Effect of post weld heat treatment on tensile properties and microstructure characteristics of friction stir welded armour grade AA7075-T651aluminium alloy

This paper reports the effects of post weld heat treatments, namely artificial ageing and solution treatment followed by artificial ageing, on microstructure and mechanical properties of 12 mm thick friction stir welded joints of precipitation hardenable high strength armour grade AA7075-T651 aluminium alloy. The tensile properties, such as yield strength, tensile strength, elongation and notch tensile strength, are evaluated and correlated with the microhardness and microstructural features. The scanning electron microscope is used to characterie the fracture surfaces. The solution treatment followed by ageing heat treatment cycle is found to be marginally beneficial in improving the tensile properties of friction stir welds of AA7075-T651 aluminium alloy.

Influence of Annealing Treatment on Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Property of Friction Stir Weld AZ31 Mg Alloys

In order to improve microstructure distribution and mechanical properties of Mg alloy joint by annealing treatment, die-casting AZ31 Mg alloy was successfully welded at rotation speed of 1 400 rpm and travel speed of 200 mm/min. The welded joints were annealed at 150-300 ℃ for 15-120 min and then were subjected to transverse tensile. The microstructure of annealed joints was analyzed by optical microscopy and electron backscatter diffraction. The experimental results indicate that(0001) texture intensity in stir zone significantly reduces and sharp transition of grain size is relieved in the interface between stir zone and thermo-mechanically affected zone after annealed at 200 ℃ for 30 min. Meanwhile, the elongation is increased from 7.5% to 13.0% and strength is increased slightly. It is because that annealing treatment can inhibit twin transformation and retain its ability to coordinate deformation during tensile deformation, which contributes to the improvement of plasticity. In addition, annealing treatment can increase the width of interfacial transition zone and lead to gradual transition of grain size between the SZ and TMAZ, which balances dislocation diffusion rate in different zone.

Effect of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded SSM7075 Aluminium Alloy

7XXX series aluminium alloys generally present low weldability by fusion welding methods because of the sensitivity to weld solidification cracking, vaporization of strengthening alloys and other defects in the fusion zone. Friction stir welding（FSW） can be deployed successfully with aluminium alloys. We presented the effect of post-weld heat treatment（PWHT） on the microstructure and mechanical properties of SSM7075 joints. Semi solid plates were butt-welded by FSW at a rotation speed of 1110 r/min, welding speeds of 70 and 110 mm/min. Solution treatment, artificial aging, and T6（solution treatment and artificial aging combined） were applied to the welded joints, each with three samples. It was found that the T6 joints at the speed of 70 mm/min yielded the highest tensile strength of 459.23 MPa. This condition best enhanced the mechanical properties of FSW SSM7075 aluminium alloy joints.

固溶时效处理对不同状态7075铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织和力学性能的影响

对于可热处理强化铝合金,焊后热处理是解决搅拌摩擦焊接头软化和提升力学性能常用的方法之一,对7075-T6与7075-O铝合金接头进行T6(固溶处理+人工时效)处理,研究T6处理对不同材料状态7075铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头微观组织与力学性能的影响。结果表明,两种接头经T6处理后焊核区均出现不同程度的异常晶粒长大(Abnormal grain growth,AGG),且T6-T6接头AGG区域占比明显高于O-T6接头;力学性能实验表明,T6处理不仅能够有效解决焊态下的接头软化问题,而且能够提升接头整体硬度,两种接头平均硬度均在180 HV以上,其硬度分布均呈直线分布;AGG能够直接影响接头拉伸性能,O-T6接头强度与塑性均明显高于T6-T6接头,强度可达575.5 MPa,伸长率为7.1%。

基于BSO-BP神经网络的型材搅拌摩擦焊PWHT工艺参数优化

为获取焊后热处理最优工艺参数组合,进一步消减地铁型材焊接残余应力,提出一种基于BSO-BP神经网络的搅拌摩擦焊焊后热处理工艺参数优化方法。首先,基于有限元理论对型材结构搅拌摩擦焊及焊后热处理过程进行数值模拟,通过分析焊后热处理各工艺阶段对残余应力的影响确定待优化工艺参数;其次,基于头脑风暴算法对BP神经网络的权值和阈值进行优化,从而改进BP神经网络;再次,结合试验设计与有限元分析,得出不同工艺参数组合的热处理后型材结构焊接残余应力值,利用所得试验数据建立BSO-BP神经网络;最后,基于BSO-BP神经网络构建焊后热处理工艺参数优化模型,采用粒子群算法对其寻优求解,并与传统设计方案进行对比。结果表明:BSO-BP神经网络的预测误差更小且与试验数据的拟合效果更佳;采用最优工艺参数组合可增强焊后热处理对残余应力的消减作用;本研究可为实际工艺过程提供参考。

