth equations for gas volumetric flow rate occur more frequently in the design and operation analysis of natural gas systems. Most of the existing gas pipelines design procedures are based on a particular friction factor and steady-state flow analysis. This paper examined the behavior of different friction factors and the need to develop model analysis capable of calculating unsteady-state gas flow rate in horizontal and inclined pipes. The results show different variation in flow rate with Panhandle A and Panhandle B attaining stability in accurate time with initial unsteadiness at the instance of flow. Chen and Jain friction factors have opposition to flow with high flow rate: The prediction also reveals that Colebrook-White degenerated to Nikuradse friction factor at high Reynolds number. The horizontal and inclined flow equations are considerably enhanced on the usage of different friction factors with the aid of Matlab to handle these calculations.

Sliding state stepping algorithm for solving impact problems of multi-rigid-body system with joint friction

Impact dynamics of multi-rigid-body systems with joint friction is considered. Based on the traditional approximate assumption dealing with impact problem, a general numerical method called the sliding state stepping algorithm is introduced. This method can avoid difficulties in solving differential equations with variable scale and its result can avoid energy inconsistency before and after impact from considering complexily of tangential sliding mode. An example is given to describe details using this algorithm.

Effect of thickness of friction material on contact state of ultrasonic motor

Performances of ultrasonic motor (USM) considerably depend on contact state between stator and rotor.Based on an electric contact method,the effects of thickness of single homogeneous friction material and gradient friction material on contact state between stator and rotor were studied.The relative contact length was employed to describe the contact characteristics of stator and rotor.With the decrease of thickness of friction material,the contact characteristic of stator and rotor were analyzed and compared when single homogeneous friction material and gradient friction material were used.The experimental results showed that the effect of gradient friction material on contact characteristic is smaller than that of single homogeneous friction material when the thickness of friction material decreases.The result can provide experimental guidance for design and choosing of friction material for USM.

Frictional sliding of infilled planar granite fracture under oscillating normal stress

This paper investigates the frictional behavior of the infilled rock fracture under dynamic normal stress.A series of direct shear tests were conducted on saw-cut granite fractures infilled with quartz using a selfdeveloped dynamic shear apparatus,and the effects of normal load oscillation amplitude,normal load oscillation period and sliding velocity were studied.The test results reveal that the shear response can be divided into three stages over a whole loading-unloading process,characterized by different time spans and stress variations.Generally,a smaller oscillation amplitude,a longer oscillation period and a fast shear velocity promote the stability of the friction system,which is also confirmed by the Coulomb failure criterion calculated based on the observed periodic apparent friction coefficient.The dynamic strengthening/weakening phenomenon is dependent on the oscillation amplitude and product of sliding velocity and oscillation period(vT).Also,the rate and state friction law incorporating the parameter a that characterizes the normal stress variation is employed to describe the dynamic friction coefficient but exhibits an incompetent performance when handling intensive variation in normal stress.Finally,the potential seismicity induced by oscillating normal stress based on the observed stress drop is analyzed.This work helps us understand the sliding process and stability evolution of natural faults,and its benefits for relative hazard mitigation.

中美新局势下的贸易摩擦——动因、影响及我国对策

近年来,美国打着“国家安全”和“公平贸易”的幌子,对中国采取了一系列不公正的强硬措施,标志着两国关系进入新局势。美国发起贸易战,名义是平衡贸易关系,实则意图遏制中国经济发展和技术进步,以维护其全球霸主地位。美国拜登政府沿袭了特朗普政府对华贸易政策,以冷战思维与“零和”博弈为基调,通过关税战、芯片战、汇率战和金融战,使中美贸易摩擦蔓延至经济、科技、文化、社会等多个领域,深层次地影响中美经贸合作的长远利益。因此,在新局势下,中国须保持战略定力,构建高效投资框架和应急响应机制,探索“中国式区域合作”新模式,促进内部变革与区域合作协同发展,推动产业技术升级,完善市场体系,优化投资结构,稳固在新国际格局中的地位。

