Photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants using green oil palm frond-derived carbon quantum dots/titanium dioxide as multifunctional photocatalysts under visible light radiation

The present work suggested the use of waste oil palm frond as an alternative precursor for nitrogendoped carbon quantum dots(NCQDs)and proposed a straightforward in-situ hydrothermal method for the preparation of NCQDs/TiO_(2)nanocomposites.The elemental composition,morphological,structural and optical characteristics of NCQDs/TiO_(2)nanocomposites have been comprehensively investigated.The successful grafting of NCQDs on TiO_(2)matrix was confirmed by the formation of Ti AOAC bond and the electronic coupling between theπ-states of NCQDs and the conduction band of TiO_(2).For the first time,the oil palm frond-derived NCQDs/TiO_(2)was adopted in the photodegradation of methylene blue(MB)under visible-light irradiation.As a result,the photocatalytic efficiency of NCQDs/TiO_(2)nanocomposites(86.16%)was 2.85 times higher than its counterpart TiO_(2)(30.18%).The enhanced performance of nanocomposites was attributed to the pivotal roles of NCQDs serving as electron mediator and visiblelight harvester.Besides,the optimal NCQDs loading was determined at 4 ml while the removal efficiency of NCQDs/TiO_(2)-4 was the highest at a catalyst dosage of 1 g.L^(-1)under alkaline condition.This research work is important as it proposed a new insight to the preparation of biomass-based NCQDs/TiO_(2)using a facile synthetic method,which offers a green and sustainable water remediation technology.

Investigation of Mechanical Properties for Reinforced Polyester Composites with Palm Fronds

Natural fibers have become essential elements to produce composites, which have the renewability, sustainability, low cost and less health hazardous. Natural wastes improved the physical and mechanical properties of polyester-based composites. Reinforced polyester composites with natural fibers are spread widely in recent decades as an alternative to synthetics. This paper deals with effectiveness of palm fronds when they were added to a polyester. Percentage of palm fibers with respect to polyester is considered through present work. A Pin-on-disc tribometer has been used in experimental work under external forces, and the correlations of coefficient of friction have been used to make analysis of the experimental results. Ibertest universal testing machine was used to measure the tensile strength at a crosshead speed of 8 mm/min. The experimental analysis shows the improvement of properties of the used reinforced polyester, where, the results show that the highest values of coefficient of friction are 1.16667 for 5 N load and the lowest value is 0.55 for 9 N load. And the change for load 11 N is not significant. And also, 7.01 MPa is the highest value for tensile strength with the lowest value of modulus of rigidity 5.84 when the palm frond content is 3% and the lowest value of tensile test is 4.81 MPa with the highest value of modulus of rigidity 11.9 when 21% content.

Phenol contaminated municipal wastewater treatment using date palm frond biochar:Optimization using response surface methodology

Phenol is classified as an emerging contaminant which can be very toxic even at low concentrations and should be removed from wastewaters before reaching the environment.In this study date palm frond and leaf were pyrolyzed at different temperatures to identify the best adsorbent(feedstock)and pyrolysis temperature to remove phenol from aqueous solutions.Date palm frond pyrolyzed at 600℃,termed DPF600,achieved the highest phenol removal rates of 64%and adsorption capacity of 15.93 mg/g.Response surface methodology approach using Box-Behnken design was implemented to obtain the optimal pH(6),contact time(20 h)and dosage(0.1 g)for the maximum phenol adsorption.A predicted adsorption capacity was found as 16.62 mg/g which was in close agreement with the experimental adsorption capacity of 17.38 mg/g.Isotherm and kinetic models in both linear and non-linear forms indicated that Freundlich model(R^(2)=0.99,χ^(2)=0.02,RMSE=1.09)and pseudo-second order model(R^(2)=0.99,χ^(2)=0.85,RMSE=5.41)fit best the obtained experimental data.Thermodynamics calculations affirmed that the adsorption of phenol onto DPF600 biochar was endothermic and spontaneous.The point of zero charge was found to be at 6.5 for DPF600 biochar.Scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray,Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction confirmed adsorption of phenol onto DPF600 biochar.Application of DPF600 biochar to remove phenol from synthetic primary and secondary treated wastewater samples achieved 60 and 85%removal rates and 241 mg/g and 22.28 mg/g adsorption capacities,respectively.Regeneration studies showed promising adsorption capacities indicating the efficacy of DPF600 for the removal of phenol from wastewater.

