A machine learning approach for the prediction of pore pressure using well log data of Hikurangi Tuaheni Zone of IODP Expedition 372,New Zealand

Pore pressure(PP)information plays an important role in analysing the geomechanical properties of the reservoir and hydrocarbon field development.PP prediction is an essential requirement to ensure safe drilling operations and it is a fundamental input for well design,and mud weight estimation for wellbore stability.However,the pore pressure trend prediction in complex geological provinces is challenging particularly at oceanic slope setting,where sedimentation rate is relatively high and PP can be driven by various complex geo-processes.To overcome these difficulties,an advanced machine learning(ML)tool is implemented in combination with empirical methods.The empirical method for PP prediction is comprised of data pre-processing and model establishment stage.Eaton's method and Porosity method have been used for PP calculation of the well U1517A located at Tuaheni Landslide Complex of Hikurangi Subduction zone of IODP expedition 372.Gamma-ray,sonic travel time,bulk density and sonic derived porosity are extracted from well log data for the theoretical framework construction.The normal compaction trend(NCT)curve analysis is used to check the optimum fitting of the low permeable zone data.The statistical analysis is done using the histogram analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient matrix with PP data series to identify potential input combinations for ML-based predictive model development.The dataset is prepared and divided into two parts:Training and Testing.The PP data and well log of borehole U1517A is pre-processed to scale in between[-1,+1]to fit into the input range of the non-linear activation/transfer function of the decision tree regression model.The Decision Tree Regression(DTR)algorithm is built and compared to the model performance to predict the PP and identify the overpressure zone in Hikurangi Tuaheni Zone of IODP Expedition 372.

Effect of Changing Front Top Roller Pressure of Drafting Zone of a Ring Frame on the Quality of Cotton-Flax Blended Yarn

Pressure applied on the top roller of drafting zone is a vital factor on which the quality of ultimate yarn depends. Drafting zone is needed to reduce the mass per unit length of input material. Appropriate contact of top rollers with bottom rollers is necessary to ensure proper drafting. In this paper, the effects of different front top roller pressure of drafting zone on the quality of 20Ne cotton-flax blended yarns (C:L = 45:55) were studied. It was observed that a higher pressure value gives a lower co-efficient of mass variation, imperfections, hairiness and higher evenness, tenacity, elongation properties.

Multiphysics processes in the interfacial transition zone of fiber-reinforced cementitious composites under induced curing pressure and implications for mine backfill materials: A critical review

The mesoscale fiber-matrix interfacial transition zone(FM-ITZ) under induced curing pressure plays a key role in the effectiveness of fiber reinforcement and the engineering application of fiber-reinforced cementitious composites(FRCCs). This critical review establishes the link among induced curing pressure(i.e., external loading condition), multiphysics processes(i.e., internal governing mechanism), and interface behavior(i.e., material behavior) for FRCC materials through analysis of the state-of-the-art research findings on the FM-ITZ of FRCC materials. The following results are obtained. For the mechanical process, the induced curing pressure changes the stress state and enhances multicracking behavior, which can strengthen the FM-ITZ. For the hydraulic process, the strengthened seepage of the FM-ITZ under induced curing pressure weakens the effective stress and exaggerates the deficiency in water retention capacity between the bulk matrix and the FMITZ. For the thermal process, the induced curing pressure causes a steep temperature gradient in the FM-ITZ and thus influences the temperature evolution and thermally-induced microcracks in the FM-ITZ. For the chemical process, the induced curing pressure enhances hydration kinetics and results in the formation of additional hydration products in the FM-ITZ. Moreover, recommendations are proposed on the basis of findings from this review to facilitate the implementation of fiber reinforcement in cemented paste backfill technology.

Spatiotemporal Pattern of Cultivated Land Pressure and Its Influencing Factors in the Huaihai Economic Zone, China

