Methods of Power Balance Analysis and Estimation of Current Density Profile for LHCD and IBW Discharges in HT-7 Tokamak

In this paper a simple code has been developed to analyze power balance and qualitatively evaluate current profiles for discharges with lower hybrid current drive （LHCD） and ion Bernstein wave （IBW） heating in the HT-7 tokamak. Electron and ion thermal diffusivity, profiles of the bootstrap current density and total plasma current density can be estimated by this code using the experimental data. This code offers an easy and reasonable means to understand plasma transport in HT-7.

Relationship between the Current Account Balance Ratio and Salary Ratio in Japanese Municipal Hospitals

Background: While public municipal hospitals in Japan are supported by public financing and are less likely to fail than private hospitals, more than half are in financial deficit. Hospitals running at a deficit may have poorer outcomes and less investment in maintenance of human or physical capital, as well as increased rates of patient adverse events. We sought to clarify the relationship between municipal hospital surpluses or deficits and salary expenditures. Methods: We extracted financial data for 253 general hospitals of 300 beds or more from financial statements for the 2013 fiscal year available in the Yearbook of Public Firms, Edition for Hospital. From these data, we calculated account balance ratios and compared the average value of the ratio of labor to the output (salary ratio) for each group using analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results: The salary ratios of hospitals in the surplus group were significantly lower than the salary ratios of hospitals in the deficit group (55.5% vs. 49.4%;p p = 0.342). In the surplus group, the average value of salary ratios was different among the three-bed count groups (mean salary ratio: 53.0% vs. 48.5% vs. 47.4%;ANOVA p = 0.012). In addition, there was a significant difference in mean value between the 300-bed group and ≥500 beds group (mean salary ratio: 53.0% vs. 47.4%;p = 0.002). Conclusion: This study suggests that maintaining a favorable salary ratio to the current account balance is a useful proxy of fiscal health, and interventions to improve the salary ratio may be effective in improving municipal hospital management. Furthermore, among well-managed municipal hospitals, larger hospital size may confer some advantage in purchasing power.

Optimization of Energy Resource Management for Assembly Line Balancing Using Adaptive Current Search

This paper aimed to present the optimization of energy resource management in a car factory by the adaptive current search (ACS)—one of the most efficient metaheuristic optimization search techniques. Assembly lines of a specific car factory considered as a case study are balanced by the ACS to optimize their energy resource management. The workload variance of the line is performed as the objective function to be minimized in order to increase the productivity. In this work, the ACS is used to address the number of tasks assigned for each workstation, while the sequence of tasks is assigned by factory. Three real-world assembly line balancing (ALB) problems from a specific car factory are tested. Results obtained by the ACS are compared with those obtained by the genetic algorithm (GA), tabu search (TS) and current search (CS). As results, the ACS outperforms other algorithms. By using the ACS, the productivity can be increased and the energy consumption of the lines can be decreased significantly.

Heat Transfer Analysis on Wire Icing and the Current Preventing from Icing

This study concerns the heat transfer processes during ice accretion on wires. The steady state heat balance equation assumed to describe the thermodynamics at the surface of a current heated wire subjected to icing is obtained by analyzing and computing each terms of heat flux. The surface temperature of wire is derived from the heat balance equation, which gives out a proposed estimation of the current intensity to prevent the wire icing