Discovery of bipinnatifid fronds of Protoblechnum contractum(Gu et Zhi)

IN Permian floras of China, a dispute over the relationship among the Protoblechnum and other similar plants such as Compsopteris, Glenopteris and Supaia has been existing for a long time, and moreover it has not been completely solved up to now. Halle placed a few simple pinnate fronds from the Shihhotze Formation in the genus Protoblechnum and named them Protoblechnum Wongii Halle 70 years ago when he was studying the fossil plants from the Late Palaeozoic strata in Shanxi, China. He did not think forked or unforked fronds as an important dividing genus condition in discussing the distinction among Protoblechnum and other relative fossils. Zalessky alSO found some specimens similar to Chinese Protoblechnum while he studied the Permian fossil plants from Russia. However, he did not approve of

An osmundaceous rhizome with sterile and fertile fronds and in situ spores from the Jurassic of western Liaoning

A well-preserved permineralized osmundaceous fern was discovered from the Middle Jurassic Tiaojishan Formation of Beipiao,Liaoning Province,China.The rhizome is about 50 cm high and 35-41 cm in diameter and can be attributed to the genus Ashicaulis on the basis of its anatomy.The sterile pinnae are referable to Cladophlebis,the fertile pinnules are of the Todites type with in situ spores of the Osmundacidites type.Osmundaceous rhizomes have been found all over the world including the Jurassic strata of western Liaoning,China.Until now,however,no rhizomes have been reported to be organically connected with leafy organs.Although impressions and compressions of isolated osmundaceous sterile and fertile fronds are common,they were described under separate organ-or morpho-generic names,such as Todites and Cladophlebis.The new discovery provides an opportunity to study an osmundaceous fern in 'whole plant concept' to learn more about its morphology and structure,and the pa-leoclimatic and paleoenvironmental requrirements of this group.

三十烷醇对海萝孢子萌发、幼苗及藻体生长的影响

研究了三十烷醇对海萝孢子萌发、幼苗及藻体生长的影响.第1个试验,用0.50、1.00、2.00 mg.L-1的三十烷醇分别对附着后3 d的海萝孢子进行14和24 h的浸泡,每隔10 d处理1次,共处理3次,试验进行2个月.第2个试验,用0.25、0.50、1.00、2.00 mg.L-1的三十烷醇浸泡平均长度为1.5 mm海萝幼苗,分别处理1次和4次（每隔15 d处理1次）,每次处理时间24 h,试验进行2个月.第3个试验,用0.50、1.00、2.00 mg.L-1的三十烷醇分别对海萝藻体进行18和24 h的浸泡,只处理1次,试验进行1个月.试验结果表明：三十烷醇对藻体增质量及幼苗长度生长影响不明显,对幼苗的分叉以及孢子萌发形成的盘状体的生长、萌发、存活影响显著.三十烷醇质量浓度为0.50和1.00 mg.L-1时,对海萝盘状体的生长及盘状体萌发出直立体都有促进作用,其中,0.50 mg.L-1的三十烷醇,处理14 h效果最好;2.00 mg.L-1三十烷醇处理24 h时,其盘状体的生长和存活比对照组明显差.0.25~2.00mg.L-1三十烷醇对幼苗的分叉都具有促进作用,处理4次的效果比处理1次的好;而处理1次的以质量浓度为1.00 mg.L-1的效果最好,且与处理4次的相似.

4种桫椤初生叶的形态发育及其系统学意义

用腐叶土培养海南白桫椤(Sphaeropteris hainanensis)、阴生桫椤(Alsophila latebrosa)、刺桫椤(A.spinu-losa)和滇南桫椤(A.austroyunnanensis)的孢子,获得有性生殖苗.观察并比较了幼孢子体最初4枚叶片形态发生的详细过程,据此讨论了其种属划分的合理性及相关的系统学意义.

二苯脲延缓紫萍半叶状体衰老的作用

在长日照条件下,10-7mol/L的二苯脲对紫萍半叶状体就有保绿的作用,10-5～2×10-4mol/L的二苯脲还可以明显地促进叶绿素的合成和干重的增加,提高丝氨酸乙醛酸转氨酶的活性,延缓半叶状体的衰老.实验结果表明,二苯脲本身具有细胞分裂素的活性,能代替内源细胞分裂素起到抗衰老的作用;二苯脲同时也能推迟半叶状体中内源细胞分裂素含量的降低.另外,在培养液中加入外源L-丝氨酸,可以抗拮二苯脲对紫萍半叶状体衰老的延缓作用,说明二苯脲抗衰老的机制类似于其它细胞分裂素.