Cultivated land pressure represents a direct reflection of grain security. Existing relevant studies rarely approached the spatiotemporal pattern of cultivated land pressure or the spatial heterogeneity of its influencing factors from the level of economic zones.Taking the Huaihai Economic Zone(HEZ), China for case analysis, this study investigated the spatiotemporal pattern of cultivated land pressure in diverse periods from 2000 to 2018 based on a modified cultivated land pressure index and spatial correlation models. On this basis, it explored the influencing factors of the spatial differentiation of cultivated land pressure in the late stage of the study using geographical detector as well as multi-scale geographically weighted regression model. The results indicated that: 1) in the study period, the global cultivated land pressure index of the study area decreased gradually, but cultivated land pressure increased locally in a significant way, especially in the central and southern Shandong Province;2) the spatial pattern of cultivated land pressure manifested global clustering features. Hot and secondary-hot spots presented a narrowing and clustering trend, whereas cold and secondary-cold spots manifested a spreading and clustering trend;3) average slope, the proportion of non-grain crops, population urbanization rate, and multiple cropping index have significant effects on the spatial differentiation of cultivated land pressure. The former three factors were positively correlated with cultivated land pressure, and the last factor was negatively correlated with cultivated land pressure;and 4) the amount of cultivated land has increased in the central and southern Shandong Province through land consolidation which, nonetheless, failed to improve the grain production. In regards to major grain producing areas similar to the HEZ in China, the authors suggest that great importance should be given to the balance of the quality and quantity of cultivated land, the optimization of agricultural production factors and the rational control of non-grain crops, thus providing a powerful guarantee for grain security in China.

Identification of the Breach of Short-Term Rental Regulations in Irish Rent Pressure Zones

The housing crisis in Ireland has rapidly grown in recent years. To make a more significant profit, many landlords are no longer renting out their houses under long-term tenancies but under short-term tenancies. Regulating rentals in Rent Pressure Zones with the highest and rising rents is becoming a tricky issue. In this paper, we develop a breach identifier to check short-term rentals located in Rent Pressure Zones with potential breaches only using publicly available data from Airbnb (an online marketplace focused on short-term home-stays) and Irish government websites. First, we use a Residual Neural Network to filter out outdoor landscape photos that negatively impact identifying whether an owner has multiple rentals in a Rent Pressure Zone. Second, a Siamese Neural Network is used to compare the similarity of indoor photos to determine if multiple rental posts correspond to the same residence. Next, we use the Haversine algorithm to locate short-term rentals within a circle centered on the coordinate of a permit. Short-term rentals with a permit will not be restricted. Finally, we improve the occupancy estimation model combined with sentiment analysis, which may provide higher accuracy.

PRESSURE DISTRIBUTION ON THE GRIP ZONES IN THE CONFORM PROCESS

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Development and prospect of downhole monitoring and data transmission technology for separated zone water injection

This article outlines the development of downhole monitoring and data transmission technology for separated zone water injection in China.According to the development stages,the principles,operation processes,adaptability and application status of traditional downhole data acquisition method,cable communications and testing technology,cable-controlled downhole parameter real-time monitoring communication method and downhole wireless communication technology are introduced in detail.Problems and challenges of existing technologies in downhole monitoring and data transmission technology are pointed out.According to the production requirement,the future development direction of the downhole monitoring and data transmission technology for separated zone water injection is proposed.For the large number of wells adopting cable measuring and adjustment technology,the key is to realize the digitalization of downhole plug.For the key monitoring wells,cable-controlled communication technology needs to be improved,and downhole monitoring and data transmission technology based on composite coiled tubing needs to be developed to make the operation more convenient and reliable.For large-scale application in oil fields,downhole wireless communication technology should be developed to realize automation of measurement and adjustment.In line with ground mobile communication network,a digital communication network covering the control center,water distribution station and oil reservoir should be built quickly to provide technical support for the digitization of reservoir development.

Constraints of REE and trace elements of high-pressure-veins and host rocks in western Tianshan on origin of deep fluids in paleosubduction zones

The western Tianshan high-pressure(HP) metamorphic belt represents the paleosubduction mélange of paleozoic south Tianshan ocean between the Yili-central Tianshan and Tarim plates. High-pressure veins are extensively developed in this HP belt. Compared with normal mid-ocean ridge basalt(N-MORB), the high-pressure veins and host rocks are enriched in light rare earth elements(LREE) and incompatible elements. But high-pressure veins show a larger variation than host rocks in total REE abundance. On the trace element spidergram, all the samples are enriched in incompatible elements and show strong positive Pb anomaly relative to N-MORB. The array tendency lines of plots of the HP rocks have apparent slopes on diagram of m(Sr) vs m(Sr)/m(Zr), m(Li) vs m(Li)/m(Y) and (m(Ce)) vs m(Ce)/m(Pb), which indicates that the enrichment in LREE and incompatible elements relative to N-MORB of the HP-metamorphic rocks from western Tianshan is not attributed to magma evolution process of the protolith. High field strength elements, such as Nb, Ta, Ti, Zr and Hf, do not show negative anomaly relative to N-MORB, which is dissimilar to that of island arc basalts. Therefore, the enrichment in LREE and incompatible elements of the HP rocks is not attributed to the enrichment of the source of the protolith. The mass ratios of Rb to Ba, Ce to Pb, Nb to U and Ta to U of high-pressure veins and host rocks are intermediate of mid-ocean ridge basalt or oceanic island basalt and continental crust. The fluids in western Tianshan paleosubduction zones are mixtures of two sources, dehydration or devolatilization of host rocks and of subducted sediments.