基于CT扫描研究颗粒形状对砂土力学性质的影响

为了探究颗粒形状对砂土力学性质的影响,选取玻璃珠、石英砂、玻璃渣3种颗粒形状差异较大的砂土作为研究对象。首先通过计算机断层(computed tomography,CT)扫描重构了3种砂土的三维结构,选取了伸长率(EI)、扁度(FI)、球度(S)3个表征颗粒形状参数的均值作为砂土颗粒整体形状参数(overall regularity,OR),并对整体形状参数OR进行统计分析。然后配制7种不同形状参数的砂土进行了常规三轴压缩试验得到了其力学强度参数,研究砂土颗粒形状对其力学强度的影响规律。结果表明:7种砂土的应力-应变曲线均为应变软化型,都呈现出先剪缩后剪胀的特性;整体形状参数OR能较好反映砂土的力学特征,即随着整体形状参数OR的减小,应变软化现象变得不明显,但其峰值偏应力呈增大的趋势;砂土的内摩擦角随整体形状参数OR的减小呈线性增长,表观黏聚力急剧增大,但最大剪胀角随OR的减小而减小。此外,将临界内摩擦角与整体形状参数OR进行线性拟合,得到了两者较好的线性关系。

动态牵伸过程中浮游纤维变速点分布模拟

为研究牵伸条件的变化对牵伸过程的影响,通过建立动态牵伸模型,仿真浮游纤维在动态牵伸过程中受到摩擦力作用的加速过程,得到动态牵伸过程中浮游纤维变速点分布。纤维的牵伸过程被细化为后纤维、慢浮游纤维、快浮游纤维和前纤维4种纤维运动状态变化的过程。通过记录纤维在牵伸过程中速度和位置的变化,计算得到纤维保持每种状态的时间。模拟过程中,通过获取纤维在牵伸过程中速度和位置的变化,得到每根纤维在牵伸区内分别维持4种运动状态的时间,从而建立动态的牵伸模型。此外,通过确定浮游纤维与快速纤维和慢速纤维相互接触的长度,计算浮游纤维在动态牵伸过程中受到的控制力与引导力,模拟浮游纤维在动态牵伸过程中的加速过程。同时计算简单罗拉牵伸的摩擦力界分布,通过改变牵伸模型的牵伸倍数和纤维长度,模拟不同牵伸条件下浮游纤维变速点分布。结果表明:仿真得到的变速点分布近似于正态分布,与实际牵伸过程中变速点分布形态接近;牵伸倍数越大,纤维的长度越长,变速点分布越接近前罗拉,并且变速点分布范围越小。

电液作动器摩擦补偿指令滤波控制研究

为了满足泵控电液作动器(EHA)高精度控制的要求,提出一种基于摩擦补偿的全状态反馈自适应鲁棒指令滤波控制的控制方法。随着泵控EHA高压化趋势的发展,作动器摩擦成为影响控制精度的主要因素。改进的摩擦力模型由于结构简单且能够捕获非线性摩擦的主要特征而被应用。为了解决EHA系统中的参数不确定性和模型不确定性问题,提出了自适应鲁棒指令滤波反步控制方法。其优势在于克服了传统反步控制中的“复杂性爆炸”问题,减小了系统在线负担。控制器保证系统达到渐进跟踪性能,通过系统仿真实验验证了算法的有效性。

考虑界面接触状态的湿式离合器扭矩特性

为提升重型车辆传动系统中湿式离合器可靠性及使用寿命,建立了考虑界面接触状态的湿式离合器扭矩模型,通过模型研究了不同参数对离合器扭矩特性的影响规律。首先,对湿式离合器进行仿真模拟,增加界面接触状态参数,搭建湿式离合器充油模型与结合模型。其次,基于SAE#2试验台开展湿式离合器扭矩试验,将仿真获得的结果与离合器试验数据进行对比,验证了仿真模型的有效性。最后,结合模型研究了油压、油温和碟形量对湿式离合器扭矩特性的影响规律。结果表明:考虑了界面接触状态的模型相较于传统模型具有更高的准确性,提高了22.30%;随着控制油压的减小,离合器的总扭矩降低,当压力从1.5 MPa减小到1.0 MPa时,扭矩峰值降低了22.38%,同时制动时间延长了46.05%;润滑油温度对离合器的黏性转矩和摩擦扭矩都具有一定程度的影响,温度越高,黏性转矩越小,摩擦扭矩越大,整体制动时间稍有减小;摩擦片碟形量对离合器扭矩的影响主要体现在扭矩产生时间,碟形量的增加会导致离合器制动时间增加。