青萍生长抑制试验对稀脉浮萍的适用性研究

为了验证我国本土常见的稀脉浮萍（Lemna aequinoctialis）是否适用于以青萍（Lemna minor）作为标准试验生物的生长抑制试验,对两种浮萍的毒性效应终点和毒性响应差异进行比较.通过对两种浮萍的总叶面积、干重、鲜重同叶状体数之间的相关性进行分析,根据《OECD化学品测试准则No.221浮萍生长抑制试验》,遵从良好实验室规范（GLP）,将两种浮萍暴露于参比物质3,5-二氯苯酚,进行7d更新式毒性试验,暴露浓度为（1.0 ～ 10） mg·L^-1.结果表明,青萍的培养条件、试验方法以及毒性效应终点均适用于稀脉浮萍,两种浮萍的毒性试验呈现出相似的时间-效应关系和剂量-效应关系,两者的毒性效应浓度具有可比性,且数值上接近.以上实验结果可以得出,稀脉浮萍适用于生长抑制试验;鉴于稀脉浮萍在我国分布广泛、容易获取,稀脉浮萍可作为毒性测试的国家标准试验生物.

用凝胶电泳法研究紫萍半叶状体衰老期间的内肽酶同工酶(摘要)(英文)

[目的]研究与紫萍半叶状体衰老相关的内肽酶及其性质。[方法]采用明胶-SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术分析与衰老相关的内肽酶同工酶。通过改变电泳分离胶中底物蛋白浓度,可以使正染的蛋白质标准条带和负染的内肽酶条带同时显现出来,从而了解内肽酶的表征分子量。将进行电泳、复性后的聚丙烯酰胺凝胶切成相同大小的条带,分别置于含有同等浓度蛋白酶抑制剂[2mmol/L丝氨酸型内肽酶抑制剂(PMSF)、2mmol/L金属型内肽酶抑制剂(EDTA)、25μmol/L半胱氨酸型内肽酶抑制剂(E-64)]的酶反应缓冲液中进行反应,同时以不加抑制剂的胶条处理5d的样品作为对照,以分析内肽酶类型。[结果]衰老紫萍半叶状体的内肽酶同工酶谱上共出现6种内肽酶。其中,内肽酶HEP1、HEP2、HEP4和HEP6在衰老过程中出现,且活性受细胞分裂素的调控,可能是衰老相关的内肽酶。经过蛋白酶抑制剂的分析结果表明,与对照相比,E-64未能对内肽酶条带HEP1产生抑制作用,而EDTA和PMSF都能抑制内肽酶活性,且EDTA作用较明显,因此,初步鉴定分子量为120kD的HEP1为金属型内肽酶,其他3种内肽酶均为半胱氨酸型内肽酶。[结论]在紫萍半叶状体衰老早期金属型内肽酶活性较强,而在衰老后期半胱氨酸型内肽酶大量出现并具有较高的活性。

NFMG法培养发菜的研究

采用ＮＦＭＧ法获得发菜藻种，经人工控制条件下的培养，成功地培养出肉眼可见的发菜藻体，表明人工培养发菜初获成功。

Phytochemical and anti-bacterial activity of epidermal glands extract of Christella parasitica (L.) H. Lev.

Objective:To study the morphology,biochemistry and bioactivity of the epidermal glands of the glandular morphotype of Christella parasitica(C.parasitica)(L.) H.Lev.Methods: Morphological studies on epidermal glands were earned out by using light microscope and scanning electron microscope.To prepare the extract,the shade-dried fronds of glandular morphotype were soaked in acetone.For antibacterial studies paper disc method was followed by using various pathogenic bacteria.Results:Detailed micromorphological,phytochemical and bioactivity studies on a medicinal fern C.parasitica(L.) H.Lev.showed its inlraspecific variation in antibacterial activity.The presence or absence of the epidermal glands was the key factor for antibacterial activity in the morphovariants of this species.The epidermal glands were orange-coloured,stalked and elongated ones of about 84.2μm×45μm,and distributed on the undersurface of cosla,coslules and veins in croziers,young and mature leaves.Frequency of glands varied from 15/cm on costa in mature leaves to 140/cm on costules in croziers.The acetone extract of the glands showed antibacterial activities and also toxic effect against mosquito larvae and tadpoles of frog.Preliminary phytochemical analysis and HPLC studies of the gland extract showed the presence of various kinds of terpenoids,alkaloids,tannins,saponins and flavonoids in it.Conclusions:The present study shows that epidermal glands of the glandular morphotype of C. parasitica(L.) H.Lev.have several bioactive compounds and such rare moiphovariant should be conserved in nature.The next step is to isolate the pure compounds and to screen the bioactivity of individual compounds of the epidermal glands.