T6热处理与焊接顺序对A356铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头组织和力学性能的影响

研究了A356铝合金在T6热处理后进行搅拌摩擦焊(T6-FSW)和搅拌摩擦焊后进行T6热处理(FSW-T6)2种不同工艺下的接头组织及力学性能。结果表明,T6-FSW接头的焊核区由细小的动态再结晶晶粒构成,但析出相发生溶解或粗化,接头横向拉伸时抗拉强度和延伸率分别为214 MPa和5.3%,平均硬度为76HV_(0.5),焊核区抗拉强度和延伸率分别为236 MPa和12.5%,接头冲击韧性为12.10 J;FSW-T6接头的焊核区发生异常晶粒长大,但具有高密度的细小析出相,接头横向拉伸的抗拉强度和延伸率分别为254 MPa和8.5%,平均硬度为96HV_(0.5),焊核区抗拉强度和延伸率分别为297 MPa和7.0%,接头冲击韧性为8.23 J。

Effects of welding parameters and post-heat treatment on mechanical properties of friction stir welded AA2195-T8 Al-Li alloy

In this study, the effects of main welding parameters （rotation speed （ω） and welding speed （υ）） on the microstructure, micro-hardness distribution and tensile properties of friction stir welded （FSW） 2195-T8 Al-Li alloy were investigated. The effects of T6 post-treatments at different solution and aging conditions on the mechanical properties and microstructure characteristics of the FSW joints were also investigated. The results show that with increasing to and v, both strength and elongation of the joints increase first, and then decrease with further increase of ω and υ. All the joints under varied welding parameters show significant strength loss, and the strength reaches only 65% of the base metal, The effect of T6 post-heat treatment on the mechanical properties of the joints depends on the solution and aging conditions. Two heat treatment processes （480 ℃×0.5 h quenching＋ 180 ℃× 12 h, 520 ℃× 0.5 h quenching＋ 180 ℃×12h aging） are found to increase the joint strength. Furthermore, low temperature quenching （480℃） is more beneficial to the joint strength. The joint strength can reach 85% of the base metal. Whereas both low temperature aging （140 ℃× 56h） and stepped aging （ 100 ℃× 12 h ＋ 180 ℃× 3 h） processes decrease the joint strength. After heat treatment all the joints show decreased ductility due to the obvious grain coarsening in the nugget zone （NZ） and thermo-mechanically affected zone （TMAZ）.

Effect of friction stir processed microstructure on tensile properties of an Al-Zn-Mg-Sc alloy upon subsequent aging heat treatment

An as-cast Al-Zn-Mg-Sc alloy was friction stir processed varying tool related parameters, yielding microstructures with different grain sizes （0.68, 1.8 and 5.5 μm）. Significant increases in room temperature ductility were obtained in these materials with reasonable enhancement in strength. It is demonstrated that the type of microstructure produced by friction stir processing （FSP） has a significant influence on the choice of post-FSP heat treatment design for achieving improved tensile properties. It is also found that the ultrafine grained FSP material could not achieve the desired high strength during the post-FSP heat treatment without grain coarsening, whereas the micro-grained FSP materials could reach such strength levels （〉560 MPa） under conventional age hardening heat treatment conditions.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welding joint during post weld heat treatment with different zigzag lines

Zigzag line is a common defect in friction stir welding(FSW) joint.The formation mechanism of the zigzag line in Al-Cu alloy FSW joint and its influence on the microstructure and mechanical properties during post weld heat treatment(PWHT) were studied by scanning electron microscopy(SEM),microhardness and tensile tests.It is found that the occurrence of zigzag line for PWHT joint is determined by PWHT process which in nature depends on residual stress and thermal stress of FSW joint.The optimization of PWHT process to reduce the residual and thermal stress can trigger for the deterioration of mechanical properties of PWHT joints with zigzag line.No obvious decrease of tensile properties is observed for T6-450 and T6-495 joints although zigzag line appears in the weld.PWHT determines the sizes of zigzag line cracks and consequently determines the fracture location and characteristics of FSW joint.