Fluid flow on centimeter-scale in deep paleosubduction zones in western Tianshan,China:Evidence from high-pressure veins

High-pressure(HP)veins were extensively developed in western Tianshan high-pressure(HP)metamorphic belt.The HP vein and host-rocks were analyzed by electronic microprobe to trace the origin of vein-forming fluids.Analytical data show that the immediately adjacent host-rocks of the studied HP vein are eclogites and gradually turned into blueschist as the distance from the veins increases,which indicates that the vein-forming fluid was derived from adjacent host-rocks;the boundaries between the vein and the host-rocks are sharp,which indicates that the fracture of the host-rocks is brittle during the vein-forming process.It is suggested that this type of HP veins is precipitated from the liquid formed by the dehydration of the host-rocks during the prograde metamorphism from blueschist to eclogite facies,which results in hydrofracturing of the rocks and provides the space for the vein to precipitate.The width of the eclogite-facies host-rocks is usually 1-2 cm,which provides the direct evidence that the fluid flow is on centimeter-scale.

四川盆地PT1井区海相地层工程地质特征研究

PT1井区超深海相地层钻井过程中气侵和井漏频发,严重制约该区块的安全高效开发。文章基于有效应力法,利用最优化方法开展了海相地层孔隙压力评价;结合断层和裂缝发育程度探讨了PT1井区气侵和井漏纵横向分布特征。结果表明,受异常高压和裂缝发育程度的双重影响,气侵主要发生在龙潭组,占比达40%;井漏主要发生在筇竹寺组和灯影组,占总漏失量的80%以上。气侵与异常压力、裂缝发育程度、断裂情况等因素有关,异常高压是气侵内在的原因,而断裂带和发育的构造裂缝为气侵提供了必要条件。井漏层位和漏失量主要受一、二级大型断裂带控制,不同断裂带的影响具有显著的叠加效应,断裂带附近发育的构造裂缝为漏失提供了通道,距离F I7断裂越近越易出现漏失,且漏失量越大。研究成果为PT1井区钻井过程井下复杂预防和处理提供了科学支撑。

渝东南复杂构造区常压页岩气地球物理勘探实践及攻关方向

中国南方常压页岩气资源潜力大,主要分布于四川盆地周缘构造复杂区及盆外褶皱带,具有地表、地下双复杂地质条件,地震采集品质差、成像精度低、甜点参数变化规律不清。本文系统总结了渝东南地区常压页岩气地震采集、成像处理、储层预测等方面的研究成果与技术进展:①形成了变密度三维观测系统设计技术、灰岩地表复杂山地地震激发接收技术,确保复杂地下构造反射波场充分采样,提升采集资料品质,提高施工效率。②完善了复杂山地地震叠前预处理技术、盆缘过渡带复杂构造成像技术、盆外褶皱带向斜构造成像技术,成果剖面信噪比高,有效频带宽,构造成像精度高。③基于岩石物理特征研究,实现优质页岩厚度、地层压力系数、脆性的定量预测;基于统计岩石物理,实现页岩有机碳含量、含气量、孔隙度的定量预测;利用有限元应力场模拟技术,揭示古应力场演化,实现多期构造改造叠加作用形成裂缝的定量预测;采用组合弹簧模型今应力场预测技术,明确今地应力场分布规律。通过攻关研究,有效指导了常压页岩气甜点预测与勘探开发,为南川常压页岩气田的发现提供了依据。下步应重点攻关基于5G无线节点接收的更加科学合理的地震采集技术、复杂山地高陡构造高精度自动化成像处理技术,以及“地质—工程—经济”一体化的甜点地震评价方法。