Counter-Wind Deep Current in the Northern Beibu Gulf in Boreal Winter

The Beibu Gulf is at an important geographical location and rich in gas, oil and biological resources. The observed currents showed that the current in the upper layer was opposite to that in the lower layer in boreal winter in the northern Beibu Gulf and it was northeastward in the lower layer. This northeastward current was reproduced by a 3 D baroclinic model in this study. It's found that the counter-wind deep current(referred to as ‘CWDC' hereinafter) strengthened from September to November but weakened from December to the following February. A closed meridional circulation in vertical direction was found in the northern Beibu Gulf, including CWDC, surface southwestward current, an upwelling, and a downwelling. The temporal variation process of the meridional circulation was similar to that of CWDC, with strength and range stronger in November and December than in other four months. Similar to the variation process of CWDC, the monsoon wind changed from weak easterly wind in September to strong northeasterly wind in November and December, and it was transformed into weak southeasterly wind in February again. The sensitive experiments showed that CWDC and the meridional circulation were controlled by the monsoon wind and were adjusted by heat flux-and tide-induced mixing, respectively. According to the momentum balance equation, it can be revealed the counter-wind deep current is a compensation current which is induced by the surface elevation gradient balanced by the Coriolis force, vertical diffusion and baroclinic pressure gradient.

The Upper 1000-m Slope Currents North of the South Shetland Islands and Elephant Island Based on Ship Cruise Observations

While the Antarctic Slope Current(ASC) has been intensively studied for the East Antarctica slope area and the Weddell Sea, its fate in the western Antarctic Peninsula(WAP) region remains much less known. Data from two cruises conducted near the South Shetland Islands(SSIs) and the Elephant Island(EI), one in austral summer of 2004 and one in austral winter of 2006, were analyzed to provide a broad picture of the circulation pattern over the continental slope of the surveyed area, and an insight into the dynamical balance of the circulation. The results indicate that southwestward currents are present over the upper slope in the study area, indicating the ASC in the WAP region. Near the Shackleton Gap(SG) north of the EI, the southwestward slope currents near the shelf break are characterized by a water mass colder and fresher than the ambient water, which produces cross-slope density gradients and then vertical shear of the along-slope(or along-isobath) velocity. The vertical shear is associated with a reversal of the along-slope current from northeastward at surface to southwestward in deeper layers, or a depth-intensification of the southwestward slope currents. The water mass with temperature and salinity characteristics similar to the observed cold and fresh water is also revealed on the southern slope of the Scotia Sea, suggesting that this cold and fresh water is originated from the Scotia Sea slope and flows southwestward through the SG. Over the shelf north of the SSIs, the cold and fresh water mass is also observed and originates mainly from the Bransfield Strait. In this area, vertical structure of the southwestward slope currents is associated with the onshore intrusion of the upper Circumpolar Deep Water that creates cross-slope density gradients.

An analytical diagnostic model of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current

Based on a linear quasi-geostrophic vorticity equation, we have set up an analytical diagnostic mode for the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. The results show that the balance among wind stress,ocean horizontal viscous stress and the β-effect is the basic balance of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, and the center velocity of the jet, coming from the Drake Passage,will decrease due to the ocean dynamic adjustment, and the width in the north-south direction will decreasegradually. The jet coming from the Drake Passage moves about 4°northward because of the inducement of winddrivencurrents. The clockwise vorticity appearing in the south-west corner corresponds to the Weddell Gyre.The characters of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current described by the model are congruous with observations basically.

Absolute geostrophic currents in global tropical oceans

A set of absolute geostrophic current(AGC) data for the period January 2004 to December 2012 are calculated using the P-vector method based on monthly gridded Argo profi les in the world tropical oceans. The AGCs agree well with altimeter geostrophic currents, Ocean Surface Current Analysis-Real time currents, and moored current-meter measurements at 10-m depth, based on which the classical Sverdrup circulation theory is evaluated. Calculations have shown that errors of wind stress calculation, AGC transport, and depth ranges of vertical integration cannot explain non-Sverdrup transport, which is mainly in the subtropical western ocean basins and equatorial currents near the Equator in each ocean basin(except the North Indian Ocean, where the circulation is dominated by monsoons). The identifi ed nonSverdrup transport is thereby robust and attributed to the joint effect of baroclinicity and relief of the bottom(JEBAR) and mesoscale eddy nonlinearity.