固溶处理对7B04-O铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接接头微观组织与力学性能的影响

对航空用3 mm厚的带有包铝层的7B04-O铝合金板材进行搅拌摩擦焊接(Friction stir welding,FSW),研究固溶处理对搅拌摩擦焊接接头的微观组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,当转速为800 r/min、焊接速度为200 mm/min、焊接工具轴肩直径为12 mm时,可得到表面美观、致密无缺陷的搅拌摩擦焊接接头。焊核区发生动态再结晶,形成细小的等轴晶。经固溶处理后,焊核的上部及底部晶粒都发生了异常长大,而中部区域晶粒仍然为细小的等轴晶组织。焊态接头的拉伸试样断裂在母材位置,抗拉强度达到199 MPa,与退火态母材抗拉强度相当,断后伸长率达到12%。在新淬火状态下,接头的抗拉强度为310 MPa,为相同热处理母材的91.4%,断后伸长率为11.2%,试样断裂在焊核区,呈不完全的韧性断裂。

热处理对AZ31B镁合金搅拌摩擦焊焊接接头显微组织和显微硬度的影响

对AZ31B镁合金进行搅拌摩擦焊接及焊后热处理,研究了热处理前后焊接接头显微组织及显微硬度的变化规律。结果表明:随着退火温度的升高,AZ31B镁合金搅拌摩擦焊接接头前进侧和后退侧的分界线逐渐消失;在热处理过程中,由于焊核区所吸收的能量主要用于晶粒的长大,而热影响区和热机影响区结合区域在再结晶时消耗了较多的能量,导致了焊核区晶粒的长大速率大于热影响区和热机影响区结合区域的;当退火温度低于200℃时,热机影响区的显微硬度高于焊核区,并且前进侧热机影响区的显微硬度略高于后退侧的;当退火温度高于250℃后,热机影响区的显微硬度显著下降;随着退火温度的升高,热影响区的显微硬度略有下降。

焊接热输入和焊后热处理对搅拌摩擦焊2024-T3铝合金焊核区硬度的影响（英文）

在不同焊接热输入条件下对2024-T3铝合金进行搅拌摩擦焊接,并利用透射电镜、差热分析和维氏硬度测试对焊核区的组织和硬度进行分析检测。研究表明,焊核区的硬度受到焊接热输入的影响。在高焊接热输入条件下,焊接速度的提升有利于提升焊核区硬度。而在低焊接热输入条件下,焊核区硬度随着旋转速度的增加而增加。焊后热处理导致组织过时效,焊核区硬度降低。相比于其他参数下获得的焊核区,旋转速度为500 r/min,焊接速度为100 mm/min条件下获得的焊核区拥有较高的抗过时效性能,硬度下降仅为3.8%,而其他焊核区的硬度下降超过10%。焊核区硬度主要受到强化相形态的影响。

2A12铝合金筋板件T型搅拌摩擦焊工艺及焊后热处理

为评价2A12铝合金筋板件搅拌摩擦焊工艺并探寻提高接头强度的途径,进行了2A12铝合金筋板件的T型搅拌摩擦焊焊接工艺试验,并对不同人工时效热处理下焊接接头的微观组织及性能进行了研究.研究表明:采用T型搅拌摩擦焊即可实现2A12铝合金筋板件的成形,当搅拌头旋转速度为750 r/min、焊接速度60 mm/min时,接头的抗拉强度达到了315 MPa,为母材强度的70.1%;断裂出现在前进侧热机影响区,硬度的最低处也在该区域,说明2A12铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头的薄弱点在热机影响区.采用退火+固溶+分级时效热处理的方法能显著改善焊接接头的强度,接头的抗拉强度可达387 MPa,为母材的86.3%;焊接接头的薄弱点仍在前进侧的热机影响区.

热处理对2A12铝合金搅拌摩擦焊板件时效成形的影响

为减弱或消除搅拌摩擦焊工艺(FSW)对时效成形的不利影响,改善2A12铝合金FSW构件的时效成形后的综合性能,通过设计不同的预热处理和时效成形组合工艺,试验研究热处理对2A12铝合金FSW构件时效成形组织和性能的影响。结果表明,在其他条件相同的情况下,预热处理(退火+固溶处理)可有效改善FSW构件的时效成形性。与单一时效成形过程相比,退火+固溶+时效成形组合工艺下,焊接构件的回弹率降低,抗拉强度和焊缝硬度显著提高,且预热处理的存在使得焊缝区域组织得到一定程度的细化和均匀化。经退火+固溶+时效成形的焊件,回弹率可达17.98%;抗拉强度可达394 MPa,为母材的89.5%。

6061铝合金厚板搅拌摩擦焊工艺研究

对30 mm的6061-T651铝合金厚板开展了搅拌摩擦焊工艺研究,探讨了不同的旋转速度、焊接速度及热处理工艺对铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接头性能的影响。研究结果表明,6061-T651铝合金厚板焊缝飞边较小,表面纹路清晰,厚度减薄量较小;焊缝区域材料密实,未发现明显的未焊透、内部孔洞、隧道等焊接缺陷。当焊接旋转速度为385 r/min,焊接速度为150 mm/min时,搅拌摩擦焊接头的抗拉强度最高,为203 MPa,达到母材抗拉强度的70%;热处理后其抗拉强度为285 MPa,达到母材抗拉强度的98.4%,接近等强匹配。热处理提高了焊接接头的抗拉强度和冲击性能,对接头的弯曲性能影响较小。