强夯作用下回填砂土挡墙墙后土压力分布研究

挡土墙墙后土压力分布是墙体形状及配筋设计的重要依据,为研究强夯作用下挡墙墙后土压力分布规律,开展了自重、堆载及强夯荷载下的挡土墙物理模型试验,通过不同深度的土压力监测,分析了夯击落距和夯击次数对墙后土压力分布的影响,重点分析了强夯冲击松动区的影响,并基于等效静力法修正了强夯作用下墙后土压力理论计算公式。结果表明:单次夯击作用下墙后土压力瞬间增大至极值后逐渐衰减至稳定,随着夯击次数的增多,土体逐渐密实,相应的墙后土压力会逐次增加;浅部土体在强夯作用下会形成冲击松动区,松动区内土体变得松散从而土压力值较小,而松动区下部土压力随深度迅速增大后再减小,呈“鼓肚”状非线性分布;松动区土体重度、松动区厚度尤其是后者对于墙后土压力理论分布曲线影响较大,考虑松动区影响的墙后土压力等效静力法修正理论公式更符合实际情况。

绿色数字金融缓解财政压力了吗?——来自改革创新试验区的证据

基于2014—2021年285个城市数字金融普惠指数及相关数据,将绿色金融改革创新试验区绿色数字金融相关政策如何缓解地方财政压力视为“准自然实验”,描述绿色数字金融的内涵,利用双重差分法提取中国绿色金融改革创新试验区数字金融的变化趋势,将其作为衡量绿色数字金融的标准,实证中国绿色金融宏观政策背景下微观数字金融发展对缓解地方财政压力的贡献程度、异质性特征及作用机制。绿色数字金融显著缓解了地方财政压力,结论通过了稳健性和内生性检验;绿色数字金融对不同资源禀赋、不同行政等级和不同财政分权程度的城市财政压力影响具有异质性;绿色数字金融可以通过金融发展的补充效应、能源结构和产业结构的优化效应缓解地方财政压力;绿色数字金融可以促进财政透明度的提升。建议总结和推广绿色数字金融发展经验并及时扩容试验区,根据效用最大化原则缓解地方财政压力,可优先从低行政级别财政压力较大的城市中选择资源型和强财政分权城市进行试验区扩容或推行绿色数字金融相关政策,并积极推动绿色财政数字化建设。

三向非等压应力场下围岩主应力差与塑性区分布关系研究

首先,以弹性理论为基础推导出考虑巷道轴向应力影响的主应力差解析式,通过变化水平侧压比、轴向侧压比研究完全弹性条件时不同应力场下主应力差分布形态演化规律。其次,推导出考虑轴向应力作用的围岩塑性区近似解,研究不同应力环境下围岩的塑性区形态演化规律。最后,对比分析主应力差及塑性区形态特征,研究二者分布形态的对应关系,并通过数值模拟验证理论分析的正确性。研究结果表明:在弹性理论下,三向应力场条件的主应力差值分布会呈现圆形、椭圆形、蝶形3种形态的演化规律;在考虑巷道塑性破坏的情况下,主应力差值在σx、σz较小一侧形成峰值壳,在较大一侧形成卸压壳。在不同水平侧压比及轴向侧压比情况下,围岩塑性区形态会呈现圆形—椭圆形、椭圆形—蝶形、蝶形恶性扩展3个阶段的演化过程。巷道主应力差的分布形态在一定程度上可以反映塑性区形态,主应力差和塑性区在相同应力条件下的形态特征具有逐一对应关系,且二者形态在很大程度上由水平侧压比决定,轴向侧压比对塑性区形态影响较小。160206回风巷在偏转式主应力差集中区形成非对称异化特征。本文基于分析及现场破坏情况提出的联合协同支护技术在现场应用效果较好。

随钻地层压力预监测技术研究与应用——以库车坳陷克拉苏构造带博孜-大北地区为例

沉积盆地中普遍存在异常高压,库车前陆盆地克拉苏构造带经历了多期构造运动,纵向发育多套压力系统,超压成因机制差异化显著,钻井施工难度大。因此,地层压力准确预监测对钻井工程参数、泥浆性能、井身结构优化及安全高效钻井意义重大。本文通过地震、测井、钻井资料研究基础上,开展了克拉苏构造带超压成因机制以及纵横向压力分布特征研究,基于传统dc指数压力预监测方法,引入全烃校正系数创新优化了dc指数计算模型,提高了准确性和时效性,通过10口井的现场应用表明,该方法符合率高,计算结果相对误差为平均5.7%,效果较好,适用于复杂成因和地层,能够为塔里木油田钻井现场规避井漏、卡钻等风险提供及时有效的科学依据。