Spin-dependent balance equations in spintronics

It is commonly known that the hydrodynamic equations can be derived from the Boltzmann equation. In this paper, we derive similar spin-dependent balance equations based on the spinor Boltzmann equation. Besides the usual charge current, heat current, and pressure tensor, we also explore the characteristic spin accumulation and spin current as well as the spin-dependent pressure tensor and heat current in spintronics. The numerical results of these physical quantities are demonstrated using an example of spin-polarized transport through a mesoscopic ferromagnet.

Frequency Control of Power System with Renewable Power Sources by HVDC Interconnection Line and Battery Considering Energy Balancing

Recently, introduction of renewable energy sources like wind power generation and photovoltaic power generation has been increasing from the viewpoint of environmental problems. However, renewable energy power supplies have unstable output due to the influence of weather conditions such as wind speed variations, which may cause fluctuations of voltage and frequency in the power system. This paper proposes fuzzy PD based virtual inertia control system to decrease frequency fluctuations in power system caused by fluctuating output of renewable energy sources. The proposed new method is based on the coordinated control of HVDC interconnection line and battery, and energy balancing control is also incorporated in it. Finally, it is concluded that the proposed system is very effective for suppressing the frequency fluctuations of the power system due to the large-scale wind power generation and solar power generation and also for keeping the energy balancing in the HVDC transmission line.

Relating Demography to Trade Imbalances through Theoretical Modeling and Numerical Simulation

Demographic transitions occur at different times and speed across different economies, and age structures consequently differ across regions. Using a solvable four-phase model, we show that economies with a higher proportion of working-age force and a lower dependency ratio tend to have higher savings rates. Because the demographic ＂ center of gravity＂for investment demand falls at a younger point in the age distribution than that of savings supply, countries with a younger age-distribution like those described above generate national savings in excess of domestic investment, resulting in a current account surplus. Numerical simulation supports this hypothesis. But the relative youth or age of a country＇s population reflects temporary demographic trends which change continuously. Therefore, while trade imbalances caused by demographic factors are structural and long-term, they are not permanent, and may be reversed by changes in age structure.

FCS-MPC for four-switch three-phase AC-DC converters with DC-link capacitor voltage balancing

Due to the decrease in the number of switches for the four-switch three-phase alternating current-direct current(FSTP AC-DC)converter,it can easily lead to DC-link capacitor voltage imbalance and the system stability reduction.In order to solve these problems,a finite control set model predictive control(FCS-MPC)for FSTP AC-DC converters with DC-link capacitor voltage balancing is proposed.In this strategy,in order to facilitate calculation,theαβcoordinate system model is established and all voltage vectors are evaluated by establishing a cost function.During the whole process,phase locked loop(PLL)and complex modulation strategy are not required.In the new established cost function,the additional objective term of suppressing capacitor voltage fluctuation is to eliminate effectively the capacitor voltages oscillations and deviations and improve the system reliability.The simulation results show that the proposed strategy can keep the capacitor voltage balancing and has good dynamic and static performance.

Empirical Study of China's Rural Consumption Function from the Perspective of Balancing Urban and Rural Development

From the perspective of balancing urban and rural development,this article researches the factors influencing the consumption level of rural residents in China.I select the relevant data concerning per capita net income of rural households and annual per capita consumer spending of rural residents for living in the period 1985-2008,establish the regression model of per capita net income of rural households and per capita consumer spending of rural residents for living,and conduct regression analysis and error correction model test using the measurement software.The analysis results show that there is not only long-term equilibrium relationship between rural residents' current consumption and rural residents' current income,between rural residents' consumption in lag period 1 and rural residents' income in lag period 1,but also short-term equilibrium relationship;current income is the main reason for determining the current consumption).Corresponding proposals are put forward to promote the level of rural consumption in China as follows:propel agricultural modernization;actively develop specialized cooperative organizations of rural residents;improve rural land transfer mechanism;promote the level of public services in rural areas;accelerate the transfer of rural surplus labor.