搅拌摩擦加工及后续热处理对7B04-O铝合金组织和硬度的影响

对7B04-O铝合金进行搅拌摩擦加工,对不同旋转速度参数下获得的7B04-O铝合金搅拌区的组织和硬度进行研究,同时利用后续热处理改善搅拌区的组织和硬度.研究表明,搅拌摩擦加工导致搅拌区的晶粒细化,硬度提升.不同的旋转速度会对后续热处理造成影响.采用低转速时,后续热处理不能进一步提高搅拌区的硬度;而采用高转速时,搅拌区的硬度则可以通过后续热处理得到提升.采用O态铝合金作为母材时,基体内的原始析出强化相尺寸粗大,热稳定性较高,难以在搅拌摩擦加工过程中充分溶解.通过提高转速来增加加工热输入可以增加析出相的溶解量,有利于后续热处理对组织和硬度的改善.

热处理对搅拌摩擦加工AZ91镁合金显微组织和力学性能的影响

对AZ91镁合金铸板进行搅拌摩擦加工,研究热处理对被加工材料组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明,经413℃保温16h固溶处理后,铸态合金晶界处粗大的网状β-Mg17Al12相基本溶入α-Mg基体中。在搅拌摩擦加工过程中,组织发生明显细化,产生细小的等轴状再结晶晶粒。预先固溶处理可使摩擦加工合金晶界处少量未溶β-Mg17Al12相全部溶入基体。随后时效处理导致β-Mg17Al12相以两种方式析出,时效初期以晶界处非连续析出为主,然后再发生晶粒内部的连续析出。时效处理可较大程度地提高合金的硬度,以16h最为显著,搅拌区平均显微硬度的最大值为118.4HV。预先固溶处理可以提高搅拌摩擦加工合金的塑性,伸长率为31.5%;随后时效处理(16h)则可以大幅度提高合金的抗拉强度,由搅拌摩擦加工板的265 MPa增至340 MPa。

6061铝合金FSW焊缝时效组织与力学性能研究

研究了6061铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接(FSW)焊缝单级时效和二级时效处理后组织与力学性能变化,结果表明:6061铝合金FSW焊缝固溶后自然时效处理,硬度为52HV,抗拉强度200 MPa;6061铝合金FSW焊缝固溶后再经(180℃×6 h)单级峰时效(T6态),硬度为93HV,抗拉强度为320 MPa,伸长率为12%;6061铝合金FSW焊缝经120℃×4 h+180℃×4 h二级峰时效处理后,硬度为112HV,抗拉强度为375 MPa,伸长率为11%。二级峰时效的试样组织中出现了条絮状析出相,并与针状析出相发生缠结,对位错移动产生阻碍,这是铝合金FSW焊缝经二级峰时效后强度和硬度比单级峰时效更高的重要原因。

搅拌摩擦焊接工艺对7075-T651铝合金力学性能的影响

采用锥台结构搅拌针对7075-T651铝合金实施搅拌摩擦焊,并进行了背部二次补焊和不同温度的固溶热处理,对焊态接头的力学性能进行了研究。结果表明,二次焊接可提高接头的综合力学性能;热处理可提高焊头硬度,但强度和伸长率有所下降,且随着热处理温度的升高,裂纹沿"S"线扩展,导致晶粒异常长大。

焊后热处理对高氮奥氏体不锈钢搅拌摩擦焊接头组织及性能的影响

对高氮奥氏体不锈钢进行搅拌摩擦焊接。焊接过程中没有出现氮元素的损失及其他相的生成。对焊接接头进行焊后热处理,以得到具有不同组织差异性的搅拌摩擦焊接头。微观组织分析表明:在焊态的接头中,焊核区晶粒细化且含有大量的小角度晶界,母材区与焊核之间存在明显的组织差异;热处理态接头中,焊核区的晶粒尺寸略小于母材,各种特征晶界的比例分数都与母材基本相当,接头内组织差异性减小。力学性能分析表明:大的组织差异使焊接接头呈现出典型的高匹配特征,屈服强度、抗拉强度明显升高,伸长率有所降低。较小组织差异的接头匹配模式发生变化,进而导致力学性能发生明显改变,屈服强度、抗拉强度降低,伸长率恢复到母材水平。