油棕叶片干燥特性初探

为制备油棕叶片重组木,对油棕叶片干燥特性进行了分析。以油棕叶片为研究对象,采用电热鼓风干燥法进行试验,研究处理方式(未去皮、去皮、去皮碾压)、初含水率和干燥温度对油棕叶片干燥特性的影响。结果表明:处理方式、干燥温度对油棕干燥时间的影响均达极显著水平,初含水率影响达显著水平,其中去皮碾压处理和提高干燥温度更有利于缩短油棕叶片的干燥时间。油棕叶片最优的干燥工艺为去皮碾压、初含水率为50%、干燥温度为130℃,在该条件下的干燥时间为1.42 h。

油棕叶片冷冻切片技术研究

为了便于研究油棕叶片的解剖结构,获得高质量的冷冻切片,对油棕叶片冷冻切片关键参数进行研究,优化了快速观测油棕叶片解剖结构的冷冻切片方法。结果表明:以油棕嫩叶为实验材料,初切成2 mm×2 mm规格;冷冻包埋块为5 mm×5 mm,在-30℃冷冻速冻台上,设置冷冻箱-20℃,标本头-10℃,可切出厚度5μm以上的冷冻切片,切片效果好。该方法可用于研究油棕叶片解剖结构的切片制作和显微观测,在油棕种质资源鉴定与评价方面有着广泛的应用价值。

法国新旧贵族的融合与同化——长袍贵族析评

文章旨在考察脱胎于平民等级的显宦“长袍贵族”的形成和异化的进程,评析期间新贵族与封建专制王权、旧贵族和下层民众的关系及其演变,从而揭示特权等级必然随着专制政体的倾覆而消亡的历史规律。

心羊齿属的发现及其意义

描述了发现于我国宁夏中宁石炭纪纳缪尔期地层新种宁夏心羊齿（Ｃａｒｄｉｏｐｔｅｒｉｓｎｉｎｇｘｉａｅｎｓｉｓｓｐ． ｎｏｖ．），并讨论了心羊齿属（Ｃａｒｄｉｏｐｔｅｒｉｓ）的地理分布。

凝胶电泳法研究紫萍半叶状体衰老期间的内肽酶同工酶

[目的]研究与紫萍半叶状体衰老相关的内肽酶及其性质。[方法]采用明胶-SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳技术分析与衰老相关的内肽酶同工酶,并用蛋白酶抑制剂分析内肽酶类型。[结果]对紫萍衰老期间内肽酶的分析表明,共有6种内肽酶出现,金属型蛋白酶HEP1和半胱氨酸型内肽酶HEP2、HEP4、HEP6是与衰老相关的内肽酶。[结论]在紫萍半叶状体衰老早期金属型内肽酶活性较强,而在衰老后期半胱氨酸型内肽酶大量出现并具有较高的活性。

蕨叶异形叶性的全息分析

由于植物的泛胚性，叶形与植株轮廓表现出了全息对应关系，即使在不同发育时期，植株轮廓变了，叶形也有相应的变化。蕨叶的异形叶性也不例外，例如未次羽片基部小羽片的变异、间小羽片或间羽片的形成，以及变态叶的相关出现等，也符合全息胚学说。从而，叶在总体形态特征上与整个植株是相似的，叶是整个植株的缩影，即部分变异是整体变异的缩影。

植物体内铁的萃取预富集分离条件的研究

植物体和土壤中的铁与其它营养盐一样都是限制植物生产力的重要因素。目前 ,植物体和土壤中的铁通常都采用原子吸收和电化学法进行分析。本研究用萃取法从盐酸溶液中分离 Fe( ) ,采用萃取剂磷酸三丁酯 (TBP) ,研究酸度、温度以及盐析剂等条件对萃取分配系数的影响并对铁的反萃取进行讨论 ,从而确定最优萃取条件 ,为植物体内铁的萃取富集分离提供实验依据。