海上风电单柱复合筒型基础复合加载条件下的承载特性

为研究新型海上风电单柱复合筒型基础在二维复合加载条件下的承载特性,利用有限元模型计算,首先得到模型在一维荷载空间下的极限承载力,随后通过施加不同的竖向荷载,得到在V-H、V-M、V-H-M荷载空间下的承载能力包络图,并分析不同二维荷载工况下的单柱复合筒型基础各位置处的土压力分布情况以及筒体底部等效塑性应变区的变化情况。结果表明:对于单柱复合筒型基础,在一定范围内,竖向荷载(0~0.15倍竖向极限承载力)的存在能够增大结构的水平及弯矩承载力;在V-H与V-M荷载空间中,基础各位置处的土压力变化、土体等效塑性应变变化具有一定的相似性,可互相对映参考;基础所承受的最大土压力位置与基础受力倾倒方向一致;随着竖向荷载的增加,结构达到极限承载力时,基础底部土体等效塑性应变区的范围与深度相应扩大。

在役岩溶隧道衬砌水压分布及预警控制标准研究

随着强降雨天气的频发,在役岩溶隧道衬砌开裂、渗漏水及失稳破坏事故日益增多。地表降雨补给下衬砌背后积聚高水压力是岩溶隧道发生水压灾害的主要原因,对在役岩溶隧道开展监测预警是避免灾害发生的重要手段。以郑万线岩溶隧道为依托,开展了相似模型试验及渗流数值模拟,研究了不同岩溶形态下衬砌背后水压分布规律及衬砌隆起位移,制定了岩溶隧道运营监测预警控制标准。结果表明:当地表降雨补给超过隧道排水能力时,衬砌背后将形成“地表补给+洞内排水”的动水压力,仰拱底部极易积聚高水压力;地层中存在岩溶管腔和溶蚀裂隙带时,地表降雨将会导致衬砌水压局部增高,衬砌承受偏压荷载,并使仰拱受力进一步劣化;以隧道仰拱中心水压力和隆起位移作为控制基准,将岩溶隧道运营监测预警等级划分正常运营、临时补修、限速整治和封闭整治。研究成果可为岩溶隧道的结构设计优化及监测预警提供借鉴。

基于TMVOC模拟的大气压力波动对土壤中苯迁移转化影响研究

为探究大气压力波动下苯系物(BTEX)的迁移转化规律,提升石化污染场地土壤地下水污染治理水平,以西北某炼化场地为研究对象,结合室内土柱试验与TMVOC软件模拟,开展BTEX泄漏模拟,研究不同大气压力波动幅度下苯在包气带与含水层中的迁移转化规律。结果表明:大气压力循环波动会引起包气带中的气相苯发生相间非平衡态迁移,导致气相质量分数增加0.1%~0.5%;非水相液体(NAPL)污染物转化为气相污染物,进而通过大气挥发是主要的质量损失方式,该转化会造成场地及周边的大气环境污染;同时大气压力波动的幅度与气相转变发生时间存在负线性相关关系。研究显示,大气压力波动显著影响了苯的相态转化与迁移过程,促进了苯的相态转化,使得更多的苯转化为气相,造成大气环境污染。

高温高压实验揭示俯冲带蛇纹岩熔融行为与高镁岩浆成因

近年来一些研究在岛弧岩浆中发现了蛇纹岩组分,这表明俯冲至弧下的蛇纹岩不仅为地幔楔提供流体,而且可以通过部分熔融参与岛弧岩浆形成。然而,蛇纹岩在地幔楔中的熔融行为及其在俯冲带物质循环中的作用仍未进行深入研究。因此,本研究选择3种蛇纹岩样品:蚀变原岩分别为二辉橄榄岩(SE2)和方辉橄榄岩(SE3)的天然蛇纹岩,以及模拟含有大量滑石的合成蛇纹岩样品(SEQ),在700~1300℃和4 GPa的温度压力条件下进行了模拟实验,限定了蛇纹岩的熔融温度,分析了实验产生的熔体成分。研究发现,不同类型蛇纹岩的固相线存在显著差异,SE3、SEQ和SE2蛇纹岩的固相线分别为900~960℃、960~1100℃以及1150~1200℃。这3种蛇纹岩的固相线均高于俯冲板片上表面的温度,要求蛇纹岩通过底辟作用进入地幔楔以发生部分熔融。根据实验结果,本研究认为SE2和SEQ蛇纹岩可以在地幔楔底部相对较低的温度条件下(960~1100℃)即发生熔融,产生科马提质岩浆;而在上覆地幔楔更高温度条件下(>1200℃),SE2蛇纹岩可以发生更广泛、更高程度的部分熔融,产生玻安质岩浆。