宽输入电压范围的软开关四路均流LED驱动器

为了应对LED的不同输入电压等级应用场合,提出了一种具有宽输入电压范围的四路LED驱动器。该驱动器将Buck-Boost结构集成到全桥网络中,通过不同的开关组合工作在不同的模式,从而获得宽增益。采用无源均流方式实现了四路LED输出均流。由于驱动器的工作特性,开关管无需添加无损缓冲电路即可在全范围内实现零电压开通。详细分析了该驱动器的调制策略、工作原理和性能。最后,搭建了一个69 W的实验样机,实验结果表明该驱动器的输入电压范围为17 V~216 V,均流误差低于3.7%,最大效率可达97.8%。

一种适用三电平并联系统的虚拟矢量调制策略

直流侧中点电位平衡和零序环流抑制是保证三电平逆变器并联系统正常运行的重要问题,然而基于冗余小矢量对调节的环流抑制方案进一步增加空间矢量脉宽调制(space vector pulse width modulation,SVPWM)中点电流无法对称消除的场景,加剧双机系统中点电位不平衡程度。该文基于虚拟矢量合成思路,提出一种满足零序环流抑制和中点电位平衡需求的双机虚拟矢量调制方法。该方法重新定义虚拟中矢量,通过缩短中矢量作用时间和增加参与合成的对称冗余小矢量以减少中点电流不平衡场景;分析不同扇区不同控制目标下虚拟矢量合成规则,利用相占空比法优化虚拟矢量的作用顺序,减少矢量合成过程中的开关次数。与传统SVPWM策略下中点电压变化量的对比分析表明,所提方法能够削弱环流抑制和中点电位平衡的耦合关系。最后,利用Starsim平台实验验证该策略的有效性。

电容电压平衡的四电平有源中性点钳位逆变器的改进模型预测电流控制

多电平有源中点钳位(ANPC)逆变器具有功率器件电压应力小、电流谐波低和器件损耗可调控等优点,被广泛应用于工业驱动中。针对四电平ANPC(4L-ANPC)逆变器的控制与调制研究相对较少,现有的调制方案实现复杂,中点电压(NPV)控制难度较大。因此,该文针对三相4L-ANPC逆变器,提出一种改进的有限集模型预测电流控制(FS-MPCC)算法,避免了复杂的调制过程。首先,使用仅包含电流误差的代价函数对位于六边形顶点的6个大电压矢量进行寻优;其次,对参与第一步寻优的大矢量划分扇区,使用包含电流误差和电容电压误差的代价函数对最优大矢量所在扇区的所有电压矢量滚动寻优,得到目标电压矢量并作用于逆变器;最后,仿真和实验结果表明,与传统的FS-MPCC相比,所提方法在降低系统计算负担的同时,还具有较好的控制性能和电容电压平衡能力。

感应电能传输系统多并联拾取模块电流和输出功率均衡方法

大功率感应电能传输系统通常采用多并联拾取模块结构。然而,多并联拾取模块参数不一致,会导致各个拾取模块的电流和输出功率不均衡,从而降低系统效率,严重时会因模块过流而造成系统故障。为解决该问题,文中提出一种基于并联拾取模块补偿电容器的多并联拾取模块电流和输出功率均衡方法。首先,介绍了传统感应电能传输系统与所提出的感应电能传输系统拓扑的特性。然后,分别分析了互感、拾取线圈自感及内阻对电流分布和系统效率的影响。最后,通过4个并联拾取模块的感应电能传输系统实验平台验证了所提方法的有效性。实验结果表明,采用所提方法时多并联拾取模块的电流和输出功率基本一致,并且相比传统感应电能传输系统,系统效率最高提升了2.21%。