RV减速器摆线轮齿廓修形对温度的影响

为分析摆线轮啮合过程中的温度特性,研究不同修形方式对摆线轮温度的影响规律,考虑摆线齿轮常用的3种组合修形方式,以相同的径向间隙为前提,对比分析摆线轮修形前后的接触应力与摩擦热量在轮齿上的分布情况。利用有限元分析,计算出修形前后温度场中的温度分布情况。结果表明:对摆线齿轮进行齿廓修形可以有效降低齿轮的稳态温度,组合修形中降温效果最佳的修形方式为正等距+正移距修形;单齿上温度梯度的密集程度随着啮合范围的减小而增大;摆线轮修形前后瞬时摩擦热量的最大值不受影响,峰值所处的位置会发生变化,而周期摩擦热量的峰值位于轮齿的同一啮合相位角上,但数值会随着轮齿受到的压力的增大而增大。

含浮动花键的直升机超临界轴系自激振动实验研究

为避免含浮动花键超临界轴系的研制及工程应用中出现的自激失稳问题,以某型直升机超临界尾水平轴系为研究对象,定性分析了短轴自激振动的产生机理,开展了浮动花键不同状态下的振动稳定性试验。研究表明:内摩擦阻尼力是短轴自激振动的根本原因,其特征频率为短轴一阶固有频率。正常安装状态下,轴系运转平稳,自激振动幅值均在0.1 mm以下。润滑状态越差齿面损伤越严重,无润滑状态自激振动最大幅值为0.9 mm。定位面配合间隙超限会导致自激振动和齿面损伤,花键侧隙一定程度超限仅有齿面损伤,二者均超限时自激振动最大幅值为4.77 mm,极易发生失稳,且自激振动多出现在小载荷状态。实际应用中应加强振动监控,细化花键检查步骤,控制尾轴同轴度,确保工作安全。

中美贸易摩擦对中国农产品贸易的影响

基于商务部发布的农业贸易数据,实证分析了中美贸易摩擦对中国农业贸易的影响及未来趋势。发现中美贸易摩擦使中国与美国农产品贸易总额大幅下降,自美进口额度降幅大于对美出口,中美农产品贸易的未来趋势难以预测。同时,贸易摩擦也为中国农产品贸易带来了新的发展机遇。提出了以下政策建议:一是促进中美双方和平对话,构建良性贸易环境;二是积极开拓多元化农产品市场,防范进口集中风险;三是推动农产品贸易转型,增强国际竞争力;四是加速农业科研改革与发展,调整农业生产结构。

基于铁谱分析的煤矿机电设备摩擦磨损状态分析算法研究

介绍一种基于铁谱分析的煤矿机电设备摩擦磨损状态分析算法。该算法主要通过对设备铁谱图像的预处理,提取设备最大块磨损颗粒的多元特征,利用各方面特征的对比,判断机电设备摩擦磨损状态。通过铁谱分析监测煤矿机电设备摩擦磨损状态,为煤矿机电设备运维管理提供支持,确认铁谱分析的应用价值。

搅拌摩擦增材制造方法研究进展

通过文献研究,将目前现有的搅拌摩擦增材技术分为两个大类:基于搅拌摩擦搭接焊的以板材为原材料的“搅拌摩擦搭接增材(FSAM)”与以棒材或丝材为原材料的“搅拌摩擦沉积增材(AFSD)”。重点综述了迄今已公开报道的三种方法:采用“实心轴肩+板材”的搅拌摩擦增材技术、“空心轴肩+棒材”的搅拌摩擦沉积增材技术、“空心轴肩+丝材”的搅拌摩擦沉积增材技术。其中后两种搅拌摩擦增材方法具有可连续增材的优越性,应用前景广阔。

基于平滑GMS模型和改进扩张状态观测器的复合摩擦补偿

摩擦力是影响直线伺服系统低速运行与点对点定位精度的主要非线性扰动。广义麦克斯韦(generalized Maxwellslip,GMS)摩擦模型虽然可以准确描述摩擦特性用于前馈补偿,但其存在切换点过渡时振荡的问题,同时易受测量噪声和摩擦参数变化等影响。为此,该文提出基于平滑GMS模型和改进扩张状态观测器(extended state observer,ESO)的复合摩擦补偿策略。首先,引入过渡用双曲正切函数以解决GMS模型中在切换点的反复穿越问题,并给出该模型的离线辨识方法。其次,设计基于模型信息的四阶ESO补偿剩余摩擦力与未知扰动,并引入切比雪夫滤波器整定观测器增益,以降低扰动观测与噪声敏感之间的冲突。为验证所提摩擦补偿策略的有效性,在小型高精度永磁同步直线电机定位平台上进行定位实验。实验结果验证了所提摩擦补偿策略的可行性和有效性。