Frontogenesis and Frontolysis of a Cold Filament Driven by the Cross-Filament Wind and Wave Fields Simulated by a Large Eddy Simulation

The variations of the frontogenetic trend of a cold filament induced by the cross-filament wind and wave fields are studied by a non-hydrostatic large eddy simulation. Five cases with different strengths of wind and wave fields are studied.The results show that the intense wind and wave fields further break the symmetries of submesoscale flow fields and suppress the levels of filament frontogenesis. The changes of secondary circulation directions—that is, the conversion between the convergence and divergence of the surface cross-filament currents with the downwelling and upwelling jets in the filament center—are associated with the inertial oscillation. The filament frontogenesis and frontolysis caused by the changes of secondary circulation directions may periodically sharpen and smooth the gradient of submesoscale flow fields.The lifecycle of the cold filament may include multiple stages of filament frontogenesis and frontolysis.

台风“利奇马”引发山东极端降水过程分析

利用NCEP-GFS再分析资料,对2019年1909号台风“利奇马”8月10-11日在山东产生极端强降水过程展开分析,并与相似路径台风“安比”进行对比,结果表明:强辐合区和急流的长期维持是极端强降水的直接原因。风场和温度场的不对称性有利于暖湿气流在山东中部长期维持。冷暖平流在山东中部即台风倒槽处交汇,导致台风倒槽内锋生函数的大值区长期维持。冷空气从台风的西侧和南侧侵入,并没有很快破坏台风东北侧气流的暖湿特性。水汽图像能直观地反映出冷空气向东侵入的连续过程。850 hPa水汽通量强辐合区集中在山东中部,为极端降水的出现提供水汽条件。相似路径台风“安比”风场辐合中心强度、锋生强度、水汽通量辐合中心强度远不及“利奇马”的强度,这些都导致类似“安比”的一般台风过程造成山东的降水强度远弱于“利奇马”造成的降水强度。

陕南西南涡暴雨的热动力特征分析

利用10年(2013-2022年)4-10月逐日700 hPa高空图、西南低涡年鉴资料、欧洲中心ERA5再分析资料、陕西省站点降水数据对陕南西南涡暴雨个例进行了统计与诊断分析。结果表明:(1) 10年间共有119个暴雨日,其中由西南涡引起的暴雨日数38天,约占总暴雨日数的三分之一(32%),主要发生在5-9月,6月最多,根据统计降水时段多开始于夜间,结束于白天。(2)影响陕南的西南涡,源地主要是盆地涡,一般东移12~24 h后可造成陕南地区暴雨天气。陕南西南涡暴雨区主要位于700 hPa西南涡中心的东北象限附近,切变线以南区域,假相当位温的梯度大值区,500 hPa西风槽和副高外围西南气流的交汇区域且对应200 hPa强辐散区。(3)对西南涡的垂直结构研究表明,700 hPa强辐合中心位于正涡度中心东侧。这一区域与暴雨落区对应较好。高空急流下的强辐散引起空气质量调整,低层辐合,促使锋生。(4)存在三支水汽输送:通道一来自孟加拉湾西部的暖洋面;通道二源于孟加拉湾东部暖洋面;通道三源于南海洋面。暴雨期间秦巴山区地形产生的气旋式涡度、散度、水汽通量散度与系统性的涡度、散度和水汽通量散度叠加,增强低层辐合,这也是陕南西南涡暴雨形成的一个重要因素。

皖南山区一次暴雪过程地转适应锋生条件分析

地转适应是形成皖南山区地形静止锋且区别平衡锋的另一种锋生机制,而地形静止锋常造成皖南山区局地灾害性天气。因此,开展地转适应锋生条件分析研究对于认识山地地形如何造成灾害性天气有重要意义。以2022年2月22日地形静止锋导致皖南山区暴雪过程为例,利用地面气象观测资料、新一代多普勒天气雷达(CINRAD/SA)基数据资料及欧洲中期天气预报中心ERA5再分析资料,采用雷达三维风场反演技术,计算此次暴雪过程的锋生函数。结果表明:(1)此次锋生过程,东北气流入流增强,流函数梯度增大,造成皖南山区背风坡山脚(30.5°—31.0°N)之间流体密度不连续,在其前沿狭窄区内出现地转适应锋生,随即出现了尺度小、呈纬向分布的局地暴雪天气;地转适应锋生和暴雪天气均发生在中低层为稳定大气层结的湿对称不稳定区内。(2)分析锋生函数及相关因子可见,垂直运动倾斜项对地面锋生贡献占主导作用,水平变形项和辐合项锋生贡献相对很小,说明此次地转适应锋生主要是地面上升运动位温垂直输送作用的结果,非风场形变引起。(3)雷达反演的中尺度风场可见,在风场非平衡状态向地转平衡状态调整的过程中,地形强迫下坡风抬升激发锋区上空1.5~3.0 km高度上的大气中低层出现很强的次级环流,导致在地面冷区冷平流增强降温,地面暖区上空因暴雪降水凝结潜热释放的非绝热加热导致增温,使得锋区位温梯度增大,出现锋生现象。

“21·11”极端暴雪过程多系统结构演变及热动力机制

利用多种实时观测资料和ERA5再分析资料,对造成2021年11月6—8日华北、东北极端暴雪过程多系统的结构特征及热动力机制进行分析。结果表明:此次过程先后由500 hPa高空横槽、河套西风槽及高空冷涡接力影响,其上空的高空急流不断加强并呈现“S”型弯曲,同时低空偏南风急流形成与加强,并在东北地区与高空急流耦合。此次过程阶段性特征明显,其影响系统的结构特征和水汽输送存在差异。回流冷锋形成的冷垫锋面较为浅薄,暖湿气流在其上倾斜上升。寒潮冷锋则较为陡立,上升气流随高度西倾。而锋面气旋结构较为深厚直立,使得气流呈垂直上升运动。随着斜压强迫的不断增强,850 hPa切变线由准东西向分布转为南北向分布,再演变为低涡切变结构。对应的水平涡度由弱转强,其上空正涡度垂直分布也逐渐加强,由弱倾斜上升运动逐步演变为较强垂直上升运动区,并在系统东侧形成次级环流下沉支。此次过程的发生发展与锋生作用密切相关,降雪落区和强度与锋区走向及锋生函数大小较为一致。假相当位温锋区在降雪3个阶段逐渐加强,垂直锋区和低层锋生函数由倾斜状态演变为近乎直立结构;湿位涡诊断表明,3个阶段降雪落区均发生在湿位涡正压项>0而斜压项<0配置的区域,条件性对称不稳定是此次过程的主要动力机制。

2022年7-8月黄河中游强降水极端性特征及其形成机制

采用国家和省级气象站降水观测资料、欧洲中期天气预报中心ERA5再分析资料和美国国家环境信息中心地形高程数据等,详细分析了2022年7-8月黄河中游持续强降水过程的极端性特征和形成机制。结果表明:(1)研究时段黄河中游共出现11轮强降水过程,具有持续时间长、累计雨量大、降水时间间隔短、强降水落区重叠性高等特点;18个站点累计降水量的标准化距平超过2.5,多次降水过程中最大雨强超过50 mm·h^(-1),表现出显著极端性特征,且8月降水的极端性强于7月;强降水雨带分布和黄河中游地形特征密切相关。(2)7-8月亚洲中高纬度贝湖附近高度场标准化距平达-2.5~-1.5(8月超过-3.5),低槽较常年同期异常偏强;强降水过程中副高西脊点呈西进状态,7月副高脊线和北界南北摆幅较大,副高的每一次南北摆动与来自贝湖的冷空气结合,引发一次次强降水过程;8月副高脊线和北界缓慢南退,摆幅较小,持续性强降水形成于副高边缘。(3)8月水汽输送来自孟加拉湾、南海和东海,整层水汽通量积分标准化距平达2.5以上,PWAT维持40~60 mm,其标准化距平在内蒙古南部和晋陕区间北部均为2.5~3.5,局部3.5以上,水汽条件明显强于7月。(4)黄河中游上空存在上干冷下暖湿的不稳定层结,中低层36°N以北形成锋生,北部整层出现上升运动,垂直速度标准化距平达-2.5~-0.5,异常偏强,与强降水落区对应。(5)8月锋生函数分析表明,黄河中游北部降水发生前及发生时均有锋生,锋生值增减与降水强弱变化趋势一致;变形项对总锋生贡献大,倾斜项对总锋消贡献大;降水强度大的过程,锋生伸展高度较高,强度小的过程锋生高度较低,锋生值相对较小。

山东一次春季冷空气10级大风的天气成因

2020年3月18日中午至夜间,山西、河北、北京、天津和山东等地先后出现阵风10级及以上强风天气。利用风廓线雷达、国家级地面气象观测站和欧洲中期天气预报中心(European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts, ECMWF)第五代大气再分析数据(ECMWF Reanalysis v5,ERA5)等资料,对强风过程的天气学成因进行了分析。结果表明:强风发生在低空暖脊异常发展的热力环境条件下,冷锋自黄土高原下到华北平原,中层锋消,垂直方向上发生“断裂”,低层冷锋先行侵入热低压,在锋生过程中发生。强风具有显著的非地转瞬变特征,低层强冷平流是强变压梯度产生的主要因素,变压风叠加在快速移动的冷锋系统中诱发大风,变压风是重要组成部分;低空动量下传效应引起低层风速波动,但不足以直接诱发强风。

Global trends of tropopause folds in recent decades

对流层顶折卷是平流层-对流层物质交换的主要机制.本研究采用三维标记方法,利用1979-2020年间的ERA5再分析数据,分析了对流层顶折卷的时空变化特征及机理.研究结果表明,全球对流层顶折卷的多年变化趋势存在明显的季节性和区域性差异.总体上,对流层顶折卷呈增加趋势,其中北半球的春季,夏季和冬季,对流层顶折卷主要沿副热带急流区呈现明显增加的趋势.进一步分析表明,对流层顶折卷发生频率的增加与大气斜压性增大导致的锋生增强有关,而经向位温梯度的增大使得次级环流增强,也可能促进了对流层顶折卷活动的增多.

秋台风“梅花”造成浙江极端降水成因分析

利用全球降水观测计划卫星降水率产品、地面加密自动站和ERA5再分析资料,对202212号台风“梅花”造成浙江极端降水的成因进行分析。结果表明:台风“梅花”造成的极端降水主要分布在沿海和四明山区,极值在四明山区,9月12—13日强降水由台风北侧外围雨带造成,14日则主要为台风本体降水;高层西南风急流的稳定以及台风“梅花”在移动过程中与西风槽结合有利于维持台风强度并引起台风动力结构不对称;台风“梅花”与副热带高压间的东风是台风发展的主要水汽来源,西太平洋上热带气旋的存在也有利于台风“梅花”北侧水汽输送加强,导致台风强降雨带偏北;台风“梅花”北侧高层始终有位涡下传至对流层中低层,促使低层扰动中心的发展,冷空气侵入造成浙江东部中尺度斜压锋生;受四明山地形影响,台风“梅花”环流西北侧的偏北风进入内陆后形成中尺度辐合线,山前抬升,山后下沉,有利于山前降水增幅。

山东一次低涡切变型暖区暴雨大范围漏报原因

低涡切变型暖区暴雨预报是山东省暴雨预报中的一个难点问题,2021年8月30—31日山东中部及半岛地区出现大范围暖区暴雨天气,主观预报强度偏弱,范围偏小,暴雨出现大范围漏报。本文利用常规数值模式资料、地面观测资料、雷达资料等对漏报原因进行回顾,结果表明:对大气综合稳定度特征、边界层暖锋锋生特征、超低空急流、低空急流与高空急流垂直相互作用,以及边界层和中层弱冷空气的作用判断不够全面,在环境场已经发生变化的情况下,仍然用前期短时间内模式检验结果作为未来模式降水订正的依据等,可能是导致此次暖区暴雨过程预报不足的主要原因;在今后类似预报中应全面分析条件不稳定、对流不稳定和对称不稳定特征,关注边界层假相当位温密集带和边界层暖锋锋生特征,考虑急流垂直三维结构以及不同高度弱冷空气的作用,并应依据环境场的变化特征,判断数值模式暴雨预报性能,进行合理的动态订正。

陆面与大气边界层热力作用对河西走廊冷锋型沙尘暴的影响

热力作用对河西走廊沙尘源地的起沙过程和沙尘垂直输送具有重要影响,是该地区沙尘暴预报需要考虑的关键因子。为了揭示热力作用对河西走廊冷锋型沙尘暴强度的影响,本文利用ERA5逐时再分析资料和常规气象观测资料,针对发生在河西走廊春季不同强度冷锋型沙尘暴过程,在有利的大气环流形势背景分析基础上,重点诊断分析了边界层气温、锋生函数和地表热通量等热力机制的异同。结果表明:(1)区域冷锋型沙尘暴强度除受高低空风速影响外,其高空到地面冷暖空气强度和位置,地面热低压中心强度及冷锋过境时间等起着重要作用;(2)午后地表感热通量及其09:00-14:00(北京时)感热通量增幅越大,沙尘暴强度越强,一般、强和特强沙尘暴区感热通量最大值(增幅)分别为367(307)W·m^(-2)、417(360)W·m^(-2)和460(380)W·m^(-2);(3)沙尘暴强度随边界层1.5 km以下爆发前一天增温和爆发前后一天升(降)温差增大而增强,一般、强和特强沙尘暴升温(升降温差)分别为2.9(-16.5)℃、4.9(-17.0)℃和7.9(-22.8)℃;(4)锋生强度越强或者锋生高度越高,沙尘暴越强,一般、强和特强沙尘暴锋生强度分别为208×10^(-10)、477×10^(-10)和588×10^(-10) K·m^(-1)·s^(-1),锋生高度分别为767、686和450 hPa。本文研究结果对河西走廊沙尘暴发生发展的陆面热力特征有一定科学认识,为有效提高沙尘暴预报预警准确率提供新的思路和技术方法。

广西一次持续性强降水的机理特征分析

文章利用2019年7月中国地面气象站逐小时降水资料、ECMWF ERA5再分析资料及美国“奋进”号航天飞机的SRTM 250 m地形数字高程模型(DEM)数据,对广西壮族自治区北部一次低涡(切变)引起的持续性强降水进行了成因和机理特征探究。结果表明:该过程是冷空气南下受桂北地形阻挡并与暖湿空气交绥引起锋生和旺盛对流,水汽源源不断向桂北输送和辐合,较强锋生起始高度较高且不深厚,但在中低层存在一定的干冷空气侵入,增强了大气的不稳定度,进一步激发强锋生和对流;随着地面冷空气的补充,强锋生高度更低、强度更强,表征更高效率的暖云降水,指示极端日降水的发生。锋生结构变化在一定程度上能指示降水强度变化,能为强降水预报提供有意义的着眼点。

A Generalized Frontogenesis Function and Its Application

With the definition of generalized potential temperature, a new generalized frontogenesis function, which is expressed as the Lagrangian change rate of the magnitude of the horizontal generalized potential temperature gradient, is derived. Such a frontogenesis function is more appropriate for a real moist atmosphere because it can reflect frontogenesis processes, in which the atmosphere in a frontal zone is typically characterized by neither completely dry nor uniform saturation. Furthermore, by derivation, the expression of generalized frontogenesis function includes both temperature and humidity gradients, which is different from and superior to the traditional frontogenesis function in moist processes, which also uses equivalent potential temperature. Diagnostic studies of real cases are performed and show that the generalized frontogenesis function in non- uniformly saturated moist atmosphere indeed provides a useful tool for frontogenesis, compared to using the traditional frontogenesis function. The new frontogenesis function can be used in situations involving either a strong temperature or moisture gradient and is closely correlated with precipitation.

Investigation of the Mei-yu Front Using a New Deformation Frontogenesis Function

A new frontogenesis function is developed and analyzed on the basis of a local change rate of the absolute horizontal gradient of the resultant deformation. Different from the traditional frontogenesis function, the newly defined deformation frontogenesis is derived from the viewpoint of dynamics rather than thermodynamics. Thus, it is more intuitive for the study of frontogenesis because the compaction of isolines of both temperature and moisture can be directly induced by the change of a flow field. This new frontogenesis function is particularly useful for studying the mei-yu front in China because mei-yu rainbands typically consist of a much stronger moisture gradient than temperature gradient, and involve large deformation flow. An analysis of real mei-yu frontal rainfall events indicates that the deformation frontogenesis function works remarkably well, producing a clearer mei-yu front than the traditional frontogenesis function based on a measure of the potential temperature gradient. More importantly, the deformation frontogenesis shows close correlation with the subsequent（6 h later） precipitation pattern and covers the rainband well, bearing significance for the prognosis or even prediction of future precipitation.

Evolution and Frontogenesis of an Imbalanced Flow- the Influence of Vapor Distribution and Orographic Forcing

If the initial fields are not in geostrophic balance, the adjustment and evolution will occur in the stratified fluid. and the frontogenesis will occur under suitable conditions. The evolution is studied here with a nonhydrostatic fully compressible meso-scale model (Advanced Regional Prediction System, ARPS). Four cases are designed and compared: (i) control experiment: (ii) with different initial temperature gradient; (iii) with vapor distribution; (iv) with orographic forcing. The results show that: (1) there is an inertial oscillation in the evolution of the imbalanced flow with the frequency of the local Coriolis f, and with its amplitude decreasing with time. The stationary balanced state can only be approached as it cannot be reached in the limit duration of time. The energy conversion ratio varies in the range of [0, 1; 3]; (2) the stronger initial temperature gradient can make the final energy conversion ratio higher. and vice versa; (3) suitable vapor distribution is favorable for the frontogenesis. It will bring forward the time of the frontogenesis, strengthen the intensity of the cold front, and influence the final energy conversion ratio; (4) the orographic forcing has an evidently strengthening effect on the frontogenesis. The strengthening effect on the frontogenesis and the influence on the final energy conversion ratio depend on the relative location of the mountain to the cold front.

Frontogenesis,Evolution and the Time Scale of Front Formation

Observational study shows that, in some cases, the frontal structure displays the features of gravitative flows. It seems that the formation of discontinuity is an important problem in the study of the frontogenesis which is usually defined as an increasing of the scalar gradient. In this paper, the characteristic features of air flow with initial imbalance between the wind and the density fields are studied. Much attention is paid on the condition for the formation of discontinuity and its time scale. It is found that the initial distribution of density plays an important role in the formation of the discontinuity which happens in short time duration.

Application of the Artificial Compression Method to the Simulation of Two-Dimensional Frontogenesis

The artificial compression method (ACM) that is generally used to capture the contact discontinuity in nonviscous flows is used here in the simulation of quasi-geostrophic ideal frontogenesis in two dimensions. A comparison is made among the result of the ACM, the simulation result of Cullen, and the exact solution of the semi-geostrophic equations. The simulated front in this paper is more prominent than Cullen&#8242;s and is much closer to the exact solution.

Interaction of Mesoscale Convection and Frontogenesis

On the basis of the MM5 simulation data of the severe storm that occurred over the southeastern part of Hubei province on 21 July 1998, the interaction of mesoscale convection and frontogenesis is dealt with using the thermodynamical equation and frontogenetical function. The results show that the outbreak of the severe storm is closely related to the local frontogenesis. In fact, the interaction between the shearing instability of the low-level jet (LLJ) and the topographic forcing generates an gravity-inertia wave as well as local frontogenesis (the ?rst front), which consequently induce the onset of the severe storm. From then on, owing to the horizontal and vertical advection of the potential temperature, the new frontogenesis (the second front) is formed to the northeast side of the severe storm, which initiates the second rain belt. Meanwhile, a two-front structure emerges over the southeastern part of Hubei province. Accompanied with the further intensi?cation of the convection, the rain droplets evaporation cooling strengthens the ?rst front and weakens the second front, resulting in single front structure over the southeastern part of Hubei province in the period of the strong convection.

A Numerical Study of Geostrophic Adjustment and Frontogenesis

Using the PSU/NCAR Mesoscale Model version four(MM4), the frontogenesis and geostrophic adjustment problem in atmosphere with imbalance initial ideal data and conditions are studied. Based on results of experiments, it is found that the objective analysis and initialization procedure of the Model are not sensitive to the initial conditions used in this study. The final state of atmosphere, through process of adjustment, depends on the temperature gradient intensity of initial imbalance conditions. The front can be formed with appropriate condition. The processes of the frontogenesis are studied. It is also found that the response of the model to the ideal initial data used in this investigation is sensitive to the selected lateral boundary condition. The time-dependent inflow/outflow lateral boundary condition is the best implemented option for this numerical study. Energetic study of the experiments shows that the front is formed after the initial transient stage when there is no exchange of energy between the kinetic and potential energy. The time needed for the formation of the front is longer than that predicted theoretically. The ratio of kinetic energy to the released potential energy is considered. This ratio varies with the temperature gradient intensity and the type of used wind for computing kinetic energy (geostrophic or geostrophic plus ageostrophic wind). The larger temperature gradient, the larger magnitude of this ratio. A maximum value of energy in either type of computed kinetic energies (geostrophic wind kinetic energy and actual wind kinetic energy) for cases that the fronts are observed whereby, and its magnitude and occurrence time depend on initial data distribution. The variation of the computed kinetic energies with time, after transition time, is reasonable and no significant conversion of the energy between kinetic and potential energy goes on, however, stability within variables is not achieved.

DIAGNOSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENTAL MECHANISM OF THE EXTRATROPICAL TRANSITION OF A TROPICAL CYCLONE USING POTENTIAL VORTICITY INVERSION OF FRONTOGENESIS

This paper diagnoses and analyses the developmental mechanism of a process of extratropical transition of a tropical cyclone which occurred over West Pacific Ocean based on a diagnosis method of potential vorticity inversion of frontogenesis.The study diagnoses quantitatively the role and effect of dynamic influence of westerly cold troughs,middle-latitude baroclinic frontal zones,cyclone cycles and unbalanced wind fields during the different stages of the extratropical transition of a tropical cyclone,and also discusses the interaction between them and the developmental mechanism.The results show that there are different developmental mechanisms during each stage of the extratropical transition and the processes are also unbalanced.