电网不对称故障下MMC自适应相功率均衡控制策略

交流电网不对称故障工况下模块化多电平换流器(modular multilevel converter,MMC)存在相功率不均衡的问题,常规的基于直流环流注入的调控方法会引起桥臂电流不对称,导致各相电流应力不相等;而基于零序电压注入的方法可能导致系统过调制,危害系统安全稳定运行。针对传统相功率均衡控制策略的局限性,提出一种交流电网不对称故障下MMC自适应相功率均衡控制策略。首先,分析基于零序电压和直流环流注入的MMC相间功率调控原理,指出不同方法单独进行相间功率均衡的局限性。其次,研究零序电压注入方法的过调制边界,引入相功率分配系数,给出不同故障下相功率系数优化方法,提出基于零序电压和直流环流注入协调的MMC自适应相功率均衡控制策略。最后,通过仿真验证了机理分析与所提控制策略的正确性和有效性。

高精度经颅直流电刺激联合悬吊运动训练对脑卒中患者下肢运动功能的影响

目的 观察高精度经颅直流电刺激(HD-tDCS)联合悬吊运动训练对脑卒中患者下肢运动功能的影响。方法 选择2022年1月-2023年2月在山东大学附属山东省立第三医院康复医学部住院治疗的脑卒中患者120例,按照随机数字表法分为对照组、HD-tDCS组、悬吊组和联合治疗组,每组30例。治疗过程中有4例因中途出院无法继续接受治疗而脱落,其中对照组3例,HD-tDCS组1例,最终对照组、HD-tDCS组、悬吊组和联合治疗组分别纳入27、29、30、30例。对照组接受运动疗法和神经肌肉电刺激等常规康复治疗,25 min/d,1次/d,5 d/周,持续治疗8周;HD-tDCS组在对照组基础上接受HD-tDCS治疗,主要刺激电极置于偏瘫侧脑初级运动皮层M1区(C3/C4),4个接受极分别置于M1区四周约3.5 cm处的C1/C2、C5/C6、FC3/FC4、CP3/CP4区,电流恒定强度2 mA,电流起伏时间30 s,20 min/次,1次/d,5 d/周,持续治疗8周;悬吊组在对照组基础上接受偏瘫侧下肢分离组合运动、动态闭链稳定运动、骨盆摆动和放松运动等悬吊运动训练,25 min/次,1次/d,5 d/周,持续治疗8周;联合治疗组在对照组基础上接受HD-tDCS联合悬吊运动训练。分别于治疗前和治疗4、8周后,采用Fugl-Meyer运动功能量表下肢部分(FMA-LE)评定患者下肢运动功能;采用Berg平衡量表(BBS)评定患者平衡功能;采用功能性步行能力量表(FAC)评定患者功能性步行能力;采用视频步态分析系统评定患者步态时空参数(步频、步速、步长和步行周期)。结果 与治疗前比较,4组治疗4、8周后FMA-LE评分、BBS评分、FAC等级及步态时空参数(步频、步速、步长和步行周期)均明显提高,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。与对照组、HD-tDCS组、悬吊组同一时间点比较,联合治疗组治疗4、8周后FMA-LE、BBS评分均明显更高,治疗8周后FAC等级及步态时空参数(步频、步速、步长及步行周期)均明显更高,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论 HD-tDCS联合悬吊运动训练可有效提高脑卒中患者下肢运动功能、平衡能力和步行能力,值得临床推广应用。

双线圈并联ICPT系统的分布式补偿电流均衡方法

针对双线圈并联的高功率感应耦合电能传输(ICPT)系统存在线圈间补偿电流不均衡问题,提出一种分布式补偿电流均衡方法。首先提出了双线圈并联ICPT系统的分布式补偿网络,然后依据等效思想和迭代思想提出补偿电流均衡方法,根据该方法求解得到补偿参数和各线圈补偿电流表达式,再将该方法拓展到n线圈并联结构。在北京超算云计算中心的COMSOL云平台验证了所提出的方法不仅有效均衡了各线圈的补偿电流,而且谐振状态受参数漂移的影响程度并未因补偿网络的复杂程度增加而增加。最后搭建了实验平台,验证了所提方法的